Uínlītska Phonology

Syllable Structure

BNF

Not quite right yet

WORD ::= SIMPLE | SIMPLE WORD | SIMPLE COMPLEX WORD | WORD SUFFIX
SIMPLE ::= STRONGVOWEL | C STRONGVOWEL | Q STRONGVOWEL 
COMPLEX ::= C WEAKVOWEL | Q C WEAKVOWEL | Q WEAKVOWEL
SUFFIX ::= C WEAKVOWEL | C WEAKVOWEL C | C STRONGVOWEL
STRONGVOWEL ::= COREVOWEL | COREVOWEL ':' | EXTVOWEL | EXTVOWEL ':' | EXTVOWEL '*'
WEAKVOWEL ::= COREVOWEL | COREVOWEL '~'
COREVOWEL ::= 'i' | 'ə' | 'ɑ'
EXTVOWEL ::= 'e' | 'o'
C ::= 'ʃk' | 'sk' | 'p' | 't' | 'tʃ' | LIQUID | SIBILANT | NASAL
Q ::= '·' | LIQUID | SIBILANT
LIQUID ::= 'w' | 'j' | 'l'
NASAL ::= 'm' | 'n'
SIBILANT ::= 's' | 'ʃ' | 'f' | 'x' | 'z' | 'ɬ'

Stress

The first syllable of any root takes primary stress. Secondary stress in words of three or more syllables falls immediately before the last consonant.

Thus, stress falls on the bold and italic vowels in a, ka, kafta, kaftasa, kaftasat.

Consonants

p	t		k	ʔ
f	s z	ʃ	x ɣ
		tʃ
	ɬ l
m	n		[ŋ]
w		j

The phoneme /n/ has the allophone [ŋ] when immediately preceeding to a dorsal phoneme.

Vowels

In strong syllables

i iː
e eː	ə əː	o oː
ɛ		ɔ
		ɑ ɑː

In weak syllables

i ĩ
	ə ə̃
		ɑ ɑ̃

Sound adaptation in borrowed words

Every foreign phoneme (if possible) maps to the identical phoneme in Fínlǣsk.

The following general rules tend to apply to phonemes from various languages without exact duplicates in Fínlǣsk:

Foreign	q	ɢ	ɴ	ɟ	ɰ	kʷ	ʌ
Fínlǣsk	k	ɡ	ŋɡ*	j	w	kw	ɑ

*Inuktitut /ɴ/ becomes /ɡ/ word-initially.

Sandhi / Liaison

Vowels

Umlauting

Base vowel

η

a

á

e

é

ę

i

í

o

ó

ǫ

ø

ǿ

i-umlaut

υ

e

é

i

í

e

i

í

i

í

e

e

é

u-umlaut

ω

ø

ǿ

eu

éu

ęu

i

í

o

ó

ǫ

o

ó

Consonants

Long Clusters

CCC sequences are phonotactically disallowed, though note that this means phonemic sequences (things like tj /tʃ/ are considered single consonants under these rules). The following is a simple summary of the rules, in the order they are applied, along with contrived examples.

• If an orthographic j occurs anywhere in the CCC sequence, it is moved to the end: mantj /mɑntʃ/ + kun /kun/ > mantkjun /mɑnttʃun/
• Phonemic "double" or "long" consonants lose their first orthographic component: mantkjun /mɑnttʃun/ > mankjun /mɑntʃun/.

All sound changes in CSMF format

# Standard rules to turn ON orthographic into IPA, assigning classes and attributes along the way
use 'read-ON-as-IPA.csmf'

#t > s, tt > st, d > t, dd > ʔt (et al)
τ > σ / V _ V
τ > h / _ κ
h > ʃ / _ κ[+velar]
h > s / _ κ[-velar]
δ > ʔ / _ κ[-voice]
δ > ∅ / _ κ[+voice]
δ > τ

#More fricathivization
hr > ʃ
kr > x
ɡr > ɣ
θ > ɬ
ð > z
s > ʃ / # _ T

#Vowels
o > ə
y[+long] > iw
y > i
œy > oj
œ[+long] > ew
œ > e
ɛi > ej
ɛ[-long] > e
ɛ[+long] > ɛ[-long]
æ[+long] > ɛj
æ > ɛ
ɒ[+long] > ɑw
ɒu > əw
ɒ > ɔ
u[+long] > iw
u > o

#Eliminate 'r'
υr > υ[+long]
r > j / κ[+dental] _
r > n / _ κ[+dental]
r > d / # _
r > l

σl > ɬ
σ > τ / σ _

#Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
e[-stress] > i
(o,ɛ)[-stress] > ə
ɔ[-stress] > ɑ
υ[+long][-stress] > υ[-long]
υ[-stress]μ > υ[+nasal]
υ[-stress]ρμ > υ[+nasal]ρ

#Deal with glide and/or vowel clusters
j > i / ρ _ κ, κ _ ρ
w > o / ρ _ κ, κ _ ρ
υ > ː / $1 _
υː > υ[+long]

#Convert IPA to standard Finla orthography
use 'write-IPA-as-Finla.csmf'

Sound Change rules in sc.py format

# Some shenannigans to workaround multi-char symbols and funky mappings
* ǫ́ ǫː _
* e ɛ _
onlng = áéíóúýœæ
onsht = aeiouyøɛ
* 0 ː <onlng>_
* <onlng> <onsht> _
nonipa = aǫþv
ipa = ɑɒθw
* <nonipa> <ipa> _
blb = pbfvφβmλρ
alv = tdθðsznlr
vlr = kgxɣфвŋля
tv = bdg
tu = ptk
t = tu~tv
sv = vzɣ
su = fsx
spri = fsxvzɣ
ssec = φθфβðв
s = su~sv
cv = tv~sv
cu = tu~su
c = cu~cv~ʔʃ
C = c~λρlrляwjmnŋ
v = eioɛɑɒə
vt = jjwjʔwɣ
fv = eoɛɒ
uv = iəəɑ
r = λρlrля
w = λρlrляwj
rt = bbddgg
ro = lrlrlr
rv = əəiiɑɑ
n = mnŋ
nt = bdg
nr = wlj
na = ɑɑɑ

# Read ON as IPA
* f v _
* v f #_
* 0 s x_
* 0 s z_
* z t _
* g Ω _
* Ω g n_
* Ω g #_
* Ω x _s
* Ω x _t
* Ω ɣ _
* k x _s
* k x _t
* l ɬ #h_
* l ɬ <cu>_#
* l ɬ <cu>_<cu>
* l ɫ _
* ɫ l _<alv>
* ɫ l <alv>_
* ɫ l _ɫ
* ɫ l ɫ_
* ɫ l _<alv>
* ɫ l <alv>_
* ɫ l _ɫ
* ɫ l ɫ_
* ɫ l <onsht>_
* n ŋ _<vlr>
* qu kw _
* q k _
* <C> 0 <C>#1_

#t > s, tt > st, d > t, dd > ʔt (et al)
* <tu> <su> _<^v>
* <tu> <su> #_
* <tu> <su> <^su>_#
* <tu> s _<tu>
* <tv> ʔ _<tu>
* <tv> 0 _<tv>
* <tv> <tu> _

#More fricathivization
* s ʃ #_<c>
* s ʃ _<vlr>
* θ ɬ _
* ð z _
* x c ʃ_
* ʃ s _c
* ʃ s _<c>

#Vowels
* o ə _
* øy oj _
* øː ew _
* ø e _
* yː iw _
* y i _
* ɛi ej _
* ɛ Ω _ː
* ː 0 Ω_
* ɛ e _
* Ω ɛ _
* ɒː ɑw _
* ɒu əw _
* uː iw _
* u o _

#Eliminate 'r'
* r l _#
* r ː <v>_
* r j <alv>_
* r n _<alv>
* r d #_
* r l _
* 0 g _ɫ
* ɫ l _
* l ɬ s_
* l ɬ s_
* s 0 _ɬ

#Vowel reduction in noninitial syllables
* 0 Ω <v><^v>*<v>_
* 0 Ω Ω<^v>*<v>_
* <fv> <uv> _Ω
* ː 0 Ω_
* <n> ƞ Ω_
* <w><n> ƞ#1 Ω_
* Ω 0 _

#Deal with glide and/or vowel clusters
* j i j_
* w o w_
* 0<v> #2`v`vt#2 <v>_ 
* 0<v> #2`v`vt#2 <v>ː_ 
* <v> ː %_

#Convert IPA to standard Finla orthography
fipa = ɑəɛɒw
fnonipa = aøęǫu
fsht = aeioø
flng = áéíóǿ
fnas = ā‽ī‽ø
* <alv>ʃ #1j _
* <vlr>ʃ #1j _
* ʃ0 sj _
* <r> <ro> _
* ə ø _
* <fipa> <fnonipa> _
* <fsht> <flng> _ː
* ː 0 _
* <fsht> <fnas> _ƞ
* øƞ ø̄ _
* ƞ 0 _
* 0 h _ɬ
* ɬ l _
* x h _
* ɣ g _