IPA
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The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet.
Pulmonic Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Radical | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
Nasal | m | ɱ | n̪ | n | n̠ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | N/A | ||
Plosive | p b | p̪ b̪ | t̪ d̪ | t d | t̠ d̠ | ʈ ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q ɢ | N/A | ʡ | ʔ |
Affricate | pɸ bβ | pf bv | tθ dð | ts dz | ʧ ʤ | ʈʂ ɖʐ | cç ɟʝ | kx | qχ | |||
Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ ʁ | ħ ʕ | ʜ ʢ | h ɦ |
Approximant | β̞ | ʋ | ɹ̪ | ɹ | ɹ̠ | ɻ | j | ɰ | ʁ̞ | ʕ̞ | ||
Trill | ʙ | r̪ | r | r̠ | N/A | ʀ | ||||||
Tap or Flap | [[Labiodental flap|Template:B\]] | ɾ̪ | ɾ | ɾ̠ | ɽ | |||||||
Lateral affricate | N/A | tɬ dɮ | N/A | |||||||||
Lateral fricative | ɬ̪ ɮ̪ | ɬ ɮ | ɬ̠ ɮ̠ | ɭ̝ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝ | ||||||
Lateral approximant | l̪ | l | l̠ | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ |
Non-pulmonic Consonants
Clicks | Voiced Implosives | Ejectives |
ʘ Bilabial | ɓ Bilabial | ʼ as in: |
ǀ Dental | ɗ Dental/alveolar | pʼ Bilabial |
ǃ (Post)alveolar | ʄ Palatal | tʼ Dental/alveolar |
ǂ Palatoalveolar | ɠ Velar | kʼ Velar |
ǁ Lateral alveolar | ʛ Uvular | sʼ Alveolar fricative |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |||
Close | i · y | ɨ · ʉ | ɯ · u | ||
ɪ · ʏ | ʊ | ||||
Close-mid | e · ø | ɘ · ɵ | ɤ · o | ||
ə | |||||
Open-mid | ɛ · œ | ɜ · ɞ | ʌ · ɔ | ||
æ | ɐ | ||||
Open | a · ɶ | ɑ · ɒ |
Other Symbols
ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative (approximant) |
w Voiced labial-velar approximant |
ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant |
ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives |
ɺ Lateral alveolar flap |
ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x. |
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. |
Suprasegmentals
ˈ | Primary stress | ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən |
ˌ | Secondary stress | |
ː | Long | eː |
ˑ | Half-long | eˑ |
˘ | Extra short | ĕ |
. | Syllable break | ɹi.ækt |
Minor (foot) group | ||
Major (intonation) group | ||
‿ | Linking (absence of a break) |
Tones & Word Accents
Level | Contour |
---|---|
e̋ or ˥ | |
é ˦ | |
ē ˧ | |
è ˨ | |
ȅ ˩ |
Diacritics
̥ | Voiceless n̥ d̥ | ̤ | Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ | ̪ | Dental t̪ d̪ |
̬ | Voiced s̬ t̬ | ̰ | Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ | ̺ | Apical t̺ d̺ |
ʰ | Aspirated tʰ dʰ | ̼ | Linguolabial t̼ d̼ | ̻ | Laminal t̻ d̻ |
˒ | More rounded ɔ̜ | ʷ | Labialized tʷ dʷ | ~ | Nasalized ẽ |
˓ | Less rounded ɔ̹ | ʲ | Palatalized tʲ dʲ | ||
˖ | Advanced u̟ | ˠ | Velarized tˠ dˠ | ˡ | Lateral release dˡ |
˗ | Retracted i̠ | ˤ | Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ | ̚ | No audible release d̚ |
¨ | Centralized ë | ̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ | ||
̽ | Mid-centralized e̽ | ˔ | Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = Voiced alveolar fricative) |