Uínlītska
This majority language of Norse America is derived from Old Norse, with adstrates from Germanic, Celtic, Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Inuit, in particular Scots, Scots Gaelic, English, Nunatsiaviummiutut, Nunavimmiutitut, Míkmak, Ojibwe, Abenaki and Beothuk.
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Phonology
See the Fínlǣsk Phonology article for details.
Orthography
Latin Script
| a | sc | e | f | h | i | j | k | kj | l | hl | m | n | n | o | p | s | sj | sk | t | tj | u | z | ø |
| ɑ | sk | e | f | x | i | j | k | tʃ | l | ɬ | m | n | ŋ | o | p | s | ʃ | ʃk | t | tʃ | w | z | ə |
Diacritics are acute for long vowels, macron (the linea nasalis) for nasalized vowels, and hook-below for the 'open' versions of e and o. The blønna, the dot written for the glottal stop, is also generally treated as a diactritic. All these are normally ignored completely when sorting.
The orthography is uncial, that is there are no capital letters.
Runes
| ᚠ | ᚢ | ᚦ | ᚨ | ᚲ | ᚹ | ᚺ | ᚾ | ᛁ | ᛃ | ᛇ | ᛈ | ᛊ | ᛋ | ᛏ | ᛖ | ᛗ | ᛚ | ᛝ | ᛟ | ᛨ |
| f | o | ɬ | ɑ | k | w | x | n | i | e | j | p | z | s | t | ɛ | m | l | ŋ | ɔ | ə |
Morphology
Both verbs and nouns distinguish between single, dual and plural number.
Nouns
Summary
A fully inflected noun consists of (in order) a stem, inflected for number and case, optional marking for definiteness, and an optional postposition. For instance: sōrƿinmeð (with the son), hámsū (about a house).
Gender
Nouns are split into Masculine, Feminine and Neuter genders in the singular. In the dual and plural, Masculine and Feminine collapse into identically-formed paradigms, which is often called the Common plural.
Case
Nouns have six cases, and are classified into a number of declensions, called stems. There are three main stems, a, i, and u (associated with most nouns with open, front, and back vowels respectively) and a number of other, less-frequent stems (off-glide variants of the main stems, ja, ji, ju, ƿa, ƿi, ƿu, behave just like the plain versions). They are shown in the tables below with a summary of their uses and inflections.
The citation form of a noun includes a hyphen followed by the stem vowel.
See the section on umlaut and sandhi for a description of the notation used below.
Declensions
| a-stem | i-stem | u-stem | ||||||||
| Sg | Du | Pl | Sg | Du | Pl | Sg | Du | Pl | ||
| Nominative | Initiator | -a | -ja | -á | -∅ | -η←-ja | -η←-∅ | -∅ | -η↘ | -η↓-ar |
| Accusative | Undergoer | -∅ | -ηj-∅ | -∅ | -η↑-∅ | -∅ | -η̽-ar | -η↓-ar | ||
| Genitive | From | -s | -ų | -η↓-ar | -η↓-ar | -ω↘-a | -η↓-a | |||
| Dative | To | -i | -ω↗-ū | -u | -u | -ώ-u | -ū | |||
| Locative | At | -η← | -jη↖ | |||||||
| Oblique | Everything else | -ar | -r | -ur | -η↓r | -ω̽r | ||||
Examples
| hám-a | sōr-i | rún-u | ||||||||
| house | son | letter | ||||||||
| Sg | Du | Pl | Sg | Du | Pl | Sg | Du | Pl | ||
| Nominative | Initiator | háma | hámja | hámá | sōr | sœ̄rja | sœ̄r | rún | rón | rónar |
| Accusative | Undergoer | hám | hájm | hám | sūr | rún | rƿénar | rónar | ||
| Genitive | From | háms | hámų | sǭrar | rónas | róna | róns | |||
| Dative | To | hámi | hǫ́mū | sōru | rúnu | rúƿnu | rúnū | |||
| Locative | At | hámǽ | hámję́ | |||||||
| Oblique | Everything else | hámar | hámr | rúnur | rúnór | rúnƿér | ||||
Article
Definiteness is marked as follows:
| Definite To | Marking | |||
| Speaker | Listener | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| No | No | Not marked | ||
| Yes | No | -il | -jil | -ihl |
| Yes | Yes | -ī | -jī | -is |
Attributive Article
The fully-definite articles above are used with an initial h (i.e. hin, hín, hit) to precede adjectives and adverbs used attributively as parts of names, as opposed to "ordinary" articles suffixed to adjectives and adverbs to nominalise that quality. For instance bænn hin ǫðiȝ is Bjarn The Weathly, and bænn ǫðiȝin is the weathly Bjarn (as opposed to the other one).
Postpositions
Many common postpositions have become enclitics, and a process of their becoming instead enlargements of the case system is imminent, and arguably already underway in various colloquial lects.
Note: needs moar disambig.
| Postposition | Nom | Acc | Gen | Dat | Loc | Obl |
| á | by means of | upon | on | in the manner of | ||
| af | from | out of | because of | |||
| at | to | near | towards | |||
| í | among | into, onto | in, within | during | ||
| eftí | along | in order to obtain | according to | behind | later than | |
| flá | from | concerning | ||||
| hfᵫ́ri | because of | against | in front of | earlier than | ||
| með | by means of | as well as | in combination with | |||
| of | above | over | concerning | because of | around, about | for |
| ǫ́ | of | out of, from | made from | |||
| sjá | beside, at the side of; compared with; close by | |||||
| til | in; of, concerning; on; as, for, to obtain; until, to, up to the time | |||||
| útā | outside (of); beyond; without | |||||
| ū | about, concerning | across | throughout | |||
| ᵫðð | reaching to, against, with; towards, at; in exchange for; by; (together) with, close to; because of | |||||
| ᵫfí | above, over, at; across, upon | |||||
Postpositions show above with a leading hyphen have generally fused as enclitics.
Adjectives
Pronouns
Pronouns are marked for person, number and case. Additionally, pronouns carry inclusivity/exclusivity information for the first person not encoded elsewhere. See the respective sections above and below for more details on the individual systems.
Placeholder mostly-pure-ON pronouns
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||||||||||
| Incl | Excl | Proximal | Distal | |||||||||||
| Sg | Du | Pl | Du | Pl | Sg | Du | Pl | Sg | Du | Pl | Sg | Du | Pl | |
| Nominative | eg | fitt | fé | hðu | hðitt | hðér | an | ant | hðéj | hðatt | hðætt | ðǫ | ||
| Accusative | mik | okke | oss | hðikk | ᵫkke | ᵫððe | hánn | hánnt | ðá | ðat | ðet | ðǫ | ||
| Genitive | mín | okká | fǫ́ | hðín | ᵫkkar | ᵫðar | æns | æntts | hðéjæ | hðess | hðentts | hðéjæ | ||
| Dative | ||||||||||||||
| Locative | ||||||||||||||
| Oblique | ||||||||||||||
The 3rd Person Prox/Dist forms are used (more or less) to distinguish between an 3rd Person who is the subject of the current sentence/clause (using the Proximal) and a 3rd person who is not the subject (using the Distal).
Verbs
The verb is similar in structure to the ON verb. The 3rd and 4th conjugations of weak verbs have disappeared entirely, merging with the 2nd, and several strong conjugations have collapsed together.
Conjugation Table
Mostly-pure ON table. Thematic Vowels have been normalized. No other changes.
General Pattern
| Weak | Strong | |||||||||||
| 1st | 2nd | I | II | III | IV | V | VI | To be | ||||
| INDIC. | Pres. | Sing. | 1. | -a | -i | -∅ | -∅ | -η̾-∅ | -η↖-∅ | -∅ | -η̆←-∅ | em |
| 2. | -al | -il | -r | -s | -η̾-r | -η↖-r | -r | -η←-r | ert | |||
| 3. | -al | -il | er | |||||||||
| Plur. | 1. | -ø̄ | -jø̄ | -um | -um | -um | -ω↖↑-um | -um | -ή-ū | erum | ||
| 2. | -iz | -iz | -ið | eruð | ||||||||
| 3. | -a | -ja | -a | euo | ||||||||
| Pret. | Sing. | 1. | -az | -ta | -η↘↘-∅ | -η↓j-∅ | -υ̽-∅ | -ή↗-∅ | -η↘-∅ | -η↖-∅ | uá | |
| 2. | -azi | -til | -η↘↘-t | -η↓j-t | -υ̽-t | -ή↗-t | -η↘-t | -η↖-t | uás | |||
| 3. | -azi | -ti | -η↘↘-∅ | -η↓j-∅ | -υ̽-∅ | -ή↗-∅ | -η↘-∅ | -η↖-∅ | uá | |||
| Plur. | 1. | -izø̄ | -tī | -η↗↗-um | -um | -η̾→-um | -ω↑↑-um | -ή↘↘-ū | -η↖↑-um | ƿárū | ||
| 2. | -iziz | -tiz | -η↗↗-uð | -uð | -η̾→-uð | -ω↑↑-uð | -ή↘↘-uð | -η↖↑-uð | ƿáruð | |||
| 3. | -∅ | -ti | -η↗↗-u | -u | -η̾→-u | -ω↑↑-u | -ή↘↘-u | -η↖↑-u | ƿáru | |||
| IMPERAT. | -a | -∅ | -∅ | -∅ | -∅ | -∅ | -∅ | -∅ | ƿer | |||
| SUBJ. | Pres. | Sing. | 1. | -a | -a | -a | sjá | |||||
| 2. | -il | -il | -ir | sér | ||||||||
| 3. | -i | -i | -i | sé | ||||||||
| Plur. | 1. | -ī | -ī | -im | sém | |||||||
| 2. | -iz | -iz | -ið | séð | ||||||||
| 3. | -i | -i | -i | sé | ||||||||
| Pret. | Sing. | 1. | ||||||||||
| 2. | ||||||||||||
| 3. | ||||||||||||
| Plur. | 1. | |||||||||||
| 2. | ||||||||||||
| 3. | ||||||||||||
Examples
None yet
Person
1st, 2nd, 3rd Common, 3rd Neuter
Voice
Active Voice
Simple bare verb.
Passive Voice
The use of the Passive is virtually obligatory when the agent of the verb is of lower percieved animacy than the undergoer.
Nonpast Tense
Aorist/Present Construction
Simple bare verb.
Future Construction
Auxilliary verbs or adverbs of intention or likelyhood are used.
Past Tense
Ablaut.
Moods
Indicative, Interrogative (for yes/no questions on the truth value of the predicate), Subjunctive (includes Conditional and Irrealis), Imperative (includes Hortative and Jussive).
Aspects
Imperfect, Perfect.
Attitudinal and Evidential modifiers
Equiv. doch, schon, mal, eben, ja, etc.
Gerunds, Participles, and their Adjectives and Nouns
Adverbs
Particles
Other Languages
Other languages in this AU presume the gradual creation and growth of European colonies in North & Central America starting around 1000CE instead of the rapid colonization of Central America starting around 1500CE and of North America starting around 1600CE.
Finla was the first major consolidation of power, followed by "Nova Scotia" (provisional name), consisting mostly of Christian Celtic and Anglo-Saxon missionaries from England and France who established their major centers on the southwest coast of Greenland and to the south of Finla between 1100CE and 1250CE. Their Hibernic language is a Celtic koine of Old Gaelic, Old Welsh, Old Breton and Old Cornish with adstrates from Old English and Old French and a significant superstrate from Church Latin.
