Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo

Proto-Kunnurūjungo
Pronounced:	/-kunːu*ruːdʒuŋːo/
Timeline and Universe:
Species:	Human
Spoken:
Total speakers:
Writing system:
Genealogy:
Typology
Morphology:	Agglutinative
Morphosyntax:	Ergative
Word order:	SOV
Credits
Creator:	Qwynegold
Created:	April 2010

Phonology

Phoneme inventory

Consonants
	Bilabial		Labiod.		Alveolar		Post-alv.		Velar		Glottal
Nasal		/m/				/n/				/ŋ/
Plain Plosive	/p/	[b]			/t/	[d]			/k/	[ɡ]
Asp. or Gem. Plosive	/pː/	/pʰ/			/tː/	/tʰ/			/kː/	/kʰ/
Plain Fricative			/f/		/s/	/z/	/ʃ/	/ʒ/			/h/
Long Fricative					/sː/
Affricate					/ts/		/tʃ/	/dʒ/
Rhotic						/*r/1
Lat. Approximant						[l]
Long Lat. Approximant						[lː]

¹The exact quality of the rhotic is unknown.

Monophthongs
	Front		Back
High	/i/	/y/		/u/	/uː/
Mid	/e/	/ø/		/o/	/oː/
Low			/ɑ/

Diphthongs
	Front-Front		Front-Back			Back-Front			Back-Back
High				/ju/	/juː/	/wi/		/wy/		/wuː/
Mid	/je/	[jø]		/jo/	/joː/	/we/	/ue/	/wø/		/wo/
Opening Low			/jɑ/						/wɑ/
Closing Low						/ɑi/				/ɑu/

Allophony

• The velar nasal is long if intervocalic, and short otherwise.
• The short unvoiced plosives are voiced if intervocalic.
• The liquid is a rhotic at the beginning of a word and before /w/, but [l] in other positions.
• [jø] is an allophone of /jo/, and is only found in a few suffixes to accommodate for vowel harmony (see below).

Vowel harmony

Proto-Kunnurūjungo has front-back vowel harmony. In the list below, front vowels have been marked with blue and back vowels with red. There are also neutral vowels, which are /u, uː, ju, juː, wuː/. Each suffix is by default front or back (unless it is neutral), and if the suffix is attached to a word of the opposite affinity, the vowels in the suffix will change according to this list (note that not all vowels make matching pairs, for example the opposite of /ue/ is /wo/, but the opposite of /wo/ is /wø/).

• ɑ → e
• e → ɑ
• i → u
• o → ø
• oː → ?
• ø → o
• y → u
• ɑi → i
• ɑu → i
• ue → wo
• jɑ → je
• je → jɑ
• jo → jø
• joː → ?
• wɑ → we
• we → wɑ
• wi → wuː
• wo → wø
• wø → wo
• wy → wuː

Phonological constraints

The syllable structure of Proto-Kunnurūjungo is (O)V(C) where C is any short consonant and V is any single vowel or diphthong. /j/ and /w/ do not count as consonants, but as a part of a diphthong.

The geminated or long consonant can only appear intervocalically, and count as being in two syllables at once. The onset of such a consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel preceding it, while the release of the consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel following it.

Romanization

A a, B b, Ch ch, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, Kk kk, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, Ng ng, Nn nn, O o, Ō ō, Ö ö, P p, Ph ph, Pp pp, R r, S s, Sh sh, Ss ss, T t, Th th, Ts ts, Tt tt, U u, Ū ū, Ü ü, W w, Y y, Z z, Zh zh

Letter	Pronunciation
A a	ɑ
B b	b
Ch ch	tʃ
D d	d
E e	e
F f	f
G g	ɡ
H h	h
I i	i
J j	dʒ
K k	k
Kh kh	kʰ
Kk kk	kː
L l	l
Ll ll	lː
M m	m
N n	n
Ng ng	ŋ
Nn nn	nː
O o	o
Ō ō	oː
Ö ö	ø
P p	p
Ph ph	pʰ
Pp pp	pː
R r	*r
S s	s
Sh sh	ʃ
Ss ss	sː
T t	t
Th th	tʰ
Ts ts	ts
Tt tt	tː
U u	u
Ū ū	uː
Ü ü	y
W w	w
Y y	j
Z z	z
Zh zh	ʒ

The voiced plosives and the lateral are represented in the romanization, even though they are not phonemic.

Grammars

Verbs

Tense and aspect

Proto-Kunnurūjungo has arguably four basic tenses (past, present, frequentative and habitual); and three tenses (remote past, future, remote future) and two aspects (progressive and perfect) that are expressed by periphrastic or other means, plus several combinations of the aforementioned.

In the following table, the frequentative has been grouped together with the aspects for ease of representation. The affixes marked with blue go together with front vowel words, and the ones in red with back vowel words. If a word has only neutral vowels, the affix that stands first in the morphology column will be used.

Tense	Aspect	Morphology	Example (using the verbs opk'ūja (sit) and kwedi (hear))
Remote Past	-	-oCo1 -öCö1	opk'ūjojo - sat a long time ago kwedödö - heard a long time ago
Past	-	-o -ö	opk'ūjo - sat kwedö - heard
Present	-	-ng	opk'ūjang - sits kweding - hears
Future	-	k'ūdi VERB	k'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit k'ūdi kwedi - will hear
Remote Future	-	k'ūdik'ūdi VERB	k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit in the far future k'ūdik'ūdi kwedi - will hear in the far future
Habitual	-	-	opk'ūja - usually sits kwedi - usually hears
Remote Past	Progressive
Past	Progressive
Present	Progressive
Future	Progressive
Remote Future	Progressive
Remote Past	Perfect	ut VERB-oCo1 ut VERB-öCö1	ut opk'ūjojo - had sut a long time ago ut kwedödö - had heard long ago
Past	Perfect	ut VERB-o ut VERB-ö	ut opk'ūjo - had sut ut kwedö - had heard
Present	Perfect	ut VERB-ng	ut opk'ūjang - have sut ut kweding - have heard
Future	Perfect	k'ūdi VERB-ng	k'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut k'ūdi kweding - will have heard
Remote Future	Perfect	k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-ng	k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut in the far future k'ūdik'ūdi kweding - will have heard in the far future
Habitual	Perfect	ut VERB	ut opk'ūja - have/had usually sut ut kwedi - have/had usually heard
Remote Past	Frequentative	-dödö -dodo	opk'ūjadodo - sat around long ago kwedidödö - repeatedly heard things long ago
Past	Frequentative	-dö -do	opk'ūjado - sat around kwedidö - repeatedly heard things
Present	Frequentative	-ding -dung	opk'ūjadung - sit around kwediding - repeatedly hear things
Future	Frequentative	k'ūdi VERB-di k'ūdi VERB-du	k'ūdi opk'ūjadu - will sit around k'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly
Remote Future	Frequentative	k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-di k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-du	k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjadu - will sit around in the far future k'ūdik'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly in the far future
Habitual	Frequentative	-di -du	opk'ūjadu - usually sits around kwedidi - usually hears things repeatedly

¹The C stands for a consonant that is the same as the previous consonant in the word.

The frequentative can have the meaning of just doing something repeatedly, or doing something repeatedly and in several locations. For example myosyak'yadung can either mean "to jump around", or "to jump up and down at the same spot".