Karkl

Introduction

This language is intended to be simple to learn and simple to speak and write. It follows a few simple rules:

• Static conjugation
• Static declension
• No gramatical gender
• No diacritic marks

Letters

• abcdefghijlmnoprstuvxz – Pronounced like in Latin
• k = k in English
• y = ы in Russian (like 'e' in 'roses' when muttered through the teeth)
• w = short u

Letter groups

• sh = “sh” in English /ʃ/
• ts = “ts” in English /ʦ/
• zh = “zh” in English /ʒ/
• ce,ci = “che” , “chi” in English /ʧ/

Diphtongs

AW ; AJ ; EW ; EJ ; OW ; OJ ; UJ ; YJ ; WA ; WE ; WO ; JA ; JE ; JO ; JU ; JY

Everything else in in separate syllables.

Noun

Static declension
No gramatical gender
Definite article sg: lo
Definite article pl: le (plural is achieved by adding an i to the noun)

Can be:

-	Subject - DIR
-	Predicative Denominator - DIR
-	Apposition - DIR
-	Direct, Indirect, Circumstantial Object – DIR;IND;IND
-	Attribute – IND
-	Agent Object - DIR

• Has 2 cases N/A ; G/D = Direct ; Indirect = Dir ; Ind
• For case-specific prepositions see ‘Prepositions’ section

Ex:

Crat ; lo Crat ; Vaka ; lo Vaka

Verb

Static conjugation

• grI <=> R = X + [consonant]
• grII <=> R = X + [vowel]

Indicative:

   Past  >  Present  >  Future
    ||        | |         ||
    \/        \ /         \/
   R+ec        R         R+av
[esec;irec] [es;ir]  [esav;irav]

Infinitive: R + ‘at’  [esat ; irat]
Gerund: R + ‘and’ [esand ; irand]
Participle: R + ‘it’  [esit ; irit]
Conditional: R + ‘-ko’ [es-ko ; ir-ko]
Imperative: for grI : R + last cons of R + ‘i’ [essi ; irri]
Imperative: for grII: R + ‘i’                   [moi ; saj]
Imperative: for pl. and politeness = Imp + ‘te’ [essite;sajte]

Copulative verbs:

-	Esat    = to be         |
-	Menat   = to mean       |
-	Numat   = to be called  |+ what OR how
-	Rodat   = to be born    |
-	Devenat = to become     |

Pronoun

Personal:

____________________
pI    | Jo  || Mi  |
pII   | Tu  || Vu  |
pIIIm | Il  || Ili |
pIIIf | Ilo || Ili |
 Imp  | Ilo ||  X  |
 Refl |    Sinu    |

Posessive: Personal + ‘m’ [Jom ago ; Tum ago]

Demonstrative:

   ke  |ka  = this     |that
   ket |kat = this+noun|that+noun

Relative / Interrogative:

   Ho  - What
   Hno – Who
   Ki - which

Negative:

   Nihno - Nobody
   Niho  - Nothing

Indefinite:

   Hemi         - all
   Hemiti + noun – all + noun

Numeral

Cardinal:

Simple:

on duv trej shtar sen sei set pot nov tsek sent limm milion
1  2   3    4     5   6   7   8   9   10   100  1000 1000000

Compound:

tsek-on tsek-duv sent-duvtsek-duv
11      12       122             

Ordinal = Cardinal + ‘st’ Divisive: x/y = Xcard + Ydivisive ; Divisive = Cardinal + ‘ton’

Ex:

• 19,382,948,395,280 = 19 limm 382 sent miliardi 948 milioni 395 limm 282
• 1,248,225 = on milion duvsent-shtartsek-pot limm duvsent-duvtsek-sen
• 285,482,333 = duvsent-pottsek-sen milioni shtarsent-pottsek-duv limm trejsent-trejtsek-trej

Preposition

Direct Case:

DObj:

‘po’ 
Ø

AgObj:

‘de’

Indirect Case: CObj

‘cam’ – CM = like
‘po’  – CL = on
‘o’   - CL = to
 ...etc... (indicating time,place,manner,scope,cause)

Atribute

‘o’ = lo Crat o lo mad = the house of the girl

IObj

‘o’ = Io saj o lo mad = I say to the girl
‘so’ = with
...etc... (any other)

Adjective / Adverb

• Lo ret crat. – Attribute , IND <- Adject
• Lo crat es ret. – Pred. Denom. , DIR <- Adject
• Lo mad scrib ret – Cobj , IND <- Adverb

Comparative Degree:

-Positive      = ret
-Comparative
-	Superior  = reter     |\
-	Inferior  = sam ret   | + cam [smth]
-	Equal     = puste ret |/
-Superlative
-	Absolute  = forte ret
-	Relotive  = retest

• Evidentalmente - obviously
• Clasicalmente - classically

Danielsavoiu 03:09, 16 November 2005 (PST)