Proto-Uralic/A
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The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a. (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)
Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results. Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal.
Mari and Permic feature an ad hoc reconstruction with the following features:
- *a *o *u *ö *ü *ɤ *ɯ *i = branches agree
- *aa *oo = /a (v)o/ in Hill Mari or Komi, /o u/ in Meadow Mari or Udmurt
- *ɤɤ = /(v)ɤ/ in Komi, /ɯ/ in Udmurt
- In Komi, /v/ appears initially
| Lexeme | FV example | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ma. *aa, P. *ɤɤ? Ms. / Kh. *uu, Smy. *å (standard PU *a) | ||||||||
| "fish" | F. kala | *kol | - | hal | *kuul | *kuul | *kålä | |
| "bit" | F. pala | *pultəš | - | fal | *puul | *puul | *pålä | Possibly Komi palak "hole" |
| "pot" | F. pata | *paat | - | fazeek | *puut | *puut | - | |
| "to scoop" | F. amme- | - | - | - | *uum- | *uum- | - | |
| "marsh" | F. aro | - | - | - | *uuraj | *uurə | - | |
| "to open" | Mk. panže- | *paača- | - | - | *puunš | *puunč | - | |
| "crow" | F. varis | - | - | varjuu | *uurin | *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- | *wər- | |
| "mountain" | S. *váré | - | *vɤɤr | - | *wur | *wuur | *wårå | F. vuori pointing to *ax? |
| "to go carefully" | S. *váncé- | *waanče- | U. vɯž- ~ K. vuž- | - | *wuunč- | *uunč- | *wånč- | |
| "to sink" | F. vajo- | - | *vɤɤj(ɯ)- | vejse- | *uuj- | - | - | |
| "hut" | F. talas | - | U. tɯlɯs | - | *tuul | - | - | Ms = "pole". Samic *tálo; unless (with F.) from Baltic *tala- |
| "to step" | Mk. šašto- | - | - | - | *šuuš- | *čooč- | *čåčä- | |
| "sun" | F. kaja- | *kaaja- | - | - | - | - | *kåjå | |
| "foot" | F. jalka | *jaal | - | ɟalog | - | - | - | |
| Ma. *o, P. *oo, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å (standard PU *a also) | ||||||||
| "to carry" | F. kanta- | *kaande- | - | - | *kuunt | *kaant | *kån- | |
| "to steal" | F. sala- | *šolə- | - | - | *tuul- | *ɬaal- | *tål- ? | |
| "flood, lake" | F. sarajas | - | - | aar | *tuur | *ɬaar | - | |
| "net" | F. kalin | - | K. kulɤm | haalo | *kuuləp | *kaaləp | - | |
| "to leave" | S. *kóðé- | *koðV- | U. kɯĺ- ~ K. koĺ- | haɟ- | *kuuĺ- | *kaaj- | *kåjä- | |
| "to step" | F. askel- | *aaškəl- | *ooćkVl- | - | *uusəl | - | *äsəl | Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda. |
| "to dig" | F. kaiva- | *kooe | *kooj- | hajiit | - | - | *käjwå- | Smy. palzn. |
| "to drive" | F. aja- | - | *ooj- | - | *wujt- | - | - | ← IE *aɟe- ? |
| "white" | Mk. akša | *oš | - | - | - | *aaš | - | |
| "in heat" | S. *čóðé- | - | K. ćual- | salad- | - | - | *såjä | F. suota? Smy palatal dissimilation? |
| "to receive" | F. saa- | *šoo- | K. su- | - | - | - | *tåj- | *saxi |
| "word" | F. vala | - | - | - | - | - | *wålä | |
| "in-law" | F. nato | *nudo | - | - | - | - | *nåto | |
| "to rain" | F. sata- | - | - | - | - | - | *sårå- | |
| "ground" | F. tanner | - | - | - | - | - | *tåntə- | |
| "branch" | S. *sórké | - | - | - | - | - | *tårkå | |
| "to stick" | S. *čóŋké- | - | - | - | - | - | *såŋkə- | |
| "spirit" | Mk. vajmä | - | - | - | - | *wäjŋ- | Smy. palzn; S. vájmó, Er. ojme | |
| "to stand" | Liv. saiso- | *šinće- | K. sidź- | - | *tuunś | *ɬaanć | - | Quite irregular: Finnish seiso- (Mordvinic *śta- probably IE) |
| Ma. ö/ü, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (standard PU *ë) | ||||||||
| "tree stump" | F. kanto | - | (K. gɯd) | - | *kɯɯnt | *kaant | - | Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong |
| "mushroom" | Mk. pango | *poŋɣɤ | - | - | *pɯɯŋk | *paaŋk | - | |
| "pole" | F. salko | - | K. dźal | saal | *sɯɯɣlaa | *saaɣəl | - | ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa, separately in K./H. ? |
| "wet place" | Mk. nar | *nöre- | *ńur | ńirok | *ńɯɯr | - | *ńɤr | |
| "100" | Mk. śada | *šüðə | *śoo | saaz | *šɯɯt | *saat | - | ← PII *śata; separately in H. ? |
| "gills" | S. *ńókčɤm | *naašmə | K. ńokćim | *ńɯɯkśəm | *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm | ?? (Nen. ńińśku, Kam. neeni) | ||
| "hair" | S. *vóptɤ | *üp | - | - | *ɯɯt | *aapət | *ɤptə | |
| "swede" | Ve. nagr | - | - | - | *nɯɯr | *naaɣər | - | |
| "cartilage" | S. *ńórkés | *nörɣə | - | ńiir | *ńɯɯrəɣ | *ńaarəɣ | *ńɤr | |
| "vein" | Mk. san | *šün | *sɤn | iin | *tɯɯn | *ɬaan | *čɤn | *ëx? Finnish suoni |
| "arrow" | Mk. nal | *nölö | U. ńil ~ K. ńɯl | ńiil | *ńɯɯl | *ńaal | *ńɤəj | *ëx! Finnish nuoli |
| "fish skin" | Mk. śav | *šüm | *śɤm | - | *sɯɯm | *saam | Nen. śaaw ?? | *ëx! Finnish suomu |
| "bird cherry" | S. *ðómɤ | *lom | *ĺɤm | - | *ĺɯɯm | *joom | *jɤəm | *ëx! Finnish tuomi, Mordvin ĺom |
| "land" | F. maa | *mu | *mu | - | *mɯɯ | *meɣ | - | *mëxi |
| "child, cradle" | F. lapsi | *lɤpš | - | - | - | - | *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə | |
| Ma. o/ü, Ms. *aa, Kh. *uu / *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (standard PU *ë or *ï ?) | ||||||||
| "down" | F. ala- | *ül | *ul | al- | *jaal | *ɯɯl | *ɯlə | |
| "liver" | F. maksa | *mokš | *musk | maaj | *maajət | *muuɣəɬ | *mɯtə | |
| "mother-in-law" | F. anoppi | - | - | - | *aanəp | *oonəp | *ɯnå | |
| "to put" | F. ahta- | *optə- | K. oktɯ- | - | - | *ɯɯɣət | *ɯtå- | |
| "lord" | Mk. azor | - | *oozɯr | - | *aatər | - | - | Komi ozɯr without /v/- |
| to be sorted | ||||||||
| "opening" | S. *vóŋɤs | äŋ | *vɤɤm | aj ~ aaj | - | *ooŋ | *äŋ | Mo. *oŋkśt; K. also vom; these here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ? |
| "tame" | S. *vóńɤs | - | - | - | - | *ońɯ | *ɯńə | |
| "wall" | F. pato | - | fal | - | *pal | - | ||
| "beginning" | F. alka- | - | - | - | *aawəl | *aaləŋ | *olə- | Cf. *ole- "to be" ? |
| "aunt" | Mk. ańa- | - | U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń | aanɟ, ańa | *aań- | *anəkə | Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ? | |
| "to hit" | Mk. šavo- | *čaaŋɣe- | - | - | *šɯɯŋkʷ- | *čooŋk- | *čåŋå- | Samic *cáŋmé-. Note Mansi labialization! |
| "light" | F. salama | - | - | *sɯɯl | *sal- | *sålə | ||
| "to open" | F. ava- | - | - | old-, ood- | *ɯɯŋk- | *ääŋ-? aa~ee | - | |
| "to leave" | Mk. valgo- | *wole- | *wɯɯɣəl | ? aa~ee | - | |||
| "village" | F. palva- | - | falu | *pɯɯwəl | *puuɣəl | - | ||
| "bitter" | F. katkera | U. kɤš | - | *kɯɯšɣə ? | *kiičə ? | - | ||
| "smell" | F. katku | K. kočɯs | - | - | - | - | Cf. prev. | |
| "to stretch" | S. *ńóncé- | *ńuž- | - | *ńuunš- | *ńɯɯnč | - | ||
| "meadow" | Es. aas | - | *adź | asoo | - | - | - | |
| "to hit" | Mk. ćapa- | *čuča- | *ćapkɯ- | čap- | - | - | - | Onomatopoetic? |
| "to chop" | Er. čapo- | - | *čup- | - | - | *čopam | - | S. *cápɤ-. Cf. prev. |
| "brain" | F. aivo | - | aɟ | - | - | - | Mk. uj ? | |
| "to conjure" | Er. al(s)ta- | *ulte- | - | aald- | - | *aaɬəɬ- | - | |
| "to giv" | F. anta- | - | *ud- | ad- | - | - | - | |
| "to shoot" | F. ampa- | U. ɯb- | - | - | - | - | S. ámpo- | |
| "to be born" | Mk. šačo- | *šaača- | U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- | *šašə | *čačə | *čäčə | ||
| "pale" | - | šapa- | - | saapad- | - | - | - | |
| "father-in-law" | F. appi | *owo | - | ipa | *up | *uup | *əpə | |
| "value" | F. arvo | - | K. arta- | aar | - | - | - | ← Indo-Iranian |
| "place" | F. ase- | - | - | - | - | - | Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso | Mo. eźem, Mk. (j)äźem, Er. iźim |
| "sleigh" | F. ahkio | - | - | - | - | *oɣəɬ | Nen. ŋuutuuʔ | |
| "hard" | S. *čárés | - | *ćoorɯd | - | - | - | *sårə | No F. or Mo. |
| "rotten" | S. *cómcé | *šać | *žoodź | - | - | - | - | |
| "crust" | F. kamara | *kom | *koomVĺ | haaml- | köömtol ~ kamtul? | Ne. såw | U. also kɤm | |
| "to present" | Mk. kaźe- | *kužək | *koodźim | hason | - | - | *kåsɯ ? | |
| "to thro" | Mo. kaja- | - | *kooj- | hajiit- | - | - | - | |
| "with" | F. kanssa | - | *gooz | - | - | - | - | |
| "rump" | Mk. kaska | - | *koos | - | - | - | - | |
| "to divide" | F. jaka- | - | *juk | - | *jåɣtit ? | *jɯɯɣəɬ | *jɤkə- | Ms. East only |
| "gruel" | Mk. jam | - | - | - | - | - | *jämä | |
| "to take off; to be able" | F. jaksa- | - | *juskɯ- | - | - | - | - | Er. jukśe- |
| "resin" | F. kata | - | - | - | - | *kåCə | S. kɤččé, koaccé | |
| "to breik" | F. katkea- | *kɤčkeða- | U. kwačkal- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to bite" | S. kácké- | K. gɤčkɯ- | - | - | - | - | ||
| "rotten" | - | *kaaškə- | *kuź | - | - | - | - | |
| "early" | - | *aažno | *vaadź | - | - | - | - | Can also be *o? |
| "to look" | - | *aanče- | *addź- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to touch" | F. kajoa- | - | - | N. xooj- | *kaaj- | - | S. kájó- | |
| "across" | - | *kaač | K. kɤččɤb | - | - | - | - | |
| "to ask" | - | *jaada- | *jual- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to accuse" | NS guoccot | - | U. kušɯ | - | - | - | - | No other words! |
| "gull" | F. kajava | K. gaďa | - | *kåjik | - | - | S. kájéké | |
| "death" | F. kalma | - | - | - | - | *kålm- | From *kaxli- "to die" | |
| "membrane" | F. kalvo | *kiĺ | haaĺog | *kaĺəp | *kaĺi | |||
| "to grind" | F. jauha- | *jaaŋɤže- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "arch" | S. kóŋɤr | - | - | - | - | *kooŋkar | - | |
| "dry place" | F. kaŋŋas | *kaŋɣa | - | - | *kuŋkʷə ? | - | - | |
| "crane" | Mk. karga | - | - | - | - | - | *kårə ? | F. kurki |
| "to want" | Mk. karma- | - | - | - | - | - | *kårmä ? | |
| "to dig" | Mk. kara- | *kaare- | K. kɯr- | - | - | *kiir- ? | - | P. *kɯr- in general "to wash" |
| "instrument" | Mk. kaŕźi | *kärəš | U. kɯre(d)ź | - | - | - | - | |
| "coarse" | F. karke- | - | *gɯr- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to gro" | F. kasva- | *kuška- | hason ? | - | - | - | - | H. "use, advantage" |
| "to (let) go" | Mk. laśka- | - | *ledź- | - | *laśke- ? | *låsɣə- | - | |
| "roof" | F. lakka | - | - | lak- | - | - | - | H. "to dwell" |
| "pond" | F. lampi | Me. lop | - | - | - | - | *lɯmpå | |
| "land" | F. lansi | Hi. landaka | *lud | - | - | - | *lɤmtu- | ← IE? |
| "flat side" | F. lapa | - | - | - | N. lop? | - | *lɤpä | Cf. next! |
| "flat" | F. lappea | *lap | U. lap ~ K. lop | lap | - | E. lapsək | - | S. *láppɤ "aside" |
| "to get wet" | *lóccɤ- | *löčä- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "groove" | F. latu | *laaðo | K. lu | - | - | - | - | ← Baltic? |
| "valley" | In. lakso | *laksa | U. los(k) | - | - | - | - | |
| "woman" | F. nainen | - | - | naas | *nääji | *naaji ? | - | |
| "snot" | F. natta | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi- | |
| "wet" | Mk. načka | *naačkə | - | - | - | *ńašak | - | Khanty "raw" |
| Loan etymologies available for some branches | ||||||||
| "door bolt" | F. sarana | U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir | čir | - | - | - | Technology anachronism! F. may be ← Baltic | |
| "bitter" | F. karvas | - | *kurɯd | - | - | *koorəɣ ? | - | F. may be ← Baltic |
| "bay" | F. lahti | - | - | - | *look | *lok | - | F & S. ← Baltic? |
| "far" | F. kauka(lo) | - | - | - | - | *kooɣ? | - | Mk. kuvaka, kovil. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV- |
| "to look" | F. katso- | - | U. kaźal- | - | - | - | - | S. keaččɤ-. F. may be ← Gmc. |
| "flat" | F. lattea | *laptɤ | - | - | - | *laaptək | *lApta ? | F. may be ← Gmc. |
| "board" | F. lauta | - | - | - | - | - | *lAta | F & S. ← Baltic? |
| Messy crap | ||||||||
| "sour" | F. hapan | *šaabə | - | sava-, sooska- | *šɯɯɣ- | *čoɣ- ? | - | Coincidental? |
| "2" | S. *kókté | *kok | *kɯk | keet | *kit | *kiit, käät | *kêtä | *kekta in eastern branches |
| "armpit" | Mk. kaval | *koŋla | *kun | hoon | *kanəl | *konəŋ | *kali ? (En. seeri) | S. kájŋél, F. kainalo, Veps kaimal |
| "fly" | Mk. karvo | *karme | - | - | - | - | - | F. kärpänen |
| "to rise" | F. kapua- | - | - | - | - | *kåɣaaɣəl | - | F. "climb"; Kh. "to float" |
| "skis" | SS. laabje | - | - | - | - | E. lump | Ne. lampa | No other words. |
| "to graze" | S. kótó- | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu- | |
Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric
Letters in parentheses are the relevant StarLing dialect codes.
Mansi
| Proto-Mansi | North () | East () | South () | West () |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *aa | åå | |||
| *ɯɯ | aa | ɤɤ | ||
| *uu | uu | uu |
Khanty
| Proto-Khanty | North () | East () | South (DN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| *aa | ɔɔ | aa | aa |
| *åå | ɔɔ | ||
| *oo | uu | o | oo |
| *ɯɯ | ɯɯ | ||
| *uu | uu | uu |
