moj

Prepositions

Spacial -- de ruma

at, to -- ka'e
in front of -- ma'e
behind -- xx
from, out of -- te
in, into -- nahe
outside -- ute
above, over, on -- ua'e
below, under -- tahe
between, among -- xx
by, beside, up to -- yane
toward -- ka'e
along -- xx
across, through -- xx
around -- xx
opposite -- xx

Temporal -- de zaman

at, to -- ala
before -- anta
after -- ba'ad
since -- mun
in (hence) -- talha
during -- dum
until -- gayet

Relational -- de suhed

of -- man
about, concerning -- beka
for, in order to, benefiting, on behalf of -- heyara
by (actor, author) -- beya
with, in company of, using -- mita
without, except -- ona
opposite, against, in spite of -- aksa
approximately, around, close to -- hula

grammar

http://www.veche.net/grammar/index.html

http://lfn.wikia.com/wiki/Spelling_and_pronunciation

http://ccgi.esperanto.plus.com/lfn/grammar.pdf

http://www.zompist.com/verdurian.htm

http://donh.best.vwh.net/Esperanto/affixes.html

table

**-ek**
	Past	Present	Future
1SG	-ab-u	-u	-ey-u
2SG	-ab-e	-e	-ey-e
3SG	-ab-i	-i	-ey-i
1PL	-ab-os	-os	-ey-os
2PL	-ab-ut	-ut	-ey-ut
3PL	-ab-um	-um	-ey-um

**-mak**
	Past	Present	Future
1SG	-ba-na	-na	-ye-na
2SG	-ba-ta	-ta	-ye-ta
3SG	-ba-li	-li	-ye-li
1PL	-ba-nos	-nos	-ye-nos
2PL	-ba-tum	-tum	-ye-tum
3PL	-ba-hum	-hum	-ye-hum

ecta

alha
ba
cin
dal
ec
fa
gena
ha
ita
jim
ka
lam
mem
nun
om
pe
ra
sam
ta
ua
vet
yad
za

template

Family

zhenát - family
kuzulora - extended family
tagia - clan, dynasty
zhenatom - relative

Ancestry

anëdec - descendant
anëdul - ancestor

Children

imfát - child
sefo - boy
zhina - girl
ane - eldest
dvanes - twin
pidha - baby

Status

ammedh - eldest child, heir
pernese - firstborn
ismarise - legitimate
cogul - illegitimate, bastard
sampire - orphan (without parents)
sanzhenate - without a family
onaudec - adopt

Verbs

kedhen - bear children
lememan - beget
meyan - spoil
nurir - rear

Name

nom - given name
pirei - patronymic
zhenata - family name
nomako - nickname

Parents

ani - parent
piro - father
mira - mother,
mima - mommy, mama

Grandparents

avo - grandfather
ava - grandmother
predavoa - great-grandfather (mother)
avuloa - great-uncle (aunt)
onavuloa - great-uncle's son (daughter)

Children

medh - son
meca - daughter

Grandchildren

nepo - grandson
nepa - granddaughter
onnepoa - great-grandson (daughter)

Siblings

baradhu - brother
sädra - sister

Nephews

nemo - nephew
nema - niece
onnemoa - nephew's son (daughter)

Uncles and aunts

vlay - uncle
vlaya - aunt

Cousins

kuzoa - cousin
kuzuloa - second (or more distant) cousin
onkuzoa - cousin's son (daughter)
onkuzuloa - second cousin's son (daughter)

In-laws

bola - an in-law
nora - daughter-in-law
süra - mother-in-law
ulëc - brother-in-law

borrowings

Arabic

kala from: كلم

kaua from: قهوة

kamala from: قمر

kamusa from: قاموس

na from: انا

niha from: منيح

ta from: انت

tama from: تمام

tahe from: تحت

ya from: يا

yala from: ياالله

ma'a from: مع

mosima from: موسم

mina from: من

sama from: شمس

haya from: حيوان

hina from: هنا

Aramaic

yoma from Aramaic: יומא

Czech

tlika a mutation of Czech: klika

Darling

kuna from Darling: kuna

Hebrew

naha from Hebrew: נהר

Japanese

Note: All Japanese borrowings are recorded using Hiragana regardless of original reading, i.e. On'yomi, Kun'yomi, or other readings.

kampa from: かんぱい

kuma from: くま

kipo from: きぼう

a from: ある

yama from: やま

o from: お

ona from: おんな

uma from: うま

ima from: いま

Korean

to from Korean: 도

Nahuatl

tlaka from: tlacatl

yohua from: yohuac

Sicilian

nika a mutation of Sicilian: cani

Spanish

nyahi from: nieve

pato from: pato

sema from: semana

akala from: agalla

tsola from: zorra

Swahili

tlipa from Swahili: lipa

Turkish

tsapa from Turkish: çaba

tsa'i from Turkish: çay

ke naho

Kala is meant to be a simple and euphonic personal conlang.

Many lexical entries are inspired/influenced/borrowed by/from any number of natlangs

Phonology

consonants

Where ~ appears, it indicates free variation between phonemes.

Plosives

p - [p~b] | t - [t~d] | k - [k~g] | ' - [?]

Nasals

m - [m] | n - [n] | ny - [J]

Fricatives

s - [s~S] | h - [h~h\]

Africates

ts - [ts~tS] | tl - [tK]

Approximants

u - [w] | l - [l] | y - [j]

vowels

a - /a~a:/ | e - /e~e:/ | i - /i~i:/ | o - /o~o:/ | u - /u~u:/

diphthongs

ai - /aI:/ | ao - /aU:/ | ua - /wa:/ | ue - /we:/

phonotactics

Kala allows only a single consonant at the start or end of a syllable, and up to two consonants word medially across a syllable boundary.

l cannot appear as an onset.

syllable structure

(C)V(k, l, m, n)

syllable stress

Kala stress is penultimate; that is, the next-to-last syllable of the word is stressed.

Grammar

word order

The usual, declarative formal word order is subject noun phrase - (object noun phrase) - verb phrase.

Example : He/She is preparing food.

ha ke ina yaso

3sg food/eat prepare/ready

The "indirect object" exists only in the form of a prepositional phrase, and follows the object noun phrase.

Example : The woman gives the house to me.

naka ke tsaka ika na yeta

woman the/a house to/at 1sg give

This construction changes when both the subject (agent) and (indirect)/object (patient) are personal pronouns. In this case, the preposition/al (phrase) is unnecessary.

Example : She gives the house to me.

ha'ena ke tsaka yeta

3sg-TR-part-1sg the/a house give

A chart of the agent-patient transitivity constructions;

**A-P** *construction*
	1^st sing	2^nd sing	3^rd sing	1^st plu	2^nd plu	3^rd plu
1^st sing	-	na'eta	na'eha	-	na'etam	na'ekam
2^nd sing	ta'ena	-	ta'eha	ta'enam	-	ta'ekam
3^rd sing	ha'ena	ha'eta	-	ha'enam	ha'etam	ha'ekam
1^st plu	-	nameta	nameha	-	nametam	namekam
2^nd plu	tamena	-	tameha	tamenam	-	tamekam
3^rd plu	kamena	kameta	kameha	kamenam	kametam	-

verbs

tense

The present tense is indicated by the basic form.

ha apua

3SG sing

He/She sings.

The simple past tense is indicated by the suffix -ye.

ha apua ye

3SG sing-PAST

He/She sang.

The simple future tense is indicated by the suffix -tli.

ha apua tli

3SG sing-FUT

He/She will sing.

The tense may be left out if it is clearly indicated by another word in the same sentence, or when telling a story (the "historical" tense).

ha yoma tli apua

3SG day-FUT sing

He/She will sing tomorrow.

ha sema ye apua

3SG week-PAST sing

He/She sang last week.

mood

The negative mood is indicated by the suffix -k, it is affixed in all tenses.

kam ina k

3PL eat-NEG

They are not eating. / They do not eat.

kam ina ye k

3PL eat-PAST-NEG

They did not eat.

kam ina tli k

3PL eat-FUT-NEG

They will not eat.

nouns

degree

The diminutive is formed with hi- and hy- when the word is vowel initial, unless the vowel is i or u, then it is placed as the suffix -hi, and the augmentative with -ha.

Example : ina - food, meal | inahi - snack, morsel | inaha - feast, banquet

Example : haya - animal | hi'aya - cub, kitten...etc. | hayaha - beast, giant animal

Example : tsaka - house, home, dwelling | hitsaka - shack, hut, cabin | tsakaha - palace, mansion

These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.

Example : hiyana - light yellow, kuyaha - dark green

plurals

To make a noun plural, add -m to the end.

Example : kono - stone | konom - stones

Example : hi suka - piglet | hi sukam - piglets

Nouns need not be marked plural if a number is used to show quantity.

Example : sahi - color, sahim - colors, sahi ya'o - five color(s)

Adjectives do not change when they are plural. However, when an adjective is used in place of a noun, it can be pluralized.

Example : nyeli - pink | nyelim - (the) pink (ones)

gender

In general, nouns do not indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, one can use the adjectival endings -ta and -na.

Example : nikata "a male dog", nikana "a female dog".

articles

There is only one article in Kala, ke. It is used primarily as a "noun marker".
It is ambi-definite, meaning it can be either definite or indefinite. The distinction is made through context.

Example : kama "village", ke kama "the/a village", ke kamam "the villages"

Example : inal "snack", ke inal "the/a snack", ke inalim "the snacks"

questions

When asking questions in Kala, the idea, or concept, is the subject, and the entire construction is followed by the interrogative particle ka.

ama...ka - when, lit: time...INT

ko...ka - who, lit: person [Agentive]...INT

nye...ka - why, lit: reason...INT

to...ka - what, lit: thing [Instrument]...INT

koyo...ka - whose, lit: person-POSS...INT

mo...ka - where, lit: place...INT

no...ka - how, what manner, lit: manner/method...INT

ko'o...ka - how much/many, lit: number/amount...INT

examples

ama nam yalatli ka

time 1PL go-FUT INT

When will we go?

ko ke tlaka ka

person the/that man INT

Who is that man?

nye kam hina ka

reason 3PL here INT

Why are they here?

to a ka

thing be INT

What is this?

koyo kama ke yama hina ka

person-POSS village the mountain near INT

Whose village is near the mountain?

mo nayo satila ka

place 1SG-POSS sandwich INT

Where is my sandwich?

no nam yalatli ka

manner 1PL travel-FUT INT

How will we travel?

ko'o ekam yetaye ka

number/amount TR-3PL give-PAST INT

How many were they given?

pronouns

	Nominative	Accusative	Possessive	Reflexive	Reciprocal
1^st sing	na	ena	nayo	na'i
2^nd sing	ta	eta	tayo	ta'i
3^rd sing	ha	eha	hayo	ha'i
1^st plu	nam	enam	namyo	nami	nanku
2^nd plu	tam	etam	tamyo	tami	tanku
3^rd plu	kam	ekam	kamyo	kami	kanku

examples

namyo ina

1PL-POSS food

Our food.

kami itsa

3PL-REFL love

They love themselves.

tanku moto ka

2PL-RECP remember/familiar INT

Do you remember each other?

eha unyatlik

ACC-3SG understand-FUT-NEG

He/She will not be understood.

Thematic Lexicon

numbers

zero / nothing / 0 - e'o
one / 1 - na'o
two / 2 - ta'o
three / 3 - ha'o
four / 4 - ma'o
five / 5 - ya'o
six / 6 - tsa'o
seven / 7 - ka'o
eight / 8 - pa'o
nine / 9 - sa'o
ten / 10 - ue'o
hundred / 100 - nye'o
thousand / 1000 - tle'o

higher numbers

eleven / 11 - uena'o

twenty / 20 - taue'o

one hundred one / 107 - nyeka'o

three hundred twenty five / 326 - hanyetauetsa'o (long form) | hatatsa'o (short form)

six thousand and twenty / 6020 - tsatletaue'o

ordinals, fractions etc.

ki- - ordinal/multiple prefix

Example : kisa'o - ninth, or nine times

Example : kiyanyepa'o - 508^th, or 508 times

i- - fractional prefix

Example : isa'o - a ninth

Example : iha'o pa'o - three eighths, ⅜

family

family / kin - tlika
parent - onata
grandparent - onataha
spouse - tlanata
sibling - uanata
child - inata
father / uncle - ota
mother / aunt - ona
husband - tla'ota
wife - tla'ona
grandfather - otaha
grandmother - onaha
brother / cousin - otaua
sister / cousin - onaua
boy / son - ota'i
girl / daughter - ona'i
man / masculine / male - tlaka
woman / feminine / female - naka

colors

red - ketla
orange - tliyo
yellow - yana
green - kuya
blue - tsuku
indigo, violet, purple - tlaku
white, pale - nyahi
black, dark - oya
clear - yehi

time

moment, instant - imal
occasion | present, now (yet) - ima
hour, period - imat
day - yoma
week (7 days) - sema
month (~30 days) - huama
season - amal
time, year (~365 days) - ama
era - amat
past - amaye
future - amatli
always, forever - kuama
never - amak

Examples

mo ta yala ka

place/locale 2sg go/walk/travel INT-part

Where are you going?

nam tsala inaye

1pl sauce/paste eat-PAST

We ate the sauce.

ko tayo onatam ka

person 2sg-POSS parent-PL INT-part

Who are your parents?

na yalaye nye ta talaye

1SG go-PAST because 2SG return-PAST

I left because you returned.

Article 1, UDHR

Writing System

sample

tloko

These charts show the basic Kala syllables, many of which have inherent meanings that are used to form more complex ideas in a morphological or syntactical way.

Empty squares represent syllables not permitted by Kala phonotactics.

pa	pya	pe	pye	pi	po	pyo	pu	pua	pue
ta		te		ti	to
ka	kya	ke	kye	ki	ko	kyo	ku	kua	kue
ma	mya	me	mye	mi	mo	myo	mu	mua	mue
na	nya	ne	nye	ni	no	nyo	nu	nua	nue
sa		se		si	so		su	sua	sue
ha	hya	he	hye	hi	ho	hyo	hu	hua	hue
tsa		tse		tsi	tso		tsu	tsua	tsue
tla		tle		tli	tlo
la		le		li	lo
a	ya	e	ye	i	o	yo	u	ua	ue

The allowed codas:

-k
-m
-n

User:Masako/sandbox

moj

Prepositions

Spacial -- de ruma

Temporal -- de zaman

Relational -- de suhed

grammar

table

ecta

template

Family

Family

Ancestry

Children

Status

Verbs

Name

Parents

Grandparents

Children

Grandchildren

Siblings

Nephews

Uncles and aunts

Cousins

In-laws

borrowings

Arabic

Aramaic

Czech

Darling

Hebrew

Japanese

Korean

Nahuatl

Sicilian

Spanish

Swahili

Turkish

ke naho

Phonology

consonants

vowels

diphthongs

phonotactics

syllable structure

syllable stress

Grammar

word order

verbs

tense

mood

nouns

degree

plurals

gender

articles

questions

examples

pronouns

examples

Thematic Lexicon

numbers

higher numbers

ordinals, fractions etc.

family

colors

time

Examples

Article 1, UDHR

Writing System

sample

tloko

p

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