Nother/Atlantic

Atlantic

Description

An Indo-European language spoken by the demihumans of Nother.

• Timespan: Modern day.
• Setting: Atlantia (Ədləntɛ), a fictional Mediterranean island.

• Author: Muke Tever | ✎

Phonology and Orthography

The Atlantic language has twelve vowels: eight short and four long.

	front	central	back
high	i		u
close-mid	e ee		o oo
open-mid	ɛ ɛɛ	ə	ɔ ɔɔ
low		a /ɑ/

Consonants are as follows:

nasal	m	n				ŋ
vl stop	p	t				k
vd stop		d				g
vl fric	f	θ	s	ʃ	sy /ç/	x
vd fric	v b /v/		z	ʒ y /ʒ/
sonorant		l	r /ɾ/	y /j/

H is silent. Y is pronounced as /ʒ/ after a consonant or before /i/ and /u/.

Accentuation consists of a high or low pitch accent on the first mora of a word.

ont /ònt/ "eye"

sɔrrɛ /sɔ́ɾɾə/ "curse"

For historical reasons, most verbs have high pitch.

Morphosyntax

Verbs

Conjugating Atlantic verbs isn't too difficult: the endings are added regularly, with little change. The hard part is in remembering what conjugation a form takes, as well as the different stems each verb has.

The finite forms of the verb belong to one of three different stems: the progressive, the aorist, and the durative.

The progressive refers to an action in progress, and usually translates English plain or progressive verbs, such as enter or are eating. Aorist forms refer to an event as a whole, usually a completed one, and generally translates English past forms, like walked, or forms used in series of verbs: for example, in wants to go, "go" would be translated by the aorist. The durative is mostly falling out of use, except in verbs concerning thoughts and opinions: think, believe, know, want, like are usually represented by duratives in Atlantic.

The conjugations are labelled by characteristic consonants in the first person singular: votic have v, and kappatic have k.

Progressive endings

v / k	sg	du	pl
1st	-vɛ -kɛ	-bdə	-(ə)ndə
2nd	-rɛ		-bɛ
3rd	-tɛ		-(ə)ŋtɛ

simple	sg	du	pl
1st	0	-bdə	-ndə
2nd	-r		-b
3rd	-t		-ŋt

Aorist endings

v / k	sg	du	pl
1st	-va -k	-bdə	-(ə)ndə
2nd	-rɔ		-dɔ
3rd	-tɔ		-(ə)ŋtɔ

simple	sg	du	pl
1st	0	-bdə	-ndə
2nd	-r		-d
3rd	-t		-ŋt

Lexicon

• The lexicon as a PDF file, dated 2 May 2004

A

• abɛ [ɑ̀.və] adj. indecl. second; other.
• absɛ [ɑ́p.sə] n. the depths of the sea; the most intense or profound part. —Greek ἀβυσσός.
• adə [ɑ.də] postp. to, towards.
• afɔrivɛ [ɑ̀.fə.ɾí.və] v. uncover. (aor: -va) afrere [ɑ́f.ɾə.ɾe] n. uncovering, revelation.
• afʃɛr [ɑ́f.ʃəɾ] adj. after, farther. aftam adj. last, farthest.
• afɔ [ɑ.fə] postp. from.
• afɔlivɛ [ɑ̀.fə.lí.və] v. unfold, open. (aor: -va)
• agməvɛ [ɑ̀ŋ.mə.vɛ́] v. arrive. (aor: -va) agməre n. arrival.
• Alpes [ôː.pəs] n. the Alps.
• Amerika [ɑ̀.mə.ɾí.kə] n. America. Amerikɛk adj. American.
• amne [ɑ́m.nə] n. name. amnifisre n. autograph, signature.
• an- [ɑ̀n] pref. again, re-.
• aŋɛʒʒɛsvɛ [ɑ̀.ŋəʒ.ʒɛ́s.və] v. adapt. (aor: -va) aŋɛʒʒɛsre n. adaptation.
• arklɛ [ɑ́rk.lə] n. farmer.
• aʃɛnkre [ɑ̀.ʃən.kɾé] n. accident.
• aʃvɛ [ɑ́ʃ.və] v. eat. (aor: -va) aʃre n. eating, meal.
• aθɔŋtivɛ [ɑ̀θ.əŋ.tí.və] v. direct, aim, address. aθɔŋtire n. address, direction.
• Australia [ɑ̌u̯s.tɾə.li.ə] n. Australia. —Spanish Australia.
• autɔbus [ɑ̂u̯.tə.bus] n. bus. —Spanish autobús.

B

• balkonɛ [vɑ̀l.kə.nɛ́] n. balcony. —Italian balcone.
• banana [vɑ̀.nə.nɑ] n. banana. —Spanish banana.
• baŋkɔ [vɑ́ŋ.kə] n. bank. —Spanish banco.
• beevɛ [vêːv] v. proclaim. (aor: bok)
• bɛr [vɛ́ɾ] v. carry. (aor: bɛss) bərtɛ ppl. carried, borne.
• bɛkəglɛ [vɛ̀.kəɡ.lɛ́] n. bicycle.
• bɛsɔrt [vɛ̀.sɔɾt] n. cracker.
• bəble [və̀v.lə] n. book. —Greek βύβλος.
• bərkʃɛ [və̀ɾk.ʃə] adj. sharp.
• bəʃʃe [və́ʃ.ʃə] n. nature, habit, custom.
• bisikleta [ví.sək.le.tə] n. bicycle. —Spanish bicicleta.
• blɛvɛ [vlɛ̀.və] n. flower.
• bləgrɛ [vlə̀ɡ.əɾ] adj. shiny.
• bləŋne [vlə́ŋ.nə] n. blight. bləŋdrɛ adj. blighted.
• blɔkivɛ [vlɔ́.kə.vɛ] v. shine. (aor: bɔɔkisva) blɔkʃɔʃʃ adj. shining.
• blukɛ [vlù.kə] n. shine, incandescence.
• boonʒe [vôːnd.ʒə] n. bathroom, restroom.
• bɔŋɛ [vɔ̀.ŋə] n. sick person.
• briʃvɛ [vɾíʃ.və] v. do, fashion, make. (aor: brɛʃva) əstɛ ppl. done, made. briʃʃe n. creator.
• brostər [vròs.təɾ] n. brother. brotre n. fraternity, brotherhood.

D

• dənnɛ [də̀n.nə] n. bench.
• dɔmɛ [dɔ̀.mə] n. house.
• dɔɔlɛ [dɔ̌ːl] n. window.
• dɔɔnɛ [dɔ̌ːn] n. thing.
• dɔrt ppl. of ʃkreevɛ.
• dɔrʒo [dɔ́ɾ.ʒə] n. door. dɔrʒɔs pl.
• dramte [dɾɑ́mp.tə] n. drama, play. —Greek δρᾶμα.
• dveegvɛ [dvêː.ɡvə] v. include. (aor: -va)

E

• eene [êːn] n. morning.
• eevɛ [êːv] v. praise. (aor: ogva)
• exne [éx.nə] n. shame. —Greek αἰσχύνη.
• elektrɔnik [é.lək.tɾɔ.nək] adj. electronic. —Spanish electrónico.
• ellɛ [él.lə] n. cat, feline. —Greek αἴλουρος.
• ensalada [ént.sə.lɑ.də] n. salad. —Spanish ensalada.

Ɛ

• ɛɛʒ [ɛ̂ʒ] adj. profound, deep.
• ɛgʒɛsvɛ [ɛ́ɡ.ʒəs.vɛ] v. terminate. (aor: -va)
• ɛxrəstɔ [ɛ́x.ɾəs.tɔ] interj. thanks, thank you. —Greek εὐχαριστέω.
• ɛliʒoo [ɛ́.lə.ʒoː] v. be gracious, show mercy. —Greek ἔλεος.
• ɛlpsvɛ [ɛ́lp.svə] v. hope for, expect. (aor: ɛlps) —Greek ἐλπίζω.
• ɛlvɛ [ɛ́l.və] n. oil. —Greek ἔλαιϝον.
• ɛmʒɛn [ɛ́m.ʒən] n. arrangement, order.
• ɛnsvɛ [ɛ́ns.və] v. reach. (aor: ɛnst)
• Ɛŋglɛk [ɛ́ŋ.ɡlɛk] adj. English.
• ɛr [ɛɾ] v. am.

	sg	du	pl
1p	ɛr	ɛsvɛdə	ɛmmɛdə
2p	ɛsɛ		ɛzvɛ
3p	ɛst		ɛrtɛ

• ɛʃ [ɛ́ʃ] v. say. (aor: ɛst)

	sg	du	pl
1p	ɛʃ	iʃvɛdə	iʃmɛdə
2p	ɛst		izvɛ
3p	ɛst		istɛ

• ɛtʃɛsvɛ [ɛ́t.ʃəs.vɛ] v. supply. (aor: -va)
• Ɛvrupɛ [ɛ́v.ɾə.pɛ] n. Europe. Ɛvrupɛk adj. European. —Greek Εὐρώπη.

Ə

• əbbɛrvɛ [ə̀v.vər.vɛ́] v. discard, leave behind, drop. (aor: -va)
• Ədləntɛ [ə́d.lən.tɛ] n. Atlantia. —Greek Ἄτλας.
• əfkerʒe [ə̀f.kəɾ.ʒé] n. due and proper time. —Greek εὐκαιρία.
• əxrɛstʃe [ə́x.ɾəst.ʃe] n. thanksgiving. —Greek εὐχαριστία.
• əlve [ə̀l.və] n. overcast sky.
• əmbɔ [ə̀m.və] adj. both.
• əmres [ə̀mb.ɾəs] adv. daily.
• ənde [ə̀n.də] n. water.
• əntɛ [ə̀n.tə] n. year.
• əŋgeevɛ [ə̀ŋ.ɡe.vɛ́] v. attempt. (aor: əŋgoosa)
• əŋkɛ [ə̀ŋ.kə] n. hook.
• əpveevɛ [ə̀p.ve.vɛ́] v. sprout. (aor: -va)
• ərrɛ [ə̀ɾ.ɾə] n. field, farm.
• əʃgɛmvɛ [ə̀ʃ.ɡəm.vɛ́] v. overstep, transgress, trespass. (aor: -va) əʃgəʃʃe n. transgress, trespass.
• əŋʃɛ [ə̀ŋk.ʃə] n. goal, target, destination.
• əstɛ ppl. of briʃvɛ.

F

• ’f suff. genitive marker.
• fɛlʒe [fɛ́l.ʒə] v. fill. (aor: plɛk, pli-)
• fɛrɛ [fɛ̀.ɾə] adj. close, nigh. (comp: fɛrɔʃrɛ, sup: fɛrɔtmɛ)
• fɛrfooʃre [fɛ́ɾ.foʃ.ɾe] n. perfection. fɛrfooʃras adv. perfectly.
• fɛtɛ [fɛ̀.tə] n. bread. fɛtivɛ v. bake. (aor: -va) fɛtostər n. baker.
• fəŋtɛ [fə̀ŋk.tə] adj. all.
• fəssɛ [fə̀s.sə] adj. beautiful.
• fəstre [fə̀s.təɾ] n. father.
• filvɛ [fíl.və] v. read. (aor: -va)
• firvɛ [fíɾ.və] v. try. (aor: fɛrva) fire n. try, attempt.
• fisvɛ [fís.və] v. write. (aor: fesva) fisre n. writing, inscription. fistre n. author.
• foobɛ [fôːv] adj. many.
• fool [fôːl] n. plain, field.
• footam [fôː.təm] adj. most.
• fostər [fós.təɾ] n. food.
• fɔɔdɔ [fɔ̂.də] n. estate. —Spanish feudo.
• fɔɔlɛ [fɔ̌ːl] n. bottle, flask.
• furtmɛ [fúɾ.mə] adj. first; earliest.

G

• gɛdvɛ [ɡɛ́d.və] v. want. (aor: gest)
• gɛmvɛ [ɡɛ́m.və] v. come. (aor: -va) gatɛ ppl. come, arrived.
• gəfʃe [ɡə́f.ʃə] n. host. gəftɔʃʃ n. hosting, booking. gəftɛt ppl. of gɔftivɛ.
• gəʃʃe [ɡə́ʃ.ʃə] n. stranger.
• gəʃʃe [ɡə́ʃ.ʃə] n. step.
• glumɛ [ɡlù.mə] n. joy. glumkɛ adj. happy, joyful.
• goone [gôːn] n. woe, grief.
• gɔdʒɛl [ɡɔ́d.ʒəl] n. measure, quality.
• gɔftive [ɡɔ́f.tə.vɛ] v. be a host, entertain. (aor: gɔftos) gəftɛt ppl. hosted, booked. gɔfteere n. entertainment.
• -gve suff. place name suffix.

H

• halɛɛ [ɑ́.lɛ] interj. hello!
• hamartʃe [ɑ̀.məɾt.ʃé] n. sin. —Greek ἁμαρτία.
• he [e] pron. pers. 3p. həs gen.
• hɛkrɛ [ɛ́k.əɾ] n. law.
• hɛnɛ [ɛ̀.nə] n. old.
• hɛʃvɛ [ɛ́ʃ.və] v. have, own. (aor: hɛst) hɛʃre n. possession, ownership.
• hɛθ [ɛθ] adj. such.
• həmmɛ [ə̀m.mə] n. setup.
• hmerɛ [mé.ɾə] adj. wonderful.
• hoone [ɔ̂ːn] n. sun.
• hɔdne [ɔ́d.nə] n. office, post. hɔdnor n. office, study.
• hɔmlodʒe [ɔ́mb.ləd.ʒe] n. confession, acknowledgement. —Greek ὁμολογία.
• hɔmɛ [ɔ̀.mə] adj. same.
• hɔŋtivɛ [ɔ́ŋ.tə.vɛ] v. send. (aor: hɛrʃva) hɔŋtire n. mission. hɔŋʃte n. mail, post.
• hɔɔlɛ [ɔ̌ːl] n. seat, chair.
• hurləgɛɛ [úɾ.lə.gɛː] n. clock. —Greek ὡρολόγιον.

X

• xɔle [xɔ̀.lə] n. school. —Greek σχολή.

I

• idʒuvɛ [íd.ʒə.vɛ] v. kythe, communicate telepathically. (aor: vodva)
• ifʃɛ [íf.ʃə] adj. social, friendly.
• ikɛ [ì.kə] n. cure, remedy. ikstre n. healer, doctor.
• igivɛ [í.ɡə.vɛ] v. heal. (aor: ikva)
• imfekʃɔn [ím.fək.ʃɔn] n. infection. —Spanish infección.
• imne [ím.nə] n. spirit.
• inɛ [ì.nə] adj. num. one. inɔθ [ì.nəθ] adv. only.
• Iroland [ì.ɾə.lɑ́nd] n. Ireland.
• irvɛ [íɾ.və] v. revere. (aor: is, part: irʃe)
• isvɛ [ís.və] v. bring. (aor: -va)
• Italia [ì.tə.lí.ə] n. Italy.

K

• kaʃɛs [kɑ̀.ʃəs] pron. interrog. how much?
• katlɛmte [kɑ́t.ləmp.te] n. hotel, inn. —Greek κατάλυμα.
• kɛ [kɛ] conj. and (between nouns).
• kɛdə [kɛ́.də] pron. interrog. what?
• kɛg [kɛ́ɡ] pron. interrog. why?
• kɛrʒɛ [kɛ́ɾ.ʒə] n. mister, sir. kr. abbrev. —Greek κύριος.
• kɛs [kɛ́s] pron. interrog. who?
• kəg [kəɡ] postp. among, with, between.
• kəglɛ [kə̀ɡ.lə] n. wheel.
• kəmmɛ [kə̀m.mə] n. cat.
• kəmpɛ [kə̀m.pə] n. corner.
• kəŋkɛg [kə̀ŋ.kəɡ] pron. whyever.
• kəŋkɔg [kə̀ŋ.kəɡ] pron. when, whenever.
• kəskɛs [kə̀s.kəs] pron. who, whoever.
• kətxɛdə [kə̀t.xə.də́] pron. what, whatever.
• kəʒʒɛ [kə̀ʒ.ʒə] pron. interrog. where?
• kəʒʒɛʒkɛ [kə̀ʒ.ʒəʒ.kɛ́] v. total, put together.
• kikɛ [kì.kə] pron. where, wherever.
• kilɛ [kì.lə] adj. far, distant.
• 'kiyɔθ [kì.jəθ] pron. interrog. how?
• koonʒe [kôːnd.ʒə] n. hill.
• kɔg [kɔ́ɡ] pron. interrog. when?
• kɔgmɛr [kɔ́ŋ.məɾ] n. gathering, convention.
• kɔle [kɔ̀.lə] n. the distance; the dreamtime.
• kɔnʃertɔ [kɔ̀nt.ʃəɾ.tɔ́], [kən.ʃéɾ.tə] n. concert. —Spanish concierto.
• kɔŋidʒuvɛ [kɔ̀.ŋəd.ʒú.və] v. commune. (aor: kɔvodva) kɔŋidore n. communion.
• kɔŋŋɔdne [kɔ̀ŋ.ŋəd.né] n. organization, company.
• kɔɔnɛ [kɔ̂ːn] n. artist, artisan, maker.
• kɔtsye [kɔ́t.çə] n. car. —Spanish coche.
• kr. abbrev. for kɛrʒɛ.
• kθɛmtɛ [kθɛ́mp.tə] n. creature. —Greek κτίσμα.
• kufre [kú.fəɾ] n. kitchen.

L

• laxɛ [lɑ̀.xə] n. lake.
• latɛn [lɑ̀.tən] adj. Hispanic.
• ləknɛ [lə̀k.nə] n. lamp. —Greek λύχνος.
• ləmde [lə̀m.də] n. light, torch. —Greek λαμπάς.
• ləŋkʃe [lə́ŋk.ʃə] n. doorbell.
• lihne [lîːn] n. moss, lichen. —Greek λειχήν.
• livɛ [lí.və] v. get, acquire. (aor: lɛk, li-)
• liʒɔnt [lì.ʒənt] n. lion —Greek λέων.
• lunn [lún] n. lantern.

M

• martruvɛ [mɑ́ɾ.tɾə.vɛ] v. testify. (aor: marts-) —Greek μαρτυρέω.
• meevɛ [mêːv] v. can, know how (aor: mass)
• mɛltɛ [mɛ́l.tə] n. honey.
• mɛŋʒvɛ [mɛ́ŋɡ.ʒvə] v. pay attention, mind. (aor: mɛst, mist-) məŋʒre n. attention.
• mɛʃɛ [mɛ̀.ʃə] adj. large.
• mɛθa [mɛ̀.θə] postp. with.
• məŋtɛ [mə̀ŋk.tə] adj. certain, particular, individual.
• məʃrɛ [mə́ʃ.əɾ] adj. main, principal.
• məʃve [mə́ʃ.və] adj. short.
• miyoŋt [mì.jəŋt] n. cat, kitty.
• morɛ [mò.ɾə] adj. proper.
• mɔre [mɔ̀.ɾə] n. moss.
• mɔrʒe [mɔ́ɾ.ʒə] n. sea.
• mɔst [mɔ́st] adv. soon, quickly.

N

• nadur [nɑ̀.dəɾ] n. nature. —Latin natura.
• nənne [nə̀n.nə] n. language.
• ne [ne] adv. not.
• nɛ [nɛ] postp. in, within.
• nɛbre [nɛ́.vəɾ] n. heaven.
• nɛktxɛdə [nɛ́k.txə.də] adj. none whatever.
• nɛgməvɛ [nɛ́ŋ.mə.vɛ] v. enter. nɛgmɛr n. entry, admission.
• nɛmvɛ [nɛ́m.və] v. distribute, give out. (aor: nis) nɛmʃe n. part, portion.
• nɛvɛ [nɛ̀.və] conj. nor.
• nəlle [nə̀l.lə] n. claw.
• nəs [nəs] pron. 1pl.; adj. our.
• nəʃʃe [nə̀ʃ.ʃə] n. night.
• ninsvɛ [níns.və] v. approach. (aor: ninst)
• niŋʃe [níŋk.ʃə] adv. none.
• nortɛ [nóɾ.tə] n. smell, scent.
• noʃvɛ [nóʃ.və] v. smell, sniff. (aor: norva)
• nurivɛ [nú.ɾə.vɛ] v. scent. (aor: nɛndrəva)

Ŋ

• ŋɛʒʒɛsvɛ [ŋɛ́ʒ.ʒəs.vɛ] v. fit. (aor: -va)

O

• oge [ò.ɡə] n. prayer. ogive v. pray. (aor: ogs)
• ogre [óg.ɾə] n. praise.
• ole [ò.lə] n. hall. —Greek αὐλή.
• omər [ó.mər] n. day.
• ont [ònt] n. eye. ontʃo du.
• ookoo [ôː.ko] n. alcohol. —Arabic الكحل.
• ooʒəbər [ǒː.ʒə.vəɾ] n. algebra. —Arabic الجبر.

Ɔ

• ɔfrɔt [ɔ́f.ɾət] adj. elegant, choice, select.
• ɔkʃɛr [ɔ́k.ʃəɾ] n. wisdom.
• ɔpera [ɔ́.pə.ɾɑ] n. opera. —Spanish ópera.
• ɔrbɛ [ɔ̀ɾ.və] n. ceiling.
• ɔrivɛ [ɔ́.ɾə.vɛ] v. buy. (aor: vorva)
• ɔsɛ [ɔ̀.sə] n. hook.
• ɔsiʃʃe [ɔ̀.səʃ.ʃé] n. death.
• ɔʃivɛ [ɔ́.ʃə.vɛ] v. revive, refresh, enliven. (aor: voʃva)
• ɔʃlɛ [ɔ́ʃ.lə] n. alley.

P

• pədre [pə̀d.ɾə] n. rock. —Greek πέτρη.
• pərgɛ [pə̀ɾ.ɡə] n. castle. —Greek πύργος.
• plantʃoo [plɑ́nt.ʃo] v. wander. (aor: plantos) —Greek πλάνης.
• pləmme [plə̀m.mə] n. down, feathers.
• pləmmɛ [plə̀m.mə] n. pen.
• prəʃʃɛ [pɾə̀ʃ.ʃə] postp. around, about.
• primabera [prí.mə.vɛ.ɾə] n. spring. —Spanish primavera.
• prisvɛ [pɾís.və] v. ask. (aor: prɛsva)
• prɔ [pɾɔ] postp. through.
• prɔsɛ [pɾɔ̀.sə] n. petition, request.
• pθənne [pθə̀n.nə] n. trail, footstep. —Greek πτέρνη.

R

• ree [ɾêː] n. matter, affair. reɔs pl.
• reeʒ [ɾêːʒ] n. source, fount.
• restaurante [ɾés.təu̯.ɾɑn.tə] n. restaurant. —Spanish restaurante.
• rɛʃe [ɾɛ̀.ʃə] n. king.
• rore [ɾó.ɾə] n. space, room.
• rɔgat [ɾɔ̀.ɡət] n. welcome.
• rɔmɔm [ɾɔ̀.məm] n. good favor, good will.
• rɔte [ɾɔ̀.tə] n. ball. rɔtaʃʃ n. balloon.
• rumkɛ [ɾúm.kə] adj. roomy, spacious.

S

• sɛlfivɛ [sɛ́l.fə.vɛ] v. help. (aor: sɛlfva)
• sɛŋɔ [sɛ̀.ŋə] adv. now.
• səŋtɛ [sə̀ŋk.tə] adj. holy.
• sərʒe [sə̀ɾ.ʒə] n. heart.
• səʒʒe [sə̀ʒ.ʒə] n. rank.
• sikvɛ [sík.və] v. rain. (aor: sis) sikre n. rain.
• sire [sí.rə] adj. blue-green.
• sivɛ [sí.və] v. control. (aor: ʃɛss)
• skɔtɛ [skɔ̀.tə] n. darkness, shade.
• slore [sló.ɾə] n. report, fame, news.
• sneevɛ [snêːv] v. know, be acquainted with. (aor: snɔs, snus-)
• sɔfre [sɔ́f.əɾ] n. bedroom.
• sɔme [sɔ̀.mə] n. land, earth, ground.
• sɔne [sɔ̀.nə] n. dog.
• sɔɔmɛ [sɔ̂ːm] n. psalm. —Greek ψαλμός.
• sɔrrɛ [sɔ́ɾ.ɾə] n. curse.
• sɔrt [sɔ́ɾt] n. loaf; dough.
• stəʃʃe [stə̀ʃ.ʃə] n. status, standing.
• stɔle [stɔ̀.lə] n. shirt. —Greek στολή.
• strɛfʒe [stɾɛ́f.ʒə] n. table.
• strɛŋgvɛ [stɾɛ́ŋɡ.və] v. stop motion, arrest. (aor: stregva)
• strɔbɛ [stɾɔ̀.və] n. building.
• syel [çèl] n. creature.

Ʃ

• ʃe [ʃe] pron. pers. 2sg. ʃəs gen.
• ʃɛlle [ʃɛ́l.lə] n. smile.
• ʃɛmbivɛ [ʃɛ́m.və.vɛ] v. bite. (aor: -va)
• ʃend [ʃénd] n. winter.
• ʃɛŋkɛ [ʃɛ́ŋ.kə] v. happen; become. (aor: -ka) ʃɛnkɛr n. birth. ʃɛnkre n. event.
• ʃɛrivɛ [ʃɛ́.ɾə.vɛ] v. rot. (aor: ʃɛrsva) ʃɛre n. rot, decay.
• ʃɛstvɛ [ʃɛ́st.və] v. stand. (aor: stok)
• ʃəmbɛ [ʃə̀m.və] n. tooth.
• ʃəŋtɛ [ʃə̀ŋk.tə] adj. stressed, strained.
• ʃəŋgʒɛ [ʃə́ŋɡ.ʒə] n. ensign.
• ʃərtɛ [ʃə̀ɾ.tə] n. yard, garden.
• ʃire [ʃì.ɾə] n. hunger.
• ʃivɛ [ʃí.və] v. speak. (aor: gest)
• ʃkreevɛ [ʃkɾêːv] v. do, perform. (aor: ʃkro) dɔrt ppl. done, performed.
• ʃonɛ [ʃò.nə] n. song. music.
• ʃɔgɛ [ʃɔ̀.ɡə] n. soldier.
• ʃɔlive [ʃɔ́.lə.vɛ] v. gladden, make happy. (aor: ʃɛlva)

T

• taksi [tɑ́k.sə] n. taxi. —Spanish taxi.
• telefɔnɔ [tè.lə.fɔ́.nə], [tə.lé.fə.nɔ] n. telephone. —Spanish teléfono.
• tɛg [tɛɡ] pron. dem. therefore
• təmme [tə̀m.mə] pro. dem. this, that. (pl: toos, gen: tɔs, gen. pl. tirog)
• tərfʒe [tə̀ɾf.ʒə] n. animal.
• təstɛs [tə̀s.təs] pron. dem. anyone.
• tren [tɾén] n. train, locomotive. —Spanish tren.

U

• une [ù.nə] n. hnau, person, sapient creature
• unɛ [ù.nə] adj. empty.
• urive [ú.ɾə.vɛ] v. preach, lecture. ureere n. lecture, sermon.

V

• vee [vêː] n. hand. veeo du. veeos pl.
• veevɛ [vêːv] v. lack. (aor: ɔɔs) veeʃʃe n. lack, need.
• veivɛ [vêjv] v. hunt. (aor: voisa) veivor n. the hunt.
• 'vɛ [vɛ] conj. or.
• vɛlrɔθ [vɛ́ld.ɾəθ] adv. rather.
• vɛntɛ [vɛ́n.tə] n. friend.
• vɛrve [vɛ́ɾ.və] adj. good. (comp: vəʒrɛ, sup: vəʒmɛ) vɛrʒiʃʃe n. benefit. vɛrvomər interj. hello, good day. vɛrveene interj. hello, good morning.
• vɛʃrɛ [vɛ́ʃ.ɾə] adj. strong, intense.
• vɛʒʒivɛ [vɛ́ʒ.ʒə.vɛ] v. look at. (aor: voʒis)
• vərdɛ [və̀ɾ.də] n. word.
• viknɛ [vík.nə] adj. hunting.
• vinɛ [vì.nə] n. wine.
• viŋe [vì.ŋə] n. love.

Y

• yagvɛ [jɑ́ɡ.və] v. worship. (aor: yast, part: yagʃe) yakθɛ ppl. worshipped. yagre n. worship.
• yeevɛ [jêːv] v. live. (aor: gɛgsva, part: yeeʃʃe)
• yəmmuθ [jə̀m.məθ] conj. so as to, in order to, because
• yəʃʃo [jə̀ʃ.ʃə] conj. like. yəʃʃeenɛ adv. alike.
• yəʒʒɛ [jə̀ʒ.ʒə] pro. dem. here.
• Yoonɛ [jôːn] pr. n. John. —Greek Ιωαννης.
• yoosɛ [jôːs] n. child, youth, young person.
• yɔbivɛ [jɔ́.və.vɛ] v. fuck. yɔbe interj. fuck!
• yɔθɛ [jɔ̀.θə] n. life.
• yɔʒrə [jɔ́ʒ.ɾə] adj. free, public.
• yure [ʒù.ɾə] n. time, hour; season. yuros [ʒù.ɾəs] conj. until.

Z

• zvodve [zvód.və] n. sweet.
• zvoftɛ [zvóf.tə] n. pastry.
• zvosɔlle [zvò.səl.lé] n. cookie.
• zvosɔrt [zvò.səɾt] n. cake.

Ʒ

• ʒeʃɛ [ʒè.ʃə] n. wall. ʒeʃʃɛ adj. walled. ʒeʃivɛ v. to wall. ʒeʃrɛ adj. walled, enclosed.
• ʒevɛ [ʒé.və] n. God.
• ʒɛdkɛ [ʒɛ́d.kə] v. give. (aor: dɔk, du-)
• ʒɛstivɛ [ʒɛ́s.tə.vɛ] v. greet. (aor: ʒɛstsa)
• ʒɛʒkɛ [ʒɛ́ʒ.kə] v. put. (aor: ʒɛk, ʒi-)
• ʒifʃe [ʒíf.ʃə] n. master, sir, Mr. ʒfʃ. abbrev.
• ʒike [ʒì.kə] n. place, location.
• ʒinte [ʒín.tə] n. miss, lady, Mrs. ʒnt. abbrev.
• ʒomb [ʒómb] adj. deep.