Dal'qörian personal pronouns
Personal pronouns refer to people or things.
Nominative (subject) pronouns
The Dalcurian nominative personal pronouns (the subject of the sentence or clause) are:
| binä | I/I am |
| diö | you/you are |
| mæ | he/he is |
| sia | she/she is |
| éren | they/they |
| tiÞ | it/it is |
| ména | we/we are |
There are also two impersonal pronouns in Dalcurian: minä-you/one and minäla-they, and these are used when referring to people in general, the subjunctive mood, and to equate the use of the passive tense in English (see Verbs):
- Am iáda, minä näocr nörasägrax Dal'qörian! One cannot learn Dalcurian in a day!
- Minäla gä’escanostr di abödä,, qösra tiÞ gé’stæméras. The house was demolished because it was dangerous. (lit: They demolished the house, because it was unsafe).
As you can see, the subject pronouns can also carry the present tense inflections of the verb to be: am, are, is. In Dalcurian, one can assume that am/are/is can always be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is:
- Followed by a present participle (a verb with the ia inflection)
*Followed by an uninflected adjective (including modifying words such as very/extremely)
am/are/is are not to be taken as read when a noun or pronoun is:
- Followed by a modal verb (see Verbs-Modals)
*Followed by the infinitive of a verb (a verb that ends in r)
*Followed by the imperfect and perfect past tense of a verb
*Followed by an inflected adjective
examples:
- Binä göria nöra. I am going now.
- Di gadörajel tädø. The dogs are tired.
- Dörac iáda, ména gä’vecsár! We argued all day!
- Öcra tirimiÞ, sia gé’námaroqu disiri. She was very depressed for a long time.
- Iáda, Gáré recévria ni Bemöa. Gary is getting a BMW today.
- Stæ’irønet, vonéri sol, eviár binä abödä. I rarely get home before 6.
- Éren voltir ni didérämös. They want a drink.
However, the verb may not always immediately follow the pronoun/noun due to prepositional word order:
- Tev'araciev, ména, máriÞ érenöra, görøria. We are going out with them later.
Accusative (direct object) pronouns
The accusative pronoun is the 'object' of the sentence or the thing that is affected by the action of the verb:
- I asked him.
- She gave her the book.
- They told us to go-away!
The Dalcurian accusative (or objective) pronouns are:
| binöra | me/myself |
| diöra | you/yourself |
| mæöra | him/himself |
| siöra | her/herself |
| érenöra | them/themselves |
| tiÞöra | it/itself |
| ménöra | us/ourselves |
NOTE: Unlike English, the accusative personal pronouns you (pl & sing) and it are not the same as the nominative. You will also see that all accusative pronouns count as reflexive pronouns (see Reflexive Pronouns)
Dative (indirect object) pronouns
As in English, there is no dative case or pronoun, this is simply rendered by te apostrophe and the nominative. This then means the phrase must follow prepositional word order wherever necessary:
- Binä, te'sia, gä’andöcr di lalégraj. I gave her the book/I gave the book to her. (lit: I, to she, gave the book).
- Sia, te'binä, gä’ädandöcr. She gave it back to me/She gave me it back. (lit: She, to me, returned it).
NOTE: In the last example, the verb ädandöcr means literally to give something back/to return something, therefore, does not need the pronoun tiÞ-it.
Dummy pronoun
The dummy pronoun it is used in English as follows:
- It is raining, it isn't fair
it in this instance doesn't really refer to anything or an object, but is used to make the sentence grammatical. In Dalcurian, tiÞ is never used as a dummy pronoun; the adverb danöÞ is used:
- DanöÞ danpöria. It's raining.
- DanöÞ morgér,, taÞ ela qoÞ. It seems that all is ok.
