Parthavan language
| Parthavun erciğ | |
|---|---|
| Pronounced: | /parθaβ ɛrtʃɪɣ |
| Timeline and Universe: | Alamanti |
| Species: | Human |
| Spoken: | Parthava, Parizhia, Seleyizhe, Dorcindi |
| Total speakers: | 40 million |
| Writing system: | Parthavan script |
| Genealogy: | Ayartaic Central Aghantian |
| Typology | |
| Morphological type: | Agglutinative |
| Morphosyntactic alignment: | Nominative-Accusative |
| Basic word order: | SOV |
| Credits | |
| Creator: | Nadeem Ahmad |
| Created: | September 2006 |
Parthavan is a language that is spoken throughout much of central Aghantia. It is very closely related to Armavi
Distribution
Parthavan is spoken mainly in the central Aghantian countries. There is also an area in Parizhia where it is spoken.
Its largest concentration of speakers is in Parthava.
Phonology
Vowels
Parthavan has 7 vowels, which are arranged into three classes for vowel harmony:
| Front | e (IPA: ɛ) | ö (IPA: œ) | ü (IPA: ʏ) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Back | a (IPA: a) | o (IPA: o) | u (IPA: u) |
| Neutral | i (IPA: ɪ) |
A word can only contain either front vowels or back vowels (and the neutral vowel i). For words with only i, the word is regarded as front.
If a word contains both back and front vowels (in some foreign words), vowel harmony acts on with the last vowel, that is to say that when adding suffixes, if the word is mixed, look at the last vowel as an indicator.
Consonants
Parthavan also has the following consonants:
| Consonants | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Labiod. | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
| Nasal | m (m) | n (n) | ŋ (n) | |||||||||||||
| Plosive | p (p) | b (b) | t (t) | d (d) | k (k) | g (g) | q (q) | |||||||||
| Fricative | θ (ť) | s (s) | z (z) | ʃ (ş) | ʒ (ž) | x (x) | ɣ (ğ) | |||||||||
| Affricate | ts (ts) | |||||||||||||||
| Approximants | β̞ (v) | j (y) | ||||||||||||||
| Trill | r (r) | |||||||||||||||
| Lateral Fricative | ɬ (l) | |||||||||||||||
As well as this, most consonants have labialised and palatised forms. These are shown, where appropriate, by y and w following the consonant.
Counting
Parthavan has a base-10 number system. Each number from 0 to 9 has initial, medial, final, isolated, and multiplier forms, which are used to make bigger numbers.
Pronouns
Unlike Armavi, pronouns in Parthavan are not completely regular - i.e, to change their case, it is not a case of simple agglutination.
Personal pronouns in Parthavan are explained in the following table. It should be noted that only the 1st and 2nd persons are irregular (there is not 3rd person plural - instead demonsratives are used):
| Person | Abs | Acc | Gen | Dat | Abl | Loc | Com | Inst | Cause |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing | Bi | Biği | Binii | Bitsüüd | Bicii | Beter | Bele | Beyele | Betöl |
| 2nd sing | Tsi | Ciği | Cinii | Citsid | Tseyci | Tsetir | Tsele | Tseyele | Tsöyöl |
| 1st plur | Bivir | Biviri | Biviin | Bivitsüüd | Bivitsii | Bivder | Beverle | Beverle | Bever-tölöö |
| 2nd plur | Cingver | Cingveri | Cingviriin | Civirtsüüd | Civirtsii | Ceveder | Ceverle | Ceverle | Cever-tölöö |
Morphology
Nouns
Case in Parthavan is marked by attaching suffixes to the end of words. These suffixes must harmonise in accordance with the vowel harmony rules stated above.
Plural suffixes go directly after the noun. They cannot be added to indefinite nouns, only definite ones. They can change depending on the noun itself:
- berc / barc in most cases
- bey / bay for nouns ending in c, r, t, s, z, ş, l, i or any front vowel
- ibiğ for nouns ending in t, d, k, g, q
The absolutive case carries no suffix - it is the plain noun as found in the lexicon.
The absolutive is most commonly used as a nominative. However, it also serves as an indefinite accusative (of any type):
Examples:
- Bi adağ xevera ui
- I like horses
The definitive accusative is used for definite direct objects. The suffix is i or yi after vowels.
Examples:
- Bi adağbarci xevera ui
- I like the horses
The genetive is used to indicate the possessor. It has a variable suffix:
- ying for words ending in vowels
- un / ün in most cases
- an / en for words whose last vowel is either a or e
- u / ü for words ending in n
The dative case indicates to where something was going. The suffix for the dative case is as follows:
- uud / üüd after consonants
- tsuud / tsüüd after vowels, l, and n
This also gives a sense of "for," as in:
Note: any final cs change to ts when attaching this suffix
The suffix for the ablative case is aca / ece.
The primary function for this case is indicating from where - i.e, the place away from which something is going. However, it is also used in comparisons, and so here it indicates than; to indicate what something is made of; and as the agent in passive sentences. Another use of the ablative is "about"
The locative indicates where something is. Its suffixes are:
- tur / tür after all unvoiced consonants
- dur / dür after all voiced consonants
The comitative is simply translated as with. It is marked by eli / ali.
The instrumental indicates the instrument used to perform an action. Its suffix is le / la.
The cause for something is also indicated by a suffix. Its suffix is toloo / tölöö.
Verb morphology
Verbs in Parthavan operate via a slightly different system from Armavi. The main difference is the lack of any personal indication (i.e: of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons). Verbs in Parthavan are also not as agglutinating as those in Armavi.
Verb tenses
Parthavan has 3 tenses. These are present tense (-(n)a / -(n)e), past tense (-(n)arağ / -(n)ereğ) and future (-(n)arixt / -(n)erixt). However, in casual speech, the past tense suffix changes to -(n)ar / -(n)er and the future tense suffix changes to -(n)et / -(n)at.
In all cases, the letters in the brackets indicate buffer consonants.
Verb moods
Parthavan has several forms of the passive, each with their own infix.
