Qwynegold
Qwynegold is an artlang, spoken in the island of Qwynegold, which is located in the Malackan strait. The language has borrowed heavily from European languages, as well as its neighboring Asian languages. Qwynegold has two main dialect groups: Qwadralónia /kwʌd.ra.loˑ.nia/ and Quadralónia /kwad.ra.loˑ.nia/. In this article, as a shorthand, purple color has been used to indicate that something is written in Qwadralónia and green for Quadralónia. Purple is the traditional color of Qwadralónia speakers, while green is that of Quadralónians.
| Qwynegold | |
|---|---|
| Pronounced: | /ˈkwy.ne.gold/ |
| Timeline and Universe: | Real world, modern time |
| Species: | Human |
| Spoken: | Demokrītivas Kyngestāt r'Qwynegold/Demokriites Kyngestaat r'Qwynegold |
| Total speakers: | Appr. 46,000 |
| Writing system: | Extended Latin alphabet |
| Genealogy: | Isolate |
| Typology | |
| Morphology: | Fusional |
| Morphosyntax: | Nominal |
| Word order: | SVO |
| Credits | |
| Creator: | Qwynegold |
| Created: | 1998 (?) - 2009 |
Phonology
| Consonants | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Labiod. | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||||||||
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | k | g | ||||||||||
| Fricative | f | v | s | z | ʃ | ɕ | ɧ | h | ||||||||
| Affricate | ts | tʃ | dʒ | |||||||||||||
| Velar cluster | kw | ks | ||||||||||||||
| Long consonant | tt | nː lː | ||||||||||||||
| Approximants | j | ɰ | ||||||||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||||||||
| Lateral Approximant | l | |||||||||||||||
The above table shows the exact phonetic transcription of the vowels, but the following, simpler transcription will be used from here on:
| Exact transcription | Simple transcription | Orthography |
|---|---|---|
| ɐ̞ | a | a |
| ʌ̞ | ʌ | a |
| e̠̽ | e | e |
| e̝ | e̝ | e |
| ɪ̝ | ɪ | i |
| i | i | i |
| o̜̽ | o | o |
| o̹˖ | o̹ | o |
| u̜˕ | u | u |
| u̹˖ | u̹ | u |
| ʏ̜˔ | ʏ | y |
| y̹ | y | y |
| æ̠ | æ | ä/æ |
| ɛ̠˕ | ɛ | ä/æ |
| ø̠̽ | ø | ö/ø |
| œ̠ | œ | ö/ø |
Qwynegold has three length distinctions in vowels and two in consonants. The long consonants are considered to be in two different syllables at once, hence they are here transcribed as [p.p], [b.b], etc. There are three special long consonants that act as single phonemic units: [lː], [nː] and [tt]. These do not have a syllable break between them, like the others have. Besides the [lː], [nː] and [tt], the forms [l.l], [n.n] and [t.t] also exist.
Orthography
Alphabet and pronunciation
A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z, Ä ä/Æ æ, Ö ö/Ø ø, 
, 
| Letter | Pronunciation | |
|---|---|---|
| A a | a ʌ | |
| B b | b | |
| C c | s k | |
| D d | d | |
| E e | e e̝ | |
| F f | f | |
| G g | g | |
| H h | h | |
| I i | ɪ i | |
| J j | j | |
| K k | k | |
| L l | l | |
| M m | m | |
| N n | n | |
| O o | o o̹ | |
| P p | p | |
| Q q | k | |
| R r | r | |
| S s | s | |
| T t | t | |
| U u | u u̹ | |
| V v | v | |
| W w | w | |
| X x | ks | |
| Y y | ʏ y | |
| Z z | ts z | |
| Ä ä Æ æ | æ ɛ | |
| Ö ö Ø ø | ø œ | |
|
|
ɧ | |
|
|
ɕ |
This is the order of the Qwynegoldian alphabet. The Qwadralónia dialects use Ää and Öö, while the Quadralónia dialects instead use Ææ and Øø. Half-long vowels are indicated by an acute accent (´) over the vowel in both dialects. Long vowel are marked by macron (¯) in Qwadralónia, and by doubling the vowel in Quadralónia.
Qwynegold also uses several digraphs as can be seen in this table (capital V stands for any vowel):
| Digraph | Pronounciation |
|---|---|
| ch | tʃ |
| dz | dʒ |
| ng | ŋ |
| quV | kwV |
| sh | ʃ |
| xh | kʃ |
Tense and lax phonemes
| Lax | Tense | Letter |
|---|---|---|
| a | ʌ | a |
| e | e̟ | e |
| ɪ | i | i |
| o | o̹ | o |
| u | u̹ | u |
| ʏ | y | y |
| æ | ɛ | ä/æ |
| ø | œ | ö/ø |
| ts | z | z |
Some of the phonemes (16 vowels and 2 consonants) in Qwynegold come in pairs, which could be described as tense and lax. (Note however that Qwynegold does not have vowel harmony.) The lax phonemes are much more common than the tense ones. Both phonemes in a pair share the same letter, but whenever a tense phoneme appears in a word, it is indicated by a change of one of the other letters in the same syllable.
| Ordinary letter | 1st alternation | 2nd alternation |
|---|---|---|
| ch | zh | tsh |
| i | y | |
| j | y | |
| k | q | c |
| quV | kwV | qw |
| s | c | |
| x | ks | |
| xh | ksh | |
| z | ts |
If there are two tense phonemes in the same syllable, then two letters will alternate, if there are two letters that are capable of that. But if there is only one alternable letter, then it will turn into its 1° form. If there are three tense phonemes in one syllable, then a similar manner is used except with the 2° form.
Some examples with random syllables: lak /lak/ - laq /lʌk/ sen /sen/ - cen /se̟n/ syik /syik/ - cyik /sy̟ik/ - syiq /syi̟k/ - cyiq /sy̟i̟k/ chjuz /tʃjuts/ - chyuz /tʃju̟ts/ or /tʃjuz/ - zhyuz /tʃju̟z/ - tshjuz /tʃju̟z/
Silent <e> and <h>
Besides altering one of the other letters, there is another way to mark that a tense phoneme is present. If tense phoneme is in the last syllable of the word, a silent <e> may be added at the end of the word. If a word ends with an <e> that is supposed to be pronounced, then a silent <h> is added at the end of the word.
The letter <c>
The letter <c> stands for /s/ when followed directly or indirectly by <e>, <i>, <y>, <ä/æ> or <ö/ø> in the same syllable, or if it's syllable-final and preceded either directly or indirectly by any of the abovementioned vowels. In all other cases it stands for /k/. (The digraph <ch> however stands for/tʃ/.)
Grammars
Nouns
| Type of noun declension | Declension | Prefix in Qwadralónia | Example in Qwadralónia | Prefix in Quadralónia | Example in Quadralónia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | Singular | - | medi - house | - | medi - house |
| Number | Plural | d'- | d'medi - houses | d'- | d'medi - houses |
| Case | Genitive | r'- | r'medi - house's | r'- | r'medi - house's |
| Case | Locative | ér- | tau érmedi - in the house | ér- | tau érmedi - in the house |
| Number/case | Plural-genitive | dz'- | dz'medi - houses' | dz'- | dz'medi - houses' |
| Number/case | Plural-locative | dér- | tau dérmedi - in the houses | dér- | tau dérmedi - in the houses |
The dependent preceeds the noun genitive case. An adverb preceeds nouns with the locative case, see Location for an explanation of how the locative case is used.
Pronouns
There is much suppletion in the pronouns of Qwynegold, so all the forms of the personal pronouns are presented in the following tables. The pronouns also have an accusative case which the nouns lack.
| Number/case | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular/nominative | ix - I | uz - you | huo - he/she |
| Plural/nominative | xie - we | zuo - you | quō - they |
| Singular/accusative | xi - me | zu - you | hao - him/her |
| Plural/accusative | xia - us | zua - you | quā - them |
| Singular/genitive | ixel - my | uzel - your | r'huo - his/her |
| Plural/genitive | xié - our | zuó - your | r'quō - their |
| Singular/locative | tau érix - in me | tau éruz - in you | tau érhuo - in him/her |
| Plural/locative | tau érxie - in us | tau érzuo - in you | tau érquō - in them |
| Number/case | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular/nominative | ix - I | uz - you | huo - he/she |
| Plural/nominative | xia - we | zwa - you | vuue - they |
| Singular/accusative | xi - me | zu - you | hao - him/her |
| Plural/accusative | xji - us | zji - you | vuji - them |
| Singular/genitive | ixjæe - my | uzjæe - your | r'huo - his/her |
| Plural/genitive | xiæe - our | zuæe - your | vuæe - their |
| Singular/locative | tau érix - in me | tau éruz - in you | tau érhuo - in him/her |
| Plural/locative | tau érxie - in us | tau érzuo - in you | tau érvuue - in them |
Verbs
Verbs in Qwynegold can end in -a, -i, -o, -ejn or -n. The suffixes behave regularly when attached to vowel final verbs, but the -n and -jn class of verbs are a little different. In the following table, three verbs are used as examples: etoli (run), döyshän/duyshæn (*?) and trejn (train).
| Type of verb conjugation | Conjugation | Affix in Qwadralónia | Example in Qwadralónia | Suffix in Quadralónia | Example in Quadralónia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tense/aspect | Pluperfect | -(')tlan, -dlan | Ix etoli'tlan - I had run Ix döyshäntlan - *? Ix trejdlan - I had trained |
-(')tlan, -dlan | Ix etoli'tlan - I had run Ix duyshæntlan - *? Ix trejdlan - I had trained |
| Tense/aspect | Present perfect | -(')tla, -dla | Ix etoli'tla - I have run Ix döyshäntla - *? Ix trejdla - I have trained |
-(')tla, -dla | Ix etoli'tla - I have run Ix duyshæntla - *? Ix trejdla - I have trained |
| Tense | Preterite | -hyeh, -jyeh | Ix etolihyeh - I ran Ix döyshänhyeh - *? Ix trenjyeh - I trained |
-hyeh, -jyeh | Ix etolihyeh - I ran Ix duyshænhyeh - *? Ix trenjyeh - I trained |
| Tense | Present simple | -h(e), -g | Ix etolih - I run Ix döyshäng - *? Ix trejng - I train |
-h(e), -g | Ix etolih - I run Ix duyshæng - *? Ix trejng - I train |
| Tense | Future | -(')hwá | Ix etoli'hwá - I will run Ix döyshänhwá - *? Ix trejnhwá - I will train |
-huá | Ix etolihuá - I will run Ix duyshænhuá - *? Ix trejnhuá - I will train |
| Tense/aspect | Future perfect | -(')hwán | Ix etoli'hwán - I will have run Ix döyshänhwán - *? Ix trejnhwán - I will have trained |
-huan | Ix etolihuan - I will have run Ix duyshænhuan - *? Ix trejnhuan - I will have trained |
| *Connecting | -tāw, -dāw | Ix hakaritāw etolih - I begin to run *döyshäntāw *trejdāw |
-taaw, -daaw | Ix hakaritaaw etolih - I begin to run *duyshæntaaw *trejdaaw | |
| Mood | Imperative | <lengthening of last vowel>, -ē- | Etolī - Run! Döysh  n - *? Trejēn - Train! |
<lengthening of last vowel>, -ee | Etolii - Run! Duyshææn - *? Trejnee - Train! |
| Mood | Hortatory | -ou, -jou, -£ou | etoliou - let's run döyshänou - *? trenjou - let's train |
-ou, -jou, -£ou | etoliou - let's run duyshænou - *? trenjou - let's train |
| Mood | Interrogative | -í | Uz etolií? - Do you run? Uz döyshäní - *? Uz karate trejní? - Do you train karate? |
-í | Uz etolií? - Do you run? Uz duyshæní - *? Uz karate trejní? - Do you train karate? |
| Mood | Hypothetical | -et | Ix etoliet etoli'hwá... - If I would run... Ix döyshänet döyshänhwá - *? Ix trejnet trejnhwá karate... - If I would train karate... |
-et | Ix etoliet etolihuá... - If I would run... Ix duyshænet duyshænhuá - *? Ix trejnet trejnhuá karate... - If I would train karate... |
| Mood | Conditional | - | - | -was | ...huo etolwas etolihuá - ...then s/he would run ...huo duyshænwas duyshænhuá - *? ...huo trejnwas trejnhuá - ...then s/he would train |
The present simple tense is unmarked if used together with any mood. When a mood needs to be used together with any other tense than present simple, the following scheme is used: VERB-MOOD VERB-TENSE. What this means is that the verb is reduplicated.
| Fvangajou d'dvenra! | ||
| Fvanga-jou | d'-dvendra | |
|---|---|---|
| catch-HORT-(PRES) | PL-butterfly | |
| Let's catch butterflies! | ||
| Fvangajou d'dvendra! | ||
| Fvanga-jou | d'-dvendra | |
|---|---|---|
| catch-HORT-(PRES) | PL-butterfly | |
| Let's catch butterflies! | ||
| Fvangajou fvanga'hwá d'dvendra!* | ||
| Fvanga-jou | fvanga-'hwá | d'-dvendra |
|---|---|---|
| catch-HORT | catch-FUT | PL-butterfly |
| Let's catch butterflies! | ||
| Fvangajou fvangahuá d'dvendra!* | ||
| Fvanga-jou | fvanga-huá | d'-dvendra |
|---|---|---|
| catch-HORT | catch-FUT | PL-butterfly |
| Let's catch butterflies! | ||
The interrogative mood can be used together with any other mood, but all other moods are mutually exclusive. When the interrogative is used with another mood and present simple tense, the verb must again be reduplicated, but this time in the form of VERB VERB-MOOD. The first verb is the interrogative, but the suffix from it is dropped. The simple tense is again unmarked. The verb is always moved to the end of the sentence when it has interrogative mood.
| Uz d'dvendra fvangaí? | ||
| Uz | d'-dvendra | fvanga-í |
|---|---|---|
| 2S | PL-butterfly | catch-INT-(PRES) |
| Do you catch butterflies? | ||
| Uz d'dvendra fvangaí? | ||
| Uz | d'-dvendra | fvanga-í |
|---|---|---|
| 2S | PL-butterfly | catch-INT-(PRES) |
| Do you catch butterflies? | ||
| d'Dvendra fvanga fvangajou? | ||
| d'-Dvendra | fvanga | fvanga-jou |
|---|---|---|
| PL-butterfly | catch-(INT)-(PRES) | catch-HORT |
| Shall we catch butterflies? | ||
| d'Dvendra fvanga fvangajou? | ||
| d'-Dvendra | fvanga | fvanga-jou |
|---|---|---|
| PL-butterfly | catch-(INT)-(PRES) | catch-HORT |
| Shall we catch butterflies? | ||
If a verb is used together with the interrogative, another mood, and a tense that is not present simple, then the usual VERB-MOOD VERB-TENSE format is used, without marking the interrogative. Because the verb is moved to the end of the sentence, it is clear that the sentence is a question.
| d'Dvendra fvangajou fvanga'hwá?* | ||
| d'-Dvendra | fvanga-jou | fvanga-'hwá |
|---|---|---|
| PL-butterfly | catch-HORT | catch-FUT |
| Shall we catch butterflies? | ||
| d'Dvendra fvangajou fvangahuá?* | ||
| d'-Dvendra | fvanga-jou | fvanga-huá |
|---|---|---|
| PL-butterfly | catch-HORT | catch-FUT |
| Shall we catch butterflies? | ||
The conditional mood, which is used to mark what the consequence of some action would be, only exists in Quadralónia. In Qwadralónia, an explanation clause just follows an if-clause without any marking.
| Uz fvanget leprekān, huo heo'hwá gould | |||||
| Uz | fvang-et | leprekān | huo | heo-'hwá | gould |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2S | catch-HYP-(PRES) | leprechaun | 3S | give-FUT | gold |
| If you catch a leprechaun, he will give you gold. | |||||
| Uz fvanget leprekaan, huo hewas heohuá gould | ||||||
| Uz | fvang-et | leprekaan | huo | heo-was | heo-huá | gould |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2S | catch-HYP-(PRES) | leprechaun | 3S | give-COND | give-FUT | gold |
| If you catch a leprechaun, he will give you gold. | ||||||
Verbal morphophonology in Qwadralónia
- The hortatory suffix is -jou if the verb ends with -a and -£ou if the verb ends with a polyphthong which does not end with -a. With verbs ending with -ejn, this becomes -enjou. In all other cases the suffix is -ou.
- When the interrogative suffix is added to a verb ending with -a or -o, the end of the verb is pronounced with ingressive airflow (both the -a or -o forms a diphthong with the -í, and the whole diphthong is ingressive). If the verb ends with -i, the end of the verb is pronounced [ɪ·ɪˑ↓] (only the final [ɪˑ] is ingressive.
- When the hypothetical suffix is added to a verb, the final vowel of that verb is deleted, unless it is -i.
Verbal morphophonology in Quadralónia
- The hortatory suffix is -jou if the verb ends with -a and -£ou if the verb ends with a polyphthong which does not end with -a. With verbs ending with -ejn, this becomes -enjou. In all other cases the suffix is -ou.
- When the interrogative suffix is added to a verb ending with -a or -o, the end of the verb is pronounced with ingressive airflow (both the -a or -o forms a diphthong with the -í, and the whole diphthong is ingressive). If the verb ends with -i, the end of the verb is pronounced [ɪ·ɪˑ↓] (only the final [ɪˑ] is ingressive.
- When the hypothetical suffix is added to a verb, the final vowel of that verb is deleted, unless it is -i.
- When the conditional suffix is used, the verb must be turned into its reduced stem form before the suffix is attached.
Copula
Qwynegold has two copulas, ze ['z] and ejn ['ejn]. Ze is used for describing what something is, while ejn is used for describing where something is. Ze is however dropped when between a noun and an adjective, if in present simple tense and without any mood. Ze is an irregular verb (see table below) while ejn is conjugated the same way as a regular -ejn verb.
| d'Xubu ze d'ambtelei. | ||
| d'-Xubu | ze | d'-ambtelei |
|---|---|---|
| PL-tooth | is | PL-bone |
| Teeth are bones. | ||
| d'Xubu ze d'ambtelei. | ||
| d'-Xubu | ze | d'-ambtelei |
|---|---|---|
| PL-tooth | is | PL-bone |
| Teeth are bones. | ||
| Th lūna jiew. | ||
| Th | lūna | jiew |
|---|---|---|
| the | moon | light |
| The moon has a light color. | ||
| La lúna jiew. | ||
| La | lúna | jiew |
|---|---|---|
| the | moon | light |
| The moon has a light color. | ||
| Arktis ejn nort. | ||
| Arktis | ejn | nort |
|---|---|---|
| Arctica | is | north |
| The Arctica is in the north. | ||
| Arktis ejn nordt. | ||
| Arktis | ejn | nordt |
|---|---|---|
| Arctica | is | north |
| The Arctica is in the north. | ||
| Type of conjugation | Conjugation | In Qwadralónia | In Quadralónia |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tense/aspect | Pluperfect | tlan - had been | tlan - had been |
| Tense/aspect | Present perfect | tla - have been | tla - have been |
| Tense | Preterite | hyeh - was | hyeh - was |
| Tense | Present simple | ze - is | ze - is |
| Tense | Future | hwá - will be | huá - will be |
| Tense/aspect | Future perfect | hwán - will have been | huan - will have been |
| Mood | Imperative | zēe - be! | zeee - be! |
| Mood | Hortatory | zou - let's be | £ou - let's be |
| Mood | Hypothetical | zet - if ... was | zet - if ... was |
| Mood | Conditional | - | was - would be |
There is no *connecting form of ze (or ejn) because it can't be used together with another verb.
Interrogative sentences are formed a little differently when the verb is ze. The form used is (Th) NOUN1 COP NOUN2í/ADJí or (La) NOUN1 COP NOUN2í/ADJí. COP is ze in any of it's suppletive forms.
| Uz ze polístí? | ||
| Uz | ze | políst-í |
|---|---|---|
| 2SG | is-(PRES) | police-INT |
| Are you a policeman? | ||
| Uz ze polístí? | ||
| Uz | ze | políst-í |
|---|---|---|
| 2SG | is-(PRES) | police-INT |
| Are you a policeman? | ||
| Th luang hyeh medalongí? | |||
| Th | luang | hyeh | medalong-í |
|---|---|---|---|
| the | boat | was | green-INT |
| Was the boat green? | |||
| La luang hyeh medalongí? | |||
| La | luang | hyeh | medalong-í |
|---|---|---|---|
| the | boat | was | green-INT |
| Was the boat green? | |||
Just like with normal verbs, present simple tense is unmarked if used together with another mood. If a mood needs to be used together with some other tense, reduplication is done like in other verbs. The interrogative suffix may still be added to the end of the sentence.
| Zou hwá fantāsifameli! | ||
| Zou | hwá | fantāsi-fameli |
|---|---|---|
| be.HORT | be.FUT | fantasy-family |
| Let's play family! | ||
| £ou huá fan'ttasihojd! | ||
| £ou | huá | fan'ttasi-hojd |
|---|---|---|
| be.HORT | be.FUT | fantasy-family |
| Let's play family! | ||
| Zou hwá fantāsifamelií? | ||
| Zou | hwá | fantāsi-fameli-í |
|---|---|---|
| be.HORT | be.FUT | fantasy-family-INT |
| Shall we play family? | ||
| £ou huá fan'ttasihojdí? | ||
| £ou | huá | fan'ttasi-hojd-í |
|---|---|---|
| be.HORT | be.FUT | fantasy-family-INT |
| Shall we play family? | ||
Adjectives
| Comparison | Suffix in Qwadralónia | Example in Qwadralónia | Suffix in Quadralónia | Example in Quadralónia |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive | - | guo - good lkongivas - forested terroevas - terrible |
- | gao - good lkonges - forested øedhæides - terrible |
| Comparative | -ng | guong - better lkonging - more forested terroeng - more terrible |
-lio | gaolio - better lkongelio - more forested øedhæidelio - more terrible |
| Superlative | -lao | guolao - best lkongilao - most forested terroelao - most terrible |
-lao | gaolao - best lkongelao - most forested øedhæidelao - most terrible |
Adjective morphophonology in Qwadralónia
Adjectives with the derivative ending -vas (see Derivation below) lose the -vas when the comparative or superlative suffix is added (if the derivative ending contains the epenthetic -i-, the -i- is kept however.
Adjective morphophonology in Quadralónia
Adjectives with the derivative ending -(d)es (see Derivation below) keep the -(d)e- but lose the -s when the comparative or superlative suffix is added.
Article
There is a definite article in Qwynegold, influenced by European languages (English in the case of Qwadralónia and Spanish in the case of Quadralónia). The definite article is th in Qwadralónia and la in Quadralónia. The article preceeds the noun it refers to, except in one case in Qwadralónia, see Location.
Syntax
In an active voice sentence, the word order is SVO. Neither voice or what sentence element a noun belongs to is marked in Qwynegold. Pronouns however do have an accusative case.
| Th heponen cö́gah d'apleh. | |||
| Th | heponen | cö́ga-h | d'-apleh |
|---|---|---|---|
| the | horse | search-PRES | PL-apple |
| The horse is looking for apples. | |||
| La hestia cærhah d'æpla. | |||
| La | hestia | cærha-h | d'-æpla |
|---|---|---|---|
| the | horse | search-PRES | PL-apple |
| The horse is looking for apples. | |||
Transitivity is also unmarked, so intransitive sentences simply have the structure of SV.
| Ix lin'gwah nwon! | ||
| Ix | lin'gwa-h | nwon |
|---|---|---|
| I | speak-PRES | now |
| I'm speaking now! | ||
| Ix linggwah nyije! | ||
| Ix | linggwa-h | nyije |
|---|---|---|
| I | speak-PRES | now |
| I'm speaking now! | ||
Location
The structure (Th) NOUN1 ejn ADV érNOUN2 (th) is used in Qwadralónia to describe where something is. NOUN2 is the place where it is located, and NOUN1 is what is located there. Quadralónia has a different place of the article: (La) NOUN1 ejn (la) ADV érNOUN2.
| Th apleh ejn tau éruvon th. | |||||
| Th | apleh | ejn | tau | ér-uvon | th |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The | apple | is | inside | GEN-oven | the |
| The apple is in the oven. | |||||
| La æpla ejn la tau érungnov. | |||||
| La | æpla | ejn | la | tau | ér-ungnov |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The | apple | is | the | inside | GEN-oven |
| The apple is in the oven. | |||||
| English | Qwadralónia | Quadralónia |
|---|---|---|
| above | upon | upon |
| far from | lāo | lua |
| in; inside | tau | tau |
| near | vutalieh | vutijaeh |
| next to | asun | asun |
| on (top of) | fued | fued |
| under | hua | hua |
The NOUN2 can be dropped, if it is clear from context what is meant, except when the adverb is fued. The locational pronouns koa (here), uej (there-2nd p.) and est (there-3rd p.) are always used this way.
| Huo ejn tau. | ||
| Huo | ejn | tau |
|---|---|---|
| 3SG | is | inside |
| S/he is inside (indoors). | ||
| Huo ejn tau. | ||
| Huo | ejn | tau |
|---|---|---|
| 3SG | is | inside |
| S/he is inside (indoors). | ||
| Poly d'mango ejn est. | |||
| Poly | d'-mango | ejn | est |
|---|---|---|---|
| Many | PL-mango | is | there.3P |
| There are many mangoes over there. | |||
| Poly d'mango ejn est. | |||
| Poly | d'-mango | ejn | est |
|---|---|---|---|
| Many | PL-mango | is | there.3P |
| There are many mangoes over there. | |||
Derivation
Derivational affixes marked by a dagger (†) only exist in foreign loanwords.
| Name of derivation (if there exists any) | Function | Affix in Qwadralónia | Example in Qwadralónia | Affix in Quadralónia | Example in Quadralónia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demonym | Turns the name of a country into a word for an inhabitant of that country | -iósa | Sverje > Sverjiósa - Sweden > Swede | -iósa | Sverje > Sverjiósa - Sweden > Swede |
| Turns the name of a country into a word for the language spoken there | -ióla | Sverje > Sverjióla - Sweden > Swedish | -ióla | Sverje > Sverjióla - Sweden > Swedish | |
| Infinitive | Turns a verb into a noun (the act of doing X) | - | etoli - running; to run | - | etoli - running; to run |
| Turns a verb into a noun which is the result of the act of the verb | <verb is reduced to it's stem> | etoli > etol - run > running | <verb is reduced to it's stem> | etoli > etol - run > running | |
| † | Turns a verb into a noun as an occurrence (Xtion; Xsion) | -£ion | evolu£ion - evolution | -§ion | evolu§ion - evolution |
| Turns a verb into a person performing the act | -ua | raiha > raihua - survive > survivor | -ua | raiha > raihua - survive > survivor | |
| Turns an adjective into a noun | <adjective is reduced to it's stem> | sardo > sard - red > redness | <adjective is reduced to it's stem> | sumhao > sumha - red > redness | |
| Turns a noun into an adjective (has the property of X) | -(i)vas, -i | vest > vestivas - west > western aqua > aquavas - water > watery lux > luxi - light (N.) > light (Adj.) |
-(d)es, -i | vest > vestes - west > western aqua > aquades - water > watery lus > lusi - light (N.) > light (Adj.) | |
| Past passive participle | Turns a verb into an adjective describing what something is subjected to | -uk | lin'gwa > lin'gwauk - speak > spoken döyshän > döyshänuk - *? trejn > trejnuk - train > trained |
-<vowel length>t, -eet | linggwa > linggwaat - speak > spoken duyshæn > duyshæneet - *? trejn > trejneet - train > trained |
| Present active participle | Turns a verb into an adjective describing a person who is doing something (doer of X) | -i, -vas | lin'gwa > lin'gwai - speak > speaking etoli > etolivas - run > running döyshän > döyshäni - *? trejn > trejni - train > training |
-i, -des | linggwa > linggwai - speak > speaking etoli > etolides - run > runnning duyshæn > duyshæni - *? trejn > trejni - train > training |
| Turns an adverb into an adjective (has the property of being X) | -a, -wa | tau > taua - inside > (the) inside (one) hua > huawa - under > (the) bottom (one) |
-a, -wa | tau > taua - inside > (the) inside (one) hua > huawa - under > (the) bottom (one) | |
| Turns a numeral into an adjective | -i | sixnull > sixnulli - sixty > sixty-year old; from the 1960s; etc. | -i | hexanull > hexanulli - sixty > sixty-year old; from the 1960s; etc. | |
| Turns a noun into a verb (do X) | -li | grāf > grāfli - writing > write | -sa, -l | grāf > grāfsa - writing > write mortua > mortual - murder (N.) > murder (V.) | |
| Turns a numeral into a verb (make X number of times, make X number of copies) | -a | trí > tría - three > make 3 copies; repeat 3 times | -a | trí > tría - three > make 3 copies; repeat 3 times |
There are two ways to form adjectives from nouns. The -i suffix is lexically determined to be used with certain words, while -(i)vas or -(d)es is the productive suffix.
The meaning of a numeral turned into an adjective is highly context-dependent. It could be used to descibe a person with a certain age, a thing related to a certain decade or century, a thing having a certain number of parts or certain measures.
Derivational morphophonology in Qwadralónia
When the adjectival -(i)vas suffix is used, the -i- is only included if the word the suffix is attached to ends with a consonant.
When forming the present active participle, the -vas suffix is only used on verbs that end with -i.
When turning adverbs into adjectives, the -a suffix is used when the adverb ends with -aV or a single vowel which is not a. The -wa suffix is used when the adverb ends with -a or -VV.
When turning a numeral into an adjective, and the numeral ends with a vowel, that last vowel is deleted, unless it is a halflong vowel.
The process of turning numerals into verbs is quite irregular, so here is a complete list of verbified numerals:
0 - nulla
1 - monoa
2 - twáa
3 - tría
4 - quada
5 - penta
6 - sixta
7 - septa
8 - okta
9 - novena
10 - tina
100 - handra
1 000 - tanhra
1 000 000 - miljōna
1 000 000 000 - miljārda
1 000 000 000 000 - biljōna
1 000 000 000 000 000 -triljōna
xsjx
xtjx
x
Derivational morphophonology in Quadralónia
When the adjectival -(d)es suffix is used, the -d- is only included if the word the suffix is attached to ends with a vowel.
If the word that the past passive participle is attached to ends with a consonant, the suffix -eet is used.
When forming the present active participle, the -des suffix is only used on verbs that end with -i.
When turning adverbs into adjectives, the -a suffix is used when the adverb ends with -aV or a single vowel which is not a. The -wa suffix is used when the adverb ends with -a or -VV.
When turning a numeral into an adjective, and the numeral ends with a vowel, that last vowel is deleted, unless it is a halflong vowel.
When turning a noun into a verb, the -l suffix is used if the noun ends with a polyphthong, in all other cases the -sa suffix is used.
The process of turning numerals into verbs is quite irregular, so here is a complete list of verbified numerals (the compound final form numerals are shown at the end of the list (see Numerals)):
0 - nulla
1 - monoa
2 - dúa
3 - tría
4 - qua'dra
5 - pentaga
6 - hexa
7 - septa
8 - okta
9 - novema
10 - tezae
100 - centa
1 000 - milla
1 000 000 - miljona
1 000 000 000 - miljaarda
1 000 000 000 000 - biljona
1 000 000 000 000 000 - triljona
X0 - nulla
X1 - monoa
X2 - dua
X3 - tría
X4 - qua'dra
X5 - pentaga
X6 - hexa
X7 - septa
X8 - okta
X9 - novema
