Plant families

This is a presentation of the living families of true plants (kingdom Plantae), with the famous members from each family. They are placed into their higher orders, subclasses, classes, and divisions, which are indicated by the way this list is formatted.

This list is intended for people who want to make sure they have all their bases covered when they have Earth-like flora in their conworld. If a word is bolded, that indicates that that plant name occurs on the Landau Core Vocabulary, but even many plants that are not "core" enough to be included in the LCV are listed here, in the hopes of giving conlangers a complete conlang lexicon. Most of these words will be the base-level words for plants (oak, maple, apple, apricot, banana, durian, cabbage, broccoli, potato, anise, ivy, almond, cactus, rice, orchid, lily, reed, pine, spruce, etc.), but commonly-used more specific terms are also included under a more inclusive term {in braces}.

If your conpeople have modern science, they will probably have words like "conifer", "monocot", and "pteridophyte" in their language. You might even want to try to create some adjectives for plant families (such as "liliaceous" and "rosaceous") in your conlang. Linnaean taxonomy simply names these plant families (and orders) after a prominent member, but if you are so imaginatively inclined, the taxonomy used by your conpeople may have a different method for coming up with plant family names. You can also come up with different nominate members for each family -- perhaps your conpeople's word for "rosaceous" derives from the name of the peach rather than the rose, or their word for "lythraceous" is taken from the word for pomegranate instead of the word for loosestrife. By no means do you have to come up with names for all 707 families listed here -- even Kankonian only has about 200 of them, at last count.

If your conworld has plant species (and/or cultivars) not found in Our World, they will not only of course need their own names, but at least a few will probably belong to families not found in Our World. Kankonia, for instance, has such plants as the blue tree (family Cyanophyllaceae) and the surasmas (family Surasmataceae). (Note that in that 200 figure, many of the Kankonian words are for families not known on Earth.) You might want to consider how these plants are related, what plants fit in what families, and what orders the un-Earthlike families belong in.

And now, the list:

Marchantiophyta (liverwort)

Haplomitriopsida

Haplomitriales

Haplomitriaceae

Treubiales

Treubiaceae

Marchantiopsida

Blasiidae

Blasiales

Blasiaceae

Marchantiidae

Neohodgsoniales

Neohodgsoniaceae

Sphaerocarpales

Monocarpaceae
Riellaceae
Sphaerocarpaceae

Lunulariales

Lunulariaceae

Marchantiales

Marchantiaceae: common liverwort
Aytoniaceae
Cleveaceae
Monosoleniaceae
Conocephalaceae
Targioniaceae
Wiesnerellaceae
Dumortieraceae
Monocleaceae
Oxymitraceae
Ricciaceae
Corsiniaceae
Cyathodiaceae

Jungermanniopsida

Pelliidae

Pelliales

Noerocladaceae
Pelliaceae

Pallaviciniales

Phyllothalliaceae
Sandeothallaceae
Moerckiaceae
Hymenophytaceae
Pallaviciniaceae

Fossombroniales

Calyculariaceae
Makinoaceae
Fossombroniaceae
Allisoniaceae
Petalophyllaceae

Metzgeriidae

Pleuroziales

Pleuroziaceae

Metzgeriales

Metzgeriaceae
Aneuraceae

Jungermanniidae

Porellales

Porellaceae
Goebeliellaceae
Lepidolaenaceae
Radulaceae
Frullaniaceae
Jubulaceae
Lejeuneaceae

Ptilidiales

Herzogianthaceae
Ptilidiaceae
Neotrichocoleaceae

Jungermanniales

Schistochilaceae
Lophocoleaceae
Plagiochilaceae
Lepicoleaceae
Lepidoziaceae
Pseudolepicoleaceae
Blepharostomataceae
Trichocoleaceae
Grolleaceae
Mastigophoraceae
Herbertaceae
Adelanthaceae
Anastrophyllaceae
Cephaloziaceae
Cephaloziellaceae
Scapaniaceae
Lophoziaceae
Myliaceae
Arnelliaceae
Blepharidophyllaceae
Endogemmataceae
Harpanthaceae
Hygrobiellaceae
Jackiellaceae
Notoscyphaceae
Saccogynaceae
Southbyaceae
Trichotemnomataceae
Balantiopsidaceae
Chonecoleaceae
Brevianthaceae
Geocalycaceae
Gyrothyraceae
Solenostomataceae
Stephaniellaceae
Acrobolbaceae
Calypogeiaceae
Jungermanniaceae
Antheliaceae
Gymnomitriaceae

Anthocerotophyta (hornwort)

Leiosporocerotopsida

Leiosporocerotales

Leiosporocerotaceae

Anthocerotopsida

Anthocerotales

Anthocerotaceae: field hornwort

Notothyladales

Notothyladaceae

Phymatocerotales

Phymatocerotaceae

Dendrocerotales

Dendrocerotaceae

Bryophyta (moss)

Takakiopsida

Takakiales

Takakiaceae

Sphagnosida

Sphagnales

Ambuchananiaceae
Flatbergiaceae
Sphagnaceae: peat moss

Andreaeopsida

Andreaeales

Andreaeaceae: lantern moss

Andreaeobryopsida

Andreaeobryales

Andreaeobryaceae

Oedipodiopsida

Oedipodiales

Oedipodiaceae: gouty-moss

Polytrichopsida

Polytrichales

Polytrichaceae: hair moss/haircap moss, dawsonia

Tetraphidopsida

Tetraphidales

Tetraphidaceae: four-tooth moss

Bryopsida

Buxbaumiidae

Buxbaumiales

Buxbaumiaceae: bug-on-a-stick

Diphysciidae

Diphysciales

Diphysciaceae

Timmiidae

Timmiales

Timmiaceae

Funariidae

Encalyptales

Encalyptaceae: extinguisher moss

Funariales

Funariaceae: bonfire moss

Disceliales

Disceliaceae: flag-moss

Dicranidae

Timmiellales

Timmiellaceae

Catoscopiales

Catoscopiaceae

Distichiales

Distichiaceae

Flexitrichales

Flexitrichaceae

Pseudoditrichales

Pseudoditrichaceae
Chrysoblastellaceae

Scouleriales

Drummondiaceae
Scouleriaceae

Bryoxiphiales

Bryoxiphiaceae

Grxmmiales

Grxmmiaceae
Ptychomitriaceae
Seligeriaceae
Saelaniaceae

Archidiales

Archidiaceae

Dicranales

Fissidentaceae: maidenhair pocketmoss
Hypodontiaceae
Eustichiaceae
Ditrichaceae: Cornish path-moss
Bruchiaceae: Bolander's candlemoss
Rhachitheciaceae
Erpodiaceae
Schistostegaceae: goblin gold/luminous moss
Viridivelleraceae
Rhabdoweisiaceae
Dicranaceae: fork-moss, heath star moss
Micromitriaceae
Leucobryaceae: pincushion moss
Octoblepharaceae
Calymperaceae

Pottiales

Bryobartramiaceae
Cinclidotaceae
Ephemeraceae
Pleurophascaceae
Pottiaceae: tortula moss
Serpotortellaceae
Splachnobryaceae

Bryidae

Bartramiales

Bartramiaceae

Bryales

Bryaceae: thread moss
Leptostomataceae
Mniaceae: calcareous moss
Phyllodrepaniaceae
Pulchrinodaceae

Hedwigiales

Hedwigiaceae
Helicophyllaceae
Rhacocarpaceae

Orthotrichales

Orthotrichaceae: orthotrichum moss

Rhizogoniales

Rhizogoniaceae
Orthodontiaceae
Aulacomniaceae: ribbed bog-moss

Splachnales

Meesiaceae
Splachnaceae: dung moss

Hypnodendrales

Hypnodendraceae: palm moss
Braithwaiteaceae
Pterobryellaceae
Racopilaceae

Ptychomniales

Garovagliaceae
Ptychomniaceae

Hookeriales

Daltoniaceae
Hookeriaceae
Hypopterygiaceae
Leucomiaceae
Pilotrichaceae
Saulomataceae
Schimperobryaceae

Hypnales

Fabroniaceae: knothole moss
Amblystegiaceae: calliergon moss, hygrohypnum moss
Anomodontaceae
Brachytheciaceae: neat feather-moss
Calliergonaceae
Catagoniaceae
Climaciaceae
Cryphaeaceae: multi-fruited river moss
Echinodiaceae
Entodontaceae
Fontinalaceae
Helodiaceae
Hylocomiaceae
Hypnaceae: carpet moss, feather moss
Lembophyllaceae
Leptodontaceae
Lepyrodontaceae
Leskeaceae
Leucodontaceae
Meteoriaceae
Microtheciellaceae
Miyabeaceae
Myriniaceae
Myuriaceae
Neckeraceae: Derbyshire heather moss
Orthorrhynchiaceae
Phyllogoniaceae
Plagiotheciaceae
Prionodontaceae
Pterigynandraceae
Pterobryaceae
Pylaisiadelphaceae
Regmatodontaceae
Rhytidiaceae
Rutenbergiaceae
Sematophyllaceae: signal moss
Sorapillaceae
Stereophyllaceae
Symphyodontaceae
Theliaceae
Thuidiaceae: thuidium moss
Trachylomataceae

Lycopodiophyta (club moss)

Lycopodiopsida

Isoetales

Isoetaceae: quillwort

Lycopodiales

Lycopodiaceae: creeping cedar/ground pine

Selaginellales

Selaginellaceae: spikemoss

Pteridophyta

Equisetopsida

Equisetales

Equisetaceae: horsetail

Polypodiopsida (fern)

Marattiidae

Marattiales

Marattiaceae: para/king fern/potato fern, pala/Hawaii potato fern

Ophioglossidae

Ophioglossales

Ophioglossaceae: adder's-tongue

Psilotales

Psilotaceae: whisk fern, fork fern

Polypodiidae

Osmundales

Osmundaceae: royal fern, cinnamon fern, flowering fern

Hymenophyllales

Hymenophyllaceae: filmy fern, bristle fern

Gleicheniales

Dipteridaceae
Gleicheniaceae (the forked fern family): umbrella fern/shield fern
Matoniaceae

Schizaeales

Schizaeaceae: ray fern, curlygrass fern
Anemiaceae: flowering fern
Lygodiaceae: climbing fern/nito

Salviniales

Marsileaceae: ihi'ihi, pepperwort
Salviniaceae: mosquito fern, water moss

Cyatheales (tree fern)

Thyrsopteridaceae
Loxsomataceae
Culcitaceae
Plagiogyriaceae
Cibotiaceae: manfern
Metaxyaceae
Dicksoniaceae: woolly tree fern/whekī-ponga, diamondleaf fern
Cyatheaceae: scaly tree fern

Polypodiales

Cystodiaceae
Dennstaedtiaceae: bracken
Lindsaeaceae: necklace fern
Lonchitidaceae
Pteridaceae: brake, cliff brake, maidenhair fern
Saccolomataceae: soralpouch fern
Aspleniaceae: spleenwort
Athyriaceae: lady fern, vegetable fern
Blechnaceae: midin, chain fern
Cystopteridaceae: bladder fern/fragile fern
Desmophlebiaceae
Diplaziopsidaceae: glade fern
Hemidictyaceae: marginated half net fern
Onocleaceae: ostrich fern, sensitive fern
Rhachidosoraceae
Thelypteridaceae: maiden fern, beech fern
Woodsiaceae: cliff fern
Davalliaceae: squirrel's foot fern, rabbit's foot fern
Didymochlaenaceae: mahogany maidenhair
Dryopteridaceae: Western sword fern
Hypodematiaceae
Lomariopsidaceae: Süsswassertang
Nephrolepidaceae: sword fern
Oleandraceae
Polypodiaceae (polypody/rockcap fern) : staghorn fern, ae lau nui/dotted polypody
Tectariaceae: halberd fern, button fern, snail fern, oak leaf fern

Cycadophyta

Cycadopsida

Cycadales (cycad)

Cycadaceae: sago cycad (Cycas revoluta)
Stangeriaceae: Byfield fern
Zamiaceae: Kaffir bread, burrawang nut

Ginkgophyta

Ginkgoopsida

Ginkgoales

Ginkgoaceae: ginkgo

Pinophyta

Pinopsida

Pinales (the conifer order)

Araucariaceae: monkey-puzzle, bunya, Wollemi pine, kauri
Cupressaceae: juniper, cypress, redwood, sequoia, arbor vitae/thuja, Japanese cedar/sugi, bald cypress, giant redwood
Pinaceae: pine {piñon, ponderosa pine, bristlecone pine}, fir {balsam fir}, spruce {blue spruce, Norway spruce, Sitka spruce}, cedar, larch, Douglas fir, hemlock (Tsuga)
Podocarpaceae: kahikatea
Sciadopityaceae: umbrella pine
Taxaceae: yew, torreya/nutmeg yew

Gnetophyta

Gnetopsida

Gnetales

Gnetaceae (the gnetum family): gnemon, African jointfir
Welwitschiaceae: welwitschia/tumboa
Ephedraceae: ephedra/mahuang

Magnoliophyta

Amborellopsida

Amborellales

Amborellaceae

Nymphaeopsida

Nymphaeales

Cabombaceae: fanwort
Hydatellaceae
Nymphaeaceae: water lily

Austrobaileyopsida

Austrobaileyales

Austrobaileyaceae
Schisandraceae: star anise, schisandra/schizandra
Trimeniaceae

Chloranthopsida

Chloranthales

Chloranthaceae: sarcandra

Ceratophyllopsida

Ceratophyllales

Ceratophyllaceae: coontail/hornwort (Ceratophyllum)

Magnoliopsida

Canellales

Canellaceae: white cinnamon
Winteraceae: winter's bark/canelo

Piperales

Aristolochiaceae: Dutchman's pipe/birthwort
Piperaceae: pepper (Piper), kava, betel leaf
Saururaceae: lizard's tail

Laurales

Calycanthaceae: spicebush
Siparunaceae
Atherospermataceae: southern sassafras
Gomortegaceae
Hernandiaceae: lantern tree
Monimiaceae: lemonwood
Lauraceae: avocado, cinnamon, bay laurel/bay leaf, camphor, cassia, sassafras

Magnoliales

Myristicaceae: nutmeg/mace
Magnoliaceae: magnolia, tulip tree, champak
Degeneriaceae
Himantandraceae: white magnolia
Eupomatiaceae: bolwarra
Annonaceae: cherimoya, custard apple, soursop/guanábana, sweetsop, ylang-ylang, pawpaw (Asimina triloba), kepel fruit, atemoya, biribá, ilama

Tricolpa (eudicots)

Gunneridae

Gunnerales

Gunneraceae: dinosaur food
Myrothamnaceae: resurrection plant

Buxidae

Buxales

Buxaceae: box, pachysandra
Didymelaceae
Haptanthaceae

Proteidae

Proteales

Nelumbonaceae: lotus (Nelumbo)
Platanaceae: sycamore/plane tree (Platanus)
Proteaceae: macadamia, protea/sugarbush, hakea, silverleaf tree (Leucadendron), cone bush/drumstick
Sabiaceae: meliosma

Ranunculidae

Ranunculales

Eupteleaceae
Papaveraceae: poppy, California poppy/eschscholzia, Matilija poppy, bleeding-heart, corydalis, fumitory, Dutchman's breeches, celandine/nipplewort
Circaeasteraceae
Lardizabalaceae: zabala fruit
Menispermaceae: giloy
Berberidaceae: barberry, twinleaf/rheumatism root, inside-out flower
Ranunculaceae: buttercup, clematis, columbine, delphinium/larkspur (Delphinium), anemone/windflower, hellebore, larkspur (Consolida), pasqueflower, akeley, hepatica, aconite/monkshood, pheasant's-eye, bugbane, globeflower

Trochodendridae

Trochodendrales

Trochodendraceae: wheel tree

Dilleniidae

Dilleniales

Dilleniaceae: elephant apple

Berberidopsidae

Berberidopsidales

Aextoxicaceae: olivillo
Berberidopsidaceae: coral plant

Caryophyllidae

Caryophyllales

Aizoaceae (ice plant): aloinopsis
Amaranthaceae: spinach, quinoa, beet {sugar beet}/chard, amaranth, epazote, goosefoot, Good King Henry, kañiwa, coxcomb, Jesuit's tea, ambrosia (Dysphania botrys)
Anacampserotaceae: grahamia
Ancistrocladaceae
Asteropeiaceae
Barbeuiaceae
Basellaceae: ulluco, Malabar spinach
Cactaceae (cactus): dragon fruit, peyote, prickly pear, saguaro, cholla {teddy bear cholla}, xoconostle, cereus, mammillaria, barrel cactus {golden barrel, bisagre, cotton top cactus, dahlia cactus}, Aaron's beard (Opuntia leucotricha), claret cup, bird's-nest cactus
Caryophyllaceae: carnation, pink, sweet william, baby's breath, campion, soapwort, chickweed, nailwort
Didiereaceae: octopus tree
Dioncophyllaceae
Droseraceae: Venus' flytrap, sundew, waterwheel plant
Drosophyllaceae: Portuguese sundew/flycatcher
Frankeniaceae: sea heath
Gisekiaceae
Halophytaceae
Kewaceae: salad plant
Limeaceae
Lophiocarpaceae
Macarthuriaceae
Microteaceae: jumpy pepper
Molluginaceae: carpetweed
Montiaceae: parakeelya, lewisia
Nepenthaceae: tropical pitcher plant (Nepenthes)
Nyctaginaceae: bougainvillea, four o'clock
Petiveriaceae
Physenaceae
Phytolaccaceae: pokeweed
Plumbaginaceae: leadwort
Polygonaceae: buckwheat, rhubarb, sea grape, sorrel, dockleaf, bistort {smokeweed}, knotweed (Polygonum), knotweed/smartweed (Persicaria)
Portulacaceae: portulaca/purslane
Rhabdodendraceae
Sarcobataceae: greasewood/seepwood
Simmondsiaceae: jojoba
Stegnospermataceae: Cuban tangle
Talinaceae
Tamaricaceae: tamarisk

Santalidae

Santalales

Balanophoraceae: ground pineapple
Loranthaceae: some mistletoes
Olacaceae: yellow plum
Misodendraceae: feathery mistletoe
Opiliaceae
Santalaceae: some mistletoes, sandalwood, quandong (Santalum acuminatum)
Schoepfiaceae: arana

Asteridae

Cornales

Hydrangeaceae: hydrangea, deutzia
Loasaceae: stingbush/velcro plant, blazingstar
Hydrostachyaceae
Nyssaceae: tupelo
Grubbiaceae: sillyberry
Curtisiaceae: Assegai tree/cape lancewood
Cornaceae: dogwood

Ericales

Actinidiaceae: kiwifruit
Balsaminaceae: impatiens, balsam
Clethraceae: lily-of-the-valley tree
Cyrillaceae: titi
Diapensiaceae: pincushion plant, wandplant/wandflower
Ebenaceae: persimmon, ebony, date-plum
Ericaceae: blueberry, cranberry, azalea, rhododendron, heather, huckleberry, madrone, trailing arbutus, manzanita, kinnikinnik, crowberry, bilberry, lingonberry, wintergreen (Gaultheria), wintergreen (Pyrola), salal/gaultheria, dingleberry (Vaccinium erythrocarpum)
Fouquieriaceae: ocotillo, boojum tree/cirio
Lecythidaceae: Brazil nut
Marcgraviaceae: monkey paws, schwartzia
Mitrastemonaceae
Pentaphylaceae
Polemoniaceae: phlox, Jacob's ladder {abscess root}
Primulaceae: primrose, cyclamen, pimpernel {scarlet pimpernel}, marlberry
Roridulaceae: fly bush/dewstick
Sapotaceae: sapodilla, mamey sapote, gutta-percha, shea, argan, abiu, canistel, tambalacoque/dodo tree/calvaria
Sarraceniaceae: North American pitcher plant (Sarracenia), cobra lily/California pitcher plant
Sladeniaceae
Styracaceae: styrax
Symplocaceae: sapphireberry
Tetrameristaceae: tea mangrove
Theaceae: tea, camellia, stewartia, loblolly-bay/gordonia

Aquifoliales

Aquifoliaceae: holly, yerba maté
Cardiopteridaceae: citronella tree
Helwingiaceae
Phyllonomaceae
Stemonuraceae

Asterales

Alseuosmiaceae: toropapa
Argophyllaceae: silver leaf (Argophyllum nullumense)
Asteraceae (also known as Compositae): sunflower, artichoke, lettuce {romaine}, wormwood, dahlia, daisy, marigold (Calendula officinalis), chrysanthemum, dandelion, aster, zinnia, black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia), echinacea, stevia, chamomile, radicchio, safflower, sagebrush, tarragon, mugwort, ragweed, achillea/yarrow {ptarmica/sneezewort, milfoil}, edelweiss, elecampane, gazania, goldenrod, abrotanum/lad's love/southernwood, xeranthemum, endive, celtuce, chicory, salsify, black salsify/scorzonera, Jerusalem artichoke/sunchoke, cardoon, burdock, yacón, nyjer seed/inga seed/guizotia, incienso/brittlebush, ageratum, arnica, groundsel, calea/dream herb, ironweed, bitterleaf, mule's ear, knapweed, costus root/kuth (Saussurea costus), coreopsis, cosmos, globe thistle, blanket flower, tansy {feverfew}, ragwort, pellitory (Anacyclus pyrethrum), tussilago/coltsfoot, oxeye, curry plant, fleabane (Erigeron), tridax daisy/coatbuttons, cornflower, mistflower
Calyceraceae: false-plantain
Campanulaceae: campanula/bellflower {rampion}, lobelia, solenopsis
Goodeniaceae: scaevola/fanflower
Menyanthaceae: floatingheart
Pentaphragmataceae
Phellinaceae
Rousseaceae: marbleleaf
Stylidiaceae: triggerplant

Escalloniales

Escalloniaceae: mountain laurel

Bruniales

Bruniaceae: common buttonbush (Berzelia languinosa)
Columelliaceae: Chilean holly

Apiales

Apiaceae: carrot/Queen Anne's lace, anise, celery, cilantro/coriander, parsley, parsnip, celeriac, fennel, poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), alexanders, angelica, asafoetida, caraway, chervil, culantro, cumin, dill, lovage, silphium, samphire, skirret, llareta/yareta, arracacha, keck/cow parsley, giant fennel/galbanum, giant hogweed/hogsbane
Araliaceae: ginseng, ivy, schefflera
Griseliniaceae: kapuka
Myodocarpaceae
Pennantiaceae: kaikomako
Pittosporaceae: pittosporum
Torricelliaceae

Dipsacales

Adoxaceae: elder/elderberry, viburnum/arrowwood, moschatel, cassioberry
Caprifoliaceae: honeysuckle, valerian, mache/cornsalad, linnaea/twinflower, zabelia, spikenard, widow flower
Dipsacaceae: teasel, scabious/pincushion flower

Paracryphiales

Paracryphiaceae: possumwood (Quintinia)

Icacinales

Icacinaceae: ingudi
Oncothecaceae

Metteniusales

Metteniusaceae: white pear

Garryales

Garryaceae: aucuba
Eucommiaceae: hardy rubber tree

Boraginales

Boraginaceae: borage, forget-me-not, comfrey, lungwort, navelwort
Codonaceae
Wellstediaceae
Hydrophyllaceae: Aunt Lucy, baby blue eyes
Namaceae
Heliotropiaceae: heliotrope
Ehretiaceae: ehretia/anacua/sandpaper tree
Cordiaceae: manjack
Lennoaceae
Hoplestigmataceae
Coldeniaceae

Gentianales

Rubiaceae: coffee, gardenia, cinchona (quinine), remijia (quinine), noni, ixora, ipecacuanha (ipecac), kratom, woodruff, madder, yohimbe, jagua, café marron, Mexican clover
Gentianaceae: gentian, screwstem
Loganiaceae: strychnine tree, pinkroot
Apocynaceae: oleander, milkweed, plumeria/frangipani, periwinkle, iboga, desert rose/impala lily, rauwolfia, dogbane, Natal plum, stephanotis {Madagascar jasmine}, dysentery bush/sea box, coral swirl/tellicherry bark
Gelsemiaceae: yellow jasmine/evening trumpetflower

Vahliales

Vahliaceae

Lamiales

Acanthaceae: acanthus, zebra plant (Aphelandra squarrosa), shrimp plant, thunbergia
Bignoniaceae: jacaranda, sausage tree, catalpa, china doll/emerald tree/serpent tree
Byblidaceae: rainbow plant
Calceolariaceae: lady's purse
Carlemanniaceae
Gesneriaceae: cyrtandra, African violet, gloxinia
Lamiaceae: basil, rosemary, sage/salvia, thyme, lavender, mint {peppermint, spearmint, pennyroyal}, stachys, marjoram, oregano, catnip, chia, teak, patchouli, savory, hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), hyssop/za'atar (Origanum syriacum), lemon balm, ajuga, horehound, shiso, skullcap, beautyberry
Lentibulariaceae: bladderwort, butterwort
Linderniaceae: wishbone flower/bluewings
Martyniaceae: tiger's claw
Mazaceae: mazus
Oleaceae: olive, lilac/syringa, ash, privet, jasmine, forsythia, osmanthus
Orobanchaceae: Indian paintbrush, desert paintbrush, betony/lousewort (Pedicularis) {Furbish's lousewort}
Paulowniaceae: paulownia
Pedaliaceae: sesame
Phrymaceae: lopseed
Plantaginaceae: digitalis/foxglove, psyllium, penstemon/beardtongue, snapdragon, plantain (Plantago), hebe, brooklime, stemodia/twintip, Culver's root, mare's tail, turtlehead, veronica/speedwell
Plocospermataceae
Schlegeliaceae
Scrophulariaceae: buddleia/butterfly bush, mullein, figwort
Stilbaceae: notsung/tree fuchsia
Tetrachondraceae: juniperleaf/rustweed
Thomandersiaceae
Verbenaceae: verbena/vervain

Solanales

Solanaceae: pepper/chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) {bell pepper, sweet pepper, cayenne, habanero, jalapeño, chipotle, ghost pepper/bhut jolokia, paprika}, potato, tomato, tobacco, eggplant/aubergine, deadly nightshade/belladonna (Atropa belladonna), mandrake (Mandragora), goji, poha/goldenberry, tomatillo, tamarillo, pepino, dulcamara/bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara), datura/jimsonweed, ají pepper, henbane, ashwagandha, tomacco, topepo
Convolvulaceae: sweet potato, morning glory, ponysfoot/ponyfoot, wilsonia, woodrose, dodder
Montiniaceae
Sphenocleaceae
Hydroleaceae: false fiddleleaf

Saxifragidae

Saxifragales

Peridiscaceae
Paeoniaceae: peony
Altingiaceae: liquidambar
Hamamelidaceae: witch-hazel
Cercidiphyllaceae: katsura
Daphniphyllaceae
Crassulaceae: sedum/stonewort, kalanchoe, jade plant/friendship tree, pennywort, echeveria, aeonium {saucer plant}, cotyledon, orpine/livelong
Aphanopetalaceae: gum vine
Tetracarpaeaceae
Penthoraceae: penthorum
Haloragaceae: water milfoil, seaberry (Haloragis)
Iteaceae: sweetspire
Grossulariaceae: redcurrant, blackcurrant, gooseberry
Saxifragaceae: saxifrage, astilbe
Cynomoriaceae: desert thumb

Rosidae

Vitales

Vitaceae: grape, Concord grape, muscadine {scuppernong}, creeper, bushkiller, ayo

Zygophyllales

Zygophyllaceae: creosote bush, guaiacum/lignum vitae, caltrop, bean-caper/twinleaf (Zygophyllum)
Krameriaceae: rhatany

Celastrales

Celastraceae: khat/qat, bittersweet (Celastrus scandens)
Lepidobotryaceae

Malphigiales

Achariaceae: chaulmoogra
Balanopaceae
Bonnetiaceae
Calophyllaceae: mammee, poon tree
Caryocaraceae: souari tree
Centroplacaceae
Chrysobalanaceae: coco plum
Clusiaceae: mangosteen, clusia
Ctenolophonaceae
Dichapetalaceae: gifblaar/poison leaf
Elatinaceae: waterwort
Erythroxylaceae: coca (cocaine)
Euphorbiaceae: cassava, rubber, spurge/euphorbia {zigzag plant}, kukui/candlenut, castor bean, jatropha/physic nut, poinsettia, croton, sandbox tree/possumwood/jabillo (Hura crepitans)
Euphroniaceae
Goupiaceae: goupie
Humiriaceae
Hypericaceae: St. John's wort
Irvingiaceae: African mango
Ixonanthaceae
Lacistemataceae
Linaceae: flax
Lophopyxidaceae
Malpighiaceae: ayahuasca/caapi, acerola/Barbados cherry
Ochnaceae: ochna
Pandaceae
Passifloraceae: passionfruit, maypop
Peraceae: lightning bush
Phyllanthaceae: sweet leaf/tropical asparagus (Sauropus androgynus), bignay
Picrodendraceae: shrubby-spurge
Podostemaceae: riverweed
Putranjivaceae: ironplum
Rafflesiaceae: rafflesia/stinking corpse lily
Rhizophoraceae: true mangrove
Salicaceae: willow {weeping willow, pussy willow, osier/basket willow}, aspen {quaking aspen/popple}, poplar {white poplar/silverleaf poplar}, cottonwood, xylosma, ramontchi/governor's plum, kei-apple
Trigoniaceae
Violaceae: violet {Johnny jump-up}, pansy

Oxalidales

Huaceae
Connaraceae: Indian zebrawood
Oxalidaceae: starfruit, bilimbi
Cunoniaceae: butterspoon tree, leatherwood (Eucryphia)
Brunelliaceae: West Indian sumac
Cephalotaceae: Albany pitcher plant
Elaeocarpaceae: rudraksha tree, maqui/Chilean wineberry, quandong (Elaeocarpus)

Fabales

Fabaceae (legumes): bean {green bean/string bean, kidney bean, pinto bean, lima bean/butter bean, black bean, navy bean}, pea {snap pea, snow pea}, peanut, garbanzo, lentil, tamarind, soybean, wisteria, clover {shamrock}, licorice/liquorice, mung bean, alfalfa, carob, adzuki bean, blackeye pea, kudzu, true indigo, cowpea, fava bean, acacia, mimosa/sensitive plant, jicama, mesquite, fenugreek, lupin, gorse/furze, laburnum, broom, rooibos, guar, mopane, African locust bean, joaquiniquil, long bean/asparagus bean, rosewood (Dalbergia), tonka bean, sweet pea, poinciana, runner bean, shittimwood, padauk/mukwa/narra, scarlet flame bean, brazilwood/pernambuco, yellowwood (Cladrastis), purpleheart, vetch {tare}, astragalus/milkvetch, ceibo (Erythrina crista-galli), palo verde, zebrawood (Microberlinia brazzavillensis), pagoda tree, jequirity, bitter-pea, campeche logwood
Quillajaceae: soap-bark
Polygalaceae: milkwort
Surianaceae: bay cedar, ooline

Rosales

Rosaceae: rose {eglantine}, apple, pear, cherry {sweet cherry/mazzard, morello, mahaleb cherry}, peach, strawberry, almond {sweet almond, bitter almond}, apricot, blackberry, loquat, plum {greengage, damson plum}, raspberry, nectarine, pluot, aprium, apriplum/plumcot, quince, boysenberry, aronia, Asian pear, black cherry, chokecherry, hawthorn/May tree/mayflower {tejocote}, Eastern mayhaw, medlar (Mespilus germanica), pyracantha, rowan, serviceberry, sloe, ume/Japanese apricot/Japanese plum/Chinese plum, crab-apple, dewberry, loganberry, wineberry, olallieberry, tormentil, cinquefoil, (salad) burnet, spiraea, filipendula, cotoneaster, photinia, salmonberry/mayberry
Rhamnaceae: jujube, buckthorn, sea buckthorn, Christ's-thorn
Elaeagnaceae: goumi, sea buckthorn, oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia), silverberry
Barbeyaceae
Dirachmaceae
Ulmaceae: elm {Dutch elm, wych-elm}, zelkova
Cannabaceae: hemp, marijuana, hops, hackberry {beaverwood/sugarberry (Celtis occidentalis), honeyberry (Celtis australis)}
Moraceae: breadfruit, fig {desert fig, sycamore (Ficus sycamorus), strangler fig, bearded fig}, mulberry, jackfruit, banyan, bodhi tree/bo tree, Osage orange, cempedak, monkey fruit, breadnut (Brosimum alicastrum), breadnut (Artocarpus camansi), iroko/oji
Urticaceae: nettle, cecropia, ramie

Fagales

Nothofagaceae: southern beech
Fagaceae: chestnut, oak {cork, live oak, black oak, Caucasian oak}, beech, chinquapin
Myricaceae: yangmei, bayberry
Juglandaceae: walnut {black walnut, English walnut, butternut}, hickory {pecan, shagbark hickory}, wingnut
Ticodendraceae
Betulaceae: birch, hazel (hazelnut), filbert, alder, hornbeam
Casuarinaceae: she-oak/ironwood/cassowary tree

Cucurbitales

Apodanthaceae: stemsucker
Anisophylleaceae
Corynocarpaceae
Coriariaceae: tutu, redoul
Cucurbitaceae: melon (muskmelon) {cantaloupe, honeydew, casaba melon, Santa Claus melon}, watermelon, cucumber, squash (winter/summer) {pumpkin, zucchini, kabocha, acorn squash}, gourd, kiwano/horned melon, calabash, chayote, loofah, bryony, colocynth, jiaogulan
Tetramelaceae
Datiscaceae: Durango root
Begoniaceae: begonia

Geraniales

Geraniaceae: geranium (Geranium and Pelargonium)
Francoaceae: honey flower (Melianthus), bridalwreath

Myrtales

Alzateaceae
Combretaceae: white mangrove
Crypteroniaceae
Lythraceae: pomegranate, henna, loosestrife, water caltrop
Melastomataceae: miconia, blue tongue, blakea
Myrtaceae: guava, eucalyptus, clove, myrtle, strawberry guava, wax-apple, allspice, feijoa, guavaberry, camu camu, jaboticaba, lillypilly/satinash, Brazil cherry, pitanga/Suriname cherry, riberry, callistemon/bottlebrush, lehua, strawberry myrtle/ugniberry, manuka, Malabar plum/jamun
Onagraceae: fuchsia, oenothera/sundrop, enchanter's nightshade, clarkia, fireweed/willowherb
Penaeaceae: hard-pear
Vochysiaceae: jacaré

Crossosomatales

Strasburgeriaceae: ixerba/tawari
Geissolomataceae
Aphloiaceae
Staphyleaceae
Guamatelaceae
Stachyuraceae: stachyurus
Crossosomataceae: rockflower

Picramniales

Picramniaceae: cedrinho

Sapindales

Anacardiaceae: mango, cashew/acajou, pistachio, poison oak, poison ivy, poison sumac, sumac, smoke tree, marula, green plum, mastic
Biebersteiniaceae
Burseraceae: frankincense, myrrh, copal, bdellium/guggul, pili, galip nut
Kirkiaceae
Meliaceae: mahogany, langsat, chinaberry, neem, emu apple, toon, some mangroves
Nitrariaceae: Syrian rue/harmal/harmel
Rutaceae (including all the citrus species): lemon, orange {blood orange}, grapefruit, lime, tangerine, kumquat, mandarin, key lime, clementine, tangelo, yuzu, Buddha's hand, pomelo/shaddock, ugli/uniq fruit, citron {etrog}, bergamot, finger lime, Kaffir lime, bitter orange, kiyomi, Meyer lemon, limequat, orangequat, Persian lime, satsuma/mikan/naartjie, rue, Szechuan pepper, casimiroa/white sapote, wampee, spurge olive, burning bush/dittany/fraxinella, toothache tree (Zanthoxylum clava-herculis), curry tree
Sapindaceae: maple {sugar maple, Japanese maple}, longan, lychee, rambutan, guarana, akee, genip, goldenrain tree, buckeye {Indian horse chestnut}, soapberry, korlan, hopbush/akeake
Simaroubaceae: quassia, ailanthus {tree of heaven}, corkwood (Leitneria floridana)

Huerteales

Dipentodontaceae
Gerrardinaceae
Petenaeaceae
Tapisciaceae

Brassicales

Akaniaceae: turnipwood
Bataceae: saltwort/beachwort/pickleweed (Batis maritima)
Brassicaceae: cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, kale, radish, mustard, kohlrabi, collard greens, broccoflower, watercress, turnip, horseradish, wasabi, bok choy, arugula/rocket, tat soi, daikon, Chinese broccoli/kai-lan, mizuna, Napa cabbage, rapini, rutabaga/swede, sea kale, honesty, rapeseed, woad, maca, alyssum, wallflower
Capparaceae: caper, temple plant
Caricaceae: papaya, babaco, mountain papaya
Cleomaceae: spider plant (Cleome)
Emblingiaceae
Gyrostemonaceae: camel poison
Koeberliniaceae: crown of thorns/crucifixion thorn
Limnanthaceae: meadowfoam
Moringaceae: moringa
Pentadiplandraceae
Resedaceae: mignonette
Salvadoraceae: toothbrush tree
Setchellanthaceae
Tiganophytaceae
Tovariaceae
Tropaeolaceae: nasturtium (Tropaeolum)

Malvales

Bixaceae: achiote (source of annatto), silk-cotton tree
Cistaceae (the rock-rose family): helianthemum, halimium/false sun-rose
Cytinaceae: vampire cup
Dipterocarpaceae: lauan
Malvaceae: cotton, durian, cacao, hibiscus {rose of Sharon}, okra, kola, baobab, linden, hollyhock, marshmallow, jute mallow, abelmosk, kurrajong, money plant (Pachira aquatica), abutilon, kapok, balsa, mazapan, swampmallow, seashore mallow/sweatweed, majagua/majaguillo
Muntingiaceae: calabur tree
Neuradaceae: sand button
Sarcolaenaceae
Sphaerosepalaceae
Thymelaeaceae: daphne {mezereum/mezereon}, agarwood/agalloch, ‘ākia

Monocots

Acoridae

Acorales

Acoraceae: sweet flag

Alismatidae

Alismatales

Tofieldiaceae: Harper's beauty
Alismataceae: water-plantain, velvetleaf/sawah lettuce (Limnocharis)
Butomaceae: flowering rush
Hydrocharitaceae: elodea, freshwater eelgrass (Vallisneria), water nymph/naiad
Aponogetonaceae: aponogeton/cape pondweed
Scheuchzeriaceae
Juncaginaceae: arrowgrass
Maundiaceae
Posidoniaceae: Neptune grass
Ruppiaceae: widgeonweed/widgeon grass
Cymodoceaceae: sea nymph
Potamogetonaceae: pondweed
Zosteraceae: marine eelgrass (Zostera)
Araceae (the arum family): taro/dasheen, malanga/elephant ears/cocoyam/'ape, calla lily, philodendron, Jack-in-the-pulpit, dieffenbachia/dumb cane, ZZ plant, eddoe, skunk cabbage, Chinese evergreen, titan arum, duckweed, caladium

Petrosaviidae

Petrosaviales

Petrosaviaceae

Dioscoreidae

Dioscorales

Burmanniaceae: bluethread
Dioscoreaceae: yam {nagaimo, yampee}, pia, Jew's beard/black bat plant
Nartheciaceae: bog asphodel/yellow asphodel

Pandanales

Cyclanthaceae: jipijapa/Panama hat plant
Pandanaceae: pandanus/screwpine
Stemonaceae
Triuridaceae
Velloziaceae

Liliidae

Liliales

Corsiaceae
Campynemataceae: green mountain lily
Melanthiaceae: trillium, bunchflower
Petermanniaceae
Colchicaceae: naked lady, Chinese lantern lily, bellwort/merrybells
Alstroemeriaceae: Peruvian lily
Rhipogonaceae: supplejack/kareao
Philesiaceae: Chilean bellflower/copihue
Smilacaceae: smilax/catbrier, sarsaparilla
Liliaceae: lily {Easter lily, tiger lily}, tulip, fritillary

Commelinidae

Arecales

Dasypogonaceae: kingia/bullanock
Arecaceae (palm): coconut, date, rattan, sago palm (Metroxylon sagu), açaí, carnauba, attap/nipa, toddy, raffia, sugar palm/gomuti palm (Arenga pinnata), talipot palm, betel nut, palmetto, palmyra, washingtonia, salak, saw palm/Everglades palm, aiphanes, xate, wax palm, doum palm, coco de mer, thatch palm, zombie palm, araque/palma real, Sierran palm

Bromeliales

Bromeliaceae (bromeliad): pineapple, Spanish moss, aechmea/silver vase/urn plant, vriesea, dyckia, pitcairnia
Typhaceae: cattail

Poales

Mayacaceae
Rapateaceae: Inírida flower
Thurniaceae: palmiet
Cyperaceae: sedge, papyrus, water chestnut, bulrush, spikerush
Juncaceae: rush
Eriocaulaceae: pipewort
Xyridaceae: yellow-eyed grass
Flagellariaceae: whip vine/false rattan/bush cane
Poaceae (grain, grass): corn/maize, rice, wheat, barley, millet {fonio}, oats, rye, sorghum, sugarcane, bamboo {terai}, reed, wild rice, lemongrass, durum (semolina), spelt, teff, einkorn, triticale, finger millet, emmer, teosinte, kernza, bluegrass, bluestem/andropogon, pampas grass, zoysia, timothy, crabgrass, Ozark grass, fescue, spinifex, beach grass/marram, pennisetum/fountaingrass, quitch/couch grass, brome {foxtail brome}, goatgrass
Ecdeiocoleaceae
Joinvilleaceae
Restionaceae: restion, hopkinsia

Commelinales

Commelinaceae: spiderwort, zebrina/wandering Jew (Tradescantia zebrina), dayflower/widow's tears
Haemodoraceae: bloodwort, kangaroo paw
Hanguanaceae
Philydraceae: stream lily
Pontederiaceae: water hyacinth, pickerelweed

Zingiberales

Zingiberaceae: ginger, turmeric, cardamom, galangal, kra chai, zedoary
Costaceae: costus {spiral ginger}
Cannaceae: canna
Marantaceae: arrowroot
Lowiaceae
Strelitziaceae: bird-of-paradise
Heliconiaceae: heliconia/false bird-of-paradise
Musaceae: banana, plantain (Musa), abacá, fe'i

Asparagidae

Asparagales

Boryaceae: pincushion (Borya sphaerocephala)
Blandfordiaceae: Christmas bells
Lanariaceae: Cape edelweiss/lambtail
Asteliaceae: astelia {pineapple grass}
Hypoxidaceae: star lily/star grass
Ixioliriaceae: Siberian lily
Tecophilaeaceae: lady's-hand
Doryanthaceae: gymea lily, giant spear lily
Iridaceae: iris {Dutch iris, orrisroot, Persian iris}, crocus (saffron), gladiolus, Kaffir lily (Hesperantha coccinea), watsonia, freesia, flame freesia
Xeronemataceae: Poor Knights lily
Asphodelaceae: aloe, asphodel, pipe lily
Xanthorrhoeaceae: grass tree
Hemerocallidaceae: day lily, phormium
Amaryllidaceae: garlic, onion, green onion, leek, daffodil, shallot, chive, amaryllis, narcissus, jonquil, pearl onion, agapanthus/lily of the Nile, snowdrop (Galanthus), oxblood lily, Natal lily/bush lily, snowflake
Asparagaceae: asparagus, agave/century plant {sisal}, yucca, Joshua tree, ti/ki/good luck plant, lily-of-the-valley, bluebell (Hyacinthoides), hyacinth, ophiopogon, dracaena, hosta, dasylirion (sotol), soaproot/amole, ponytail palm, St. Bernard's lily, aphyllanthes, hesperaloe/false yucca, desert lily/ajo lily, butcher's broom, squill, spider plant (Chlorophytum), Canada mayflower, Solomon's seal
Orchidaceae (orchid): vanilla, phalaenopsis/moth orchid, tiger orchid (Grammatophyllum speciosum), showy orchis, vanda, cattleya, cymbidium/boat orchid, dendrobium, disa, oncidium/dancing-lady orchid, golden shower orchid, bee orchid, Italian orchid, stanhopea, scorpion orchid, dragon's mouth orchid, Medusa orchid, eyelash orchid, comet orchid/angraecum {Darwin's orchid/Star of Bethlehem orchid}