Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo
| Proto-Kunnurūjungo | |
|---|---|
| Pronounced: | /-kunːu*ruːdʒuŋːo/ |
| Timeline and Universe: | |
| Species: | Human |
| Spoken: | |
| Total speakers: | |
| Writing system: | |
| Genealogy: | |
| Typology | |
| Morphology: | Agglutinative |
| Morphosyntax: | Ergative |
| Word order: | SOV |
| Credits | |
| Creator: | Qwynegold |
| Created: | April 2010 |
Phonology
Phoneme inventory
| Consonants | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Labiod. | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||||
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | |||||||||||||
| Plain Plosive | /p/ | [b] | /t/ | [d] | /k/ | [ɡ] | ||||||||||
| Asp. or Gem. Plosive | /pː/ | /pʰ/ | /tː/ | /tʰ/ | /kː/ | /kʰ/ | ||||||||||
| Plain Fricative | /f/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ʃ/ | /ʒ/ | /h/ | ||||||||||
| Long Fricative | /sː/ | |||||||||||||||
| Affricate | /ts/ | /tʃ/ | /dʒ/ | |||||||||||||
| Rhotic | /*r/1 | |||||||||||||||
| Lat. Approximant | [l] | |||||||||||||||
| Long Lat. Approximant | [lː] | |||||||||||||||
1The exact quality of the rhotic is unknown.
| Monophthongs | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | |||||||||
| High | /i/ | /y/ | /u/ | /uː/ | ||||||
| Mid | /e/ | /ø/ | /o/ | /oː/ | ||||||
| Low | /ɑ/ | |||||||||
| Diphthongs | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front-Front | Front-Back | Back-Front | Back-Back | |||||||
| High | [jy] | /ju/ | /juː/ | /wi/ | /wy/ | /wuː/ | ||||
| Mid | /je/ | [jø] | /jo/ | /joː/ | /we/ | /ue/ | /wø/ | /wo/ | ||
| Opening Low | /jɑ/ | /wɑ/ | ||||||||
| Closing Low | /ɑi/ | /ɑu/ | ||||||||
Allophony
- The velar nasal is long if intervocalic, and short otherwise.
- The short unvoiced plosives are voiced if intervocalic.
- The liquid is a rhotic at the beginning of a word and before /w/, but [l] in other positions.
- [jy] and [jø] are allophones of /jo/ resp. /joː/, and are only found in a few suffixes to accommodate for vowel harmony (see the next section).
Vowel harmony
Proto-Kunnurūjungo has front-back vowel harmony. In the list below, front vowels have been marked with blue and back vowels with red. There are also neutral vowels, which are /u, uː, ju, juː, wuː/. Each suffix is by default front or back (unless it is neutral), and if the suffix is attached to a word of the opposite affinity, the vowels in the suffix will change according to this list (note that not all vowels make matching pairs, for example the opposite of /ue/ is /wo/, but the opposite of /wo/ is /wø/).
- ɑ → e
- e → ɑ
- i → u
- o → ø
- oː → wy
- ø → o
- y → u
- ɑi → i
- ɑu → i
- ue → wo
- jɑ → je
- je → jɑ
- jo → jø
- joː → jy
- wɑ → we
- we → wɑ
- wi → wuː
- wo → wø
- wø → wo
- wy → oː
Phonological constraints
The syllable structure of Proto-Kunnurūjungo is (O)V(C) where C is any short consonant and V is any single vowel or diphthong. /j/ and /w/ do not count as consonants, but as a part of a diphthong.
The geminated or long consonant can only appear intervocalically, and count as being in two syllables at once. The onset of such a consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel preceding it, while the release of the consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel following it.
Romanization
A a, B b, Ch ch, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, Kk kk, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, Ng ng, Nn nn, O o, Ō ō, Ö ö, P p, Ph ph, Pp pp, R r, S s, Sh sh, Ss ss, T t, Th th, Ts ts, Tt tt, U u, Ū ū, Ü ü, W w, Y y, Z z, Zh zh
| Letter | Pronunciation | |
|---|---|---|
| A a | ɑ | |
| B b | b | |
| Ch ch | tʃ | |
| D d | d | |
| E e | e | |
| F f | f | |
| G g | ɡ | |
| H h | h | |
| I i | i | |
| J j | dʒ | |
| K k | k | |
| Kh kh | kʰ | |
| Kk kk | kː | |
| L l | l | |
| Ll ll | lː | |
| M m | m | |
| N n | n | |
| Ng ng | ŋ | |
| Nn nn | nː | |
| O o | o | |
| Ō ō | oː | |
| Ö ö | ø | |
| P p | p | |
| Ph ph | pʰ | |
| Pp pp | pː | |
| R r | *r | |
| S s | s | |
| Sh sh | ʃ | |
| Ss ss | sː | |
| T t | t | |
| Th th | tʰ | |
| Ts ts | ts | |
| Tt tt | tː | |
| U u | u | |
| Ū ū | uː | |
| Ü ü | y | |
| W w | w | |
| Y y | j | |
| Z z | z | |
| Zh zh | ʒ |
The voiced plosives and the lateral are represented in the romanization, even though they are not phonemic.
Grammars
Verbs
Voice
Tense and aspect
Proto-Kunnurūjungo has arguably four basic tenses (past, present, frequentative and habitual); and three tenses (remote past, future, remote future) and two aspects (progressive and perfect) that are expressed by periphrastic or other means, plus several combinations of the aforementioned.
In the following table, where all allowed combinations of tenses and aspects are displayed, the frequentative has been grouped together with the aspects for ease of representation. The affixes marked with blue go together with front vowel words, and the ones in red with back vowel words. If a word has only neutral vowels, the affix that stands first in the morphology column will be used.
| Tense | Aspect | Morphology | Example (using the verbs opk'ūja (sit) and kwedi (hear)) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Remote Past | - | -oCo1 -öCö1 |
opk'ūjojo - sat a long time ago kwedödö - heard a long time ago |
| Past | - | -o -ö |
opk'ūjo - sat kwedö - heard |
| Present | - | -ng | opk'ūjang - sits kweding - hears |
| Future | - | k'ūdi VERB | k'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit k'ūdi kwedi - will hear |
| Remote Future | - | k'ūdik'ūdi VERB | k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit in the far future k'ūdik'ūdi kwedi - will hear in the far future |
| Habitual | - | - | opk'ūja - usually sits kwedi - usually hears |
| Remote Past | Progressive | udodo VERB-ppi udodo VERB-ppu |
udodo opk'ūjappu - was sitting a long time ago udodo kwedippi - was hearing a long time ago |
| Past | Progressive | udo VERB-ppi udo VERB-ppu |
udo opk'ūjappu - was sitting udo kwedippi - was hearing |
| Present | Progressive | ut VERB-ppi ut VERB-ppu |
ut opk'ūjappu - is sitting ut kwedippi - is hearing |
| Future | Progressive | k'ūdi VERB-ppi k'ūdi VERB-ppu |
k'ūdi opk'ūjappu - will be sitting k'ūdi kwedippi - will be hearing |
| Remote Future | Progressive | k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-ppi k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-ppu |
k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjappu - will be sitting in the far future k'ūdik'ūdi kwedippi - will be hearing in the far future |
| Remote Past | Perfect | ut VERB-oCo1 ut VERB-öCö1 |
ut opk'ūjojo - had sut a long time ago ut kwedödö - had heard long ago |
| Past | Perfect | ut VERB-o ut VERB-ö |
ut opk'ūjo - had sut ut kwedö - had heard |
| Present | Perfect | ut VERB-ng | ut opk'ūjang - have sut ut kweding - have heard |
| Future | Perfect | k'ūdi VERB-ng | k'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut k'ūdi kweding - will have heard |
| Remote Future | Perfect | k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-ng | k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut in the far future k'ūdik'ūdi kweding - will have heard in the far future |
| Habitual | Perfect | ut VERB | ut opk'ūja - have/had usually sut ut kwedi - have/had usually heard |
| Remote Past | Frequentative | -dödö -dodo |
opk'ūjadodo - sat around long ago kwedidödö - repeatedly heard things long ago |
| Past | Frequentative | -dö -do |
opk'ūjado - sat around kwedidö - repeatedly heard things |
| Present | Frequentative | -ding -dung |
opk'ūjadung - sit around kwediding - repeatedly hear things |
| Future | Frequentative | k'ūdi VERB-di k'ūdi VERB-du |
k'ūdi opk'ūjadu - will sit around k'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly |
| Remote Future | Frequentative | k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-di k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-du |
k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjadu - will sit around in the far future k'ūdik'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly in the far future |
| Habitual | Frequentative | -di -du |
opk'ūjadu - usually sits around kwedidi - usually hears things repeatedly |
| Remote Past | Progressive-Frequentative | udodo VERB-dödöppi udodo VERB-dodoppu |
udodo opk'ūjadodoppu - was sitting around long ago udodo kwedidödöppi - was repeatedly hearing things long ago |
| Past | Progressive-Frequentative | udo VERB-döppi udo VERB-doppu |
udo opk'ūjadoppu - was sitting around udo kwedidöppi - was repeatedly hearing things |
| Present | Progressive-Frequentative | ut VERB-dingöppi ut VERB-dungoppu |
ut opk'ūjadungoppu - is sitting around ut kwedidingöppi - is repeatedly hearing things |
| Future | Progressive-Frequentative | k'ūdi VERB-dippi k'ūdi VERB-duppu |
k'ūdi opk'ūjaduppu - will be sitting around k'ūdi kwedidippi - will be hearing things repeatedly |
| Remote Future | Progressive-Frequentative | k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-dippi k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-duppu |
k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjaduppu - will be sitting around in the far future k'ūdik'ūdi kwedidippi - will be hearing things repeatedly in the future |
| Remote Past | Perfect-Frequentative | ut VERB-dödödö ut VERB-dododo |
ut opk'ūjadododo - has sat around long ago ut kwedidödödö - has heard things repeatedly long ago |
| Past | Perfect-Frequentative | ut VERB-dö ut VERB-do |
ut opk'ūjado - has sat around ut kwedidö - has heard things repeatedly |
| Present | Perfect-Frequentative | ut VERB-ding ut VERB-dung |
ut opk'ūjadung - have sat around ut kwediding - have heard things repeatedly |
| Future | Perfect-Frequentative | k'ūdi VERB-ding k'ūdi VERB-dung |
k'ūdi opk'ūjadung - will have sat around k'ūdi kwediding - will have heard things repeatedly |
| Remote Future | Perfect-Frequentative | k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-ding k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-dung |
k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjadung - will have sat around in the far future k'ūdik'ūdi kwediding - will have heard things repeatedly in the far future |
| Habitual | Perfect-Frequentative | ut VERB-di ut VERB-du |
ut opk'ūjadu - have/had usually sat around ut kwedidi - have/had usually heard things repeatedly |
1The C stands for a consonant that is the same as the previous consonant in the word.
The frequentative can have the meaning of just doing something repeatedly, or doing something repeatedly and in several locations. For example myosyak'yadung can either mean "to jump around", or "to jump up and down at the same spot".
Mood
| Mood | Morphology | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Conditional | -ppo -ppö |
opk'ūjappo - would sit kwedippö - would hear |
| Energetic | -(s)sa -(s)se |
opk'ūjangsa - does sit too! kwedingse - does hear too! |
| Hortative | -wat -wet |
opk'ūjwat - let's sit kwetwet - let's hear |
| Imperative | deletion of last syllable | opk'ū - sit! kwe - hear! |
| Optative | -gaut -git |
opk'ūjagaut - may he/she sit kwedigit - may he/she hear |
| Volitive | -auk -ik |
opk'ūjauk - let him/her sit down then kwedik - let it be heard then |
| Conditional-Energetic | -ppossa -ppösse |
opk'ūjappossa - I wish someone would sit kwedippösse - I wish someone would hear |
| Hortative-Energetic | -watsa -wetse |
opk'ūjwatsa - let's sit down! kwetwetse - let's hear! |
| Imperative-Energetic | deletion of last syllable + (s)sa deletion of last syllable + (s)se |
opk'ūssa - you sit down, allright? kwesse - would you hear? |
| Optative-Energetic | -gautsa -gitse |
opk'ūjagautsa - may he/she sit! kwedigitse - may he/she hear! |
The conditional is used for marking the "then" part of an "if...then" statement. But sometimes it is used on both the "if" and the "then" part simultaneously. The conditional can only be used together with the simple past, past frequentative and habitual tenses. Any aspect together with past tense can be used however.
The energetic mood is used when expressing what oneself actually believes to be the case, despite of what someone else thinks.
The optative can be used for expressing a wish in one of these cases:
- The wish is not up to any person to make come true, for example "may it not rain tomorrow".
- The wish is directed at someone who is not present and contactable at the time being, for example "may the king not raise the taxes again" said by someone who has never met, and probably never will meet, the king.
- The wish is dependent on a large group of people, like the society or mankind. As an example: "let's all work together to make the world a better place to live".
The optative can only be used together with the present simple, present frequentative and habitual tenses. Any aspect together with present tense is also allowed.
The volitive mood has two similar uses. One is used to express that one doesn't approve of, or like, the state of affairs, but reluctantly accepts it because nothing else can be done. The other use expresses that one doesn't really wish for something to happen, but lets it happen anyway because one can't be bothered to do something about it. This mood can only be used together with the present simple, present frequentative and habitual tenses. Any aspect, except for perfect, can be used together with the present tense.
The combination of the conditional and energetic moods has two different uses. One means that one wishes current things to be in a certain way instead of how they are now. The other use means that one wishes for something to happen; either wishing it very intently, or being hopeful or optimistic about it happening.
Combining the hortative mood with the enrgetic adds a persuasive tone to the proposal made.
Using the combination of imperative and energetic is paradoxically more polite than using the imperative alone. In this case, the energetic mood makes the statement more of a suggestion than a command.
Together with the optative, the energetic has simply a more intensifying meaning.
