Creator of Vrkhazhian, Onschen and Hussite
𞤹𞤸𞤪
WIP Vrkhazhian Case System
Status Absolutus
|
Animate
|
Inanimate
|
Feminine
|
Masculine
|
Neuter
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Nominative
|
-um
|
-ūwa
|
-im
|
-īya
|
-am
|
-āya
|
-as
|
-āya
|
Vocative
|
-u
|
-i
|
-a
|
Accusative
|
-us
|
-ūsa
|
-is
|
-īsa
|
-as
|
-āsa
|
Ergative
|
-un
|
-ūna
|
-in
|
-īna
|
-an
|
-āna
|
-an
|
-āna
|
Genitive
|
-uḫ
|
-ūwa
|
-iḫ
|
-īya
|
-aḫ
|
-āya
|
-aḫ
|
-āya
|
Equative
|
-ūli
|
-īli
|
-āli
|
-āli
|
Status Constructus
|
Animate
|
Inanimate
|
Feminine
|
Masculine
|
Neuter
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Nominative
|
-∅
|
-ū
|
-∅
|
-ī
|
-∅
|
-ā
|
-∅
|
-ā
|
Oblique
|
Genitive
|
-u
|
-i
|
-a
|
-a
|
Equative
|
-ūli
|
-īli
|
-āli
|
-āli
|
WIP Verb System
|
Strong Verbs
|
|
ḫaśras
|
namras
|
parḫas
|
|
"???"
|
"be evil"
|
"speak, say"
|
1sg
|
ḫaśurni
|
namirni
|
paraḫni
|
2sg
|
ḫaśurma
|
namirma
|
paraḫma
|
3sg
|
ḫaśurta
|
namirta
|
paraḫta
|
|
1pl
|
ḫaśurti
|
namirti
|
paraḫti
|
2pl
|
ḫaśurman
|
namirman
|
paraḫman
|
3pl
|
ḫaśurtan
|
namirtan
|
paraḫtan
|
|
I-Weak Verbs
|
|
yaźbas
|
wasḫas
|
ˀaldas
|
???
|
|
"???"
|
"be loyal"
|
"fight"
|
"???"
|
1sg
|
yaźubni
|
wasiḫni
|
ˀalanni
|
???
|
2sg
|
yaźumma
|
wasiḫma
|
ˀaladma
|
???
|
3sg
|
yaźubta
|
wasiḫta
|
ˀalatta
|
???
|
|
1pl
|
yaźubti
|
wasiḫti
|
ˀalatti
|
???
|
2pl
|
yaźumman
|
wasiḫman
|
ˀaladman
|
???
|
3pl
|
yaźubtan
|
wasiḫtan
|
ˀalattan
|
???
|
|
II-Weak Verbs
|
|
dūlas
|
tīlas
|
ṣābas
|
lēbas
|
|
"dig, reveal"
|
"destroy"
|
"kill"
|
"give"
|
1sg
|
dūlni
|
tīlni
|
ṣābni
|
lēbni
|
2sg
|
dūlma
|
tīlma
|
ṣāmma
|
lēmma
|
3sg
|
dūlta
|
tīlta
|
ṣābta
|
lēbta
|
|
1pl
|
dūlti
|
tīlti
|
ṣābti
|
lēbti
|
2pl
|
dūlman
|
tīlman
|
ṣāmman
|
lēmman
|
3pl
|
dūltan
|
tīltan
|
ṣābtan
|
lēbtan
|
|
III-Weak Verbs
|
|
???
|
rāsas
|
mālas
|
kēmas
|
|
"???"
|
"be good"
|
"heal"
|
"go up, rise"
|
1sg
|
???
|
rasīni
|
malāni
|
kemēni
|
2sg
|
???
|
rasīma
|
malāma
|
kemēma
|
3sg
|
???
|
rasīsa
|
malāsa
|
kemēsa
|
|
1pl
|
???
|
rasīti
|
malāti
|
kemēti
|
2pl
|
???
|
rasīman
|
malāman
|
kemēman
|
3pl
|
???
|
rasīsan
|
malāsan
|
kemēsan
|
Active Voice
Conjugation (strong, a-class)
|
P-R-Ḫ (speak, say)
|
Infinitive
|
parḫas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
parraḫam
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
paraḫni
|
napraḫni
|
tapraḫni
|
ḫapraḫni
|
parḫanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
paraḫma
|
napraḫma
|
tapraḫma
|
ḫapraḫma
|
parḫamma
|
parḫū
|
3.sg
|
paraḫta
|
napraḫta
|
tapraḫta
|
ḫapraḫta
|
parḫatta
|
parḫā
|
1.pl
|
paraḫti
|
napraḫti
|
tapraḫti
|
ḫapraḫti
|
parḫatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
paraḫman
|
napraḫman
|
tapraḫman
|
ḫapraḫman
|
parḫamman
|
parḫūna
|
3.pl
|
paraḫtan
|
napraḫtan
|
tapraḫtan
|
ḫapraḫtan
|
parḫattan
|
parḫāna
|
Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class)
|
Y-N-D (catch)
|
Infinitive
|
yandas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
yannadam
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
yananni
|
nīnanni
|
tīnanni
|
ḫīnanni
|
yandanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
yanadma
|
nīnadma
|
tīnadma
|
ḫīnadma
|
yandamma
|
yandū
|
3.sg
|
yanatta
|
nīnatta
|
tīnatta
|
ḫīnatta
|
yandatta
|
yandā
|
1.pl
|
yanatti
|
nīnatti
|
tīnatti
|
ḫīnatti
|
yandatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
yanadman
|
nīnadman
|
tīnadman
|
ḫīnadman
|
yandamman
|
yandūna
|
3.pl
|
yanattan
|
nīnattan
|
tīnattan
|
ḫīnattan
|
yandattan
|
yandāna
|
Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class)
|
Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill)
|
Infinitive
|
ṣābas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
ṣabbam
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
ṣābni
|
naṣābni
|
taṣābni
|
ḫaṣābni
|
ṣābanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
ṣāmma
|
naṣāmma
|
taṣāmma
|
ḫaṣāmma
|
ṣābamma
|
ṣābū
|
3.sg
|
ṣābta
|
naṣābta
|
taṣābta
|
ḫaṣābta
|
ṣābatta
|
ṣābā
|
1.pl
|
ṣābti
|
naṣābti
|
taṣābti
|
ḫaṣābti
|
ṣābatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
ṣāmman
|
naṣāmman
|
taṣāmman
|
ḫaṣāmman
|
ṣābamman
|
ṣābūna
|
3.pl
|
ṣābtan
|
naṣābtan
|
taṣābtan
|
ḫaṣābtan
|
ṣābattan
|
ṣābāna
|
Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class)
|
R-S-Y (be good, be moral)
|
Infinitive
|
rāsas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
rassâm
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
rasīni
|
narsīni
|
tarsīni
|
ḫarsīni
|
rāsanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
rasīma
|
narsīma
|
tarsīma
|
ḫarsīma
|
rāsamma
|
rāsū
|
3.sg
|
rasīsa
|
narsīsa
|
tarsīsa
|
ḫarsīsa
|
rāsatta
|
rāsā
|
1.pl
|
rasīti
|
narsīti
|
tarsīti
|
ḫarsīti
|
rāsatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
rasīman
|
narsīman
|
tarsīman
|
ḫarsīman
|
rāsamman
|
rāsūna
|
3.pl
|
rasīsan
|
narsīsan
|
tarsīsan
|
ḫarsīsan
|
rāsattan
|
rāsāna
|
Causative Voice
Conjugation (strong, a-class)
|
P-R-Ḫ (speak, say)
|
Infinitive
|
purruḫas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
purruḫam
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
parraḫni
|
naparraḫni
|
taparraḫni
|
ḫaparraḫni
|
parraḫanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
parraḫma
|
naparraḫma
|
taparraḫma
|
ḫaparraḫma
|
parraḫamma
|
parraḫū
|
3.sg
|
parraḫta
|
naparraḫta
|
taparraḫta
|
ḫaparraḫta
|
parraḫatta
|
parraḫā
|
1.pl
|
parraḫti
|
naparraḫti
|
taparraḫti
|
ḫaparraḫti
|
parraḫatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
parraḫman
|
naparraḫman
|
taparraḫman
|
ḫaparraḫman
|
parraḫamman
|
parraḫūna
|
3.pl
|
parraḫtan
|
naparraḫtan
|
taparraḫtan
|
ḫaparraḫtan
|
parraḫattan
|
parraḫāna
|
Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class)
|
Y-N-D (catch)
|
Infinitive
|
yunnudas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
yunnudam
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
yannanni
|
ninnanni
|
tinnanni
|
ḫinnanni
|
yannadanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
yannadma
|
ninnadma
|
tinnadma
|
ḫinnadma
|
yannadamma
|
yannadū
|
3.sg
|
yannatta
|
ninnatta
|
tinnatta
|
ḫinnatta
|
yannadatta
|
yannadā
|
1.pl
|
yannatti
|
ninnatti
|
tinnatti
|
ḫinnatti
|
yannadatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
yannadman
|
ninnadman
|
tinnadman
|
ḫinnadman
|
yannadamman
|
yannadūna
|
3.pl
|
yanattan
|
ninnattan
|
tinnattan
|
ḫinnattan
|
yannadattan
|
yannadāna
|
Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class)
|
Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill)
|
Infinitive
|
ṣubbas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
ṣubbam
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
ṣâbni
|
naṣâbni
|
taṣâbni
|
ḫaṣâbni
|
ṣabbanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
ṣâmma
|
naṣâmma
|
taṣâmma
|
ḫaṣâmma
|
ṣabbamma
|
ṣabbū
|
3.sg
|
ṣâbta
|
naṣâbta
|
taṣâbta
|
ḫaṣâbta
|
ṣabbatta
|
ṣabbā
|
1.pl
|
ṣâbti
|
naṣâbti
|
taṣâbti
|
ḫaṣâbti
|
ṣabbatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
ṣâmman
|
naṣâmman
|
taṣâmman
|
ḫaṣâmman
|
ṣabbamman
|
ṣabbūna
|
3.pl
|
ṣâbtan
|
naṣâbtan
|
taṣâbtan
|
ḫaṣâbtan
|
ṣabbattan
|
ṣabbāna
|
Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class)
|
R-S-Y (be good, be moral)
|
Infinitive
|
russâs
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
russâm
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
rassīni
|
narassīni
|
tarassīni
|
ḫarassīni
|
rassanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
rassīma
|
narassīma
|
tarassīma
|
ḫarassīma
|
rassamma
|
rassû
|
3.sg
|
rassīsa
|
narassīsa
|
tarassīsa
|
ḫarassīsa
|
rassatta
|
rassâ
|
1.pl
|
rassīti
|
narassīti
|
tarassīti
|
ḫarassīti
|
rassatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
rassīman
|
narassīman
|
tarassīman
|
ḫarassīman
|
rassamman
|
rassûna
|
3.pl
|
rassīsan
|
narassīsan
|
tarassīsan
|
ḫarassīsan
|
rassattan
|
rassâna
|
Applicative Voice
Conjugation (strong, a-class)
|
P-R-Ḫ (speak, say)
|
Infinitive
|
supruḫas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
supruḫam
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
sapraḫni
|
nasapraḫni
|
tasapraḫni
|
ḫasapraḫni
|
sapraḫanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
sapraḫma
|
nasapraḫma
|
tasapraḫma
|
ḫasapraḫma
|
sapraḫamma
|
sapraḫū
|
3.sg
|
sapraḫta
|
nasapraḫta
|
tasapraḫta
|
ḫasapraḫta
|
sapraḫatta
|
sapraḫā
|
1.pl
|
sapraḫti
|
nasapraḫti
|
tasapraḫti
|
ḫasapraḫti
|
sapraḫatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
sapraḫman
|
nasapraḫman
|
tasapraḫman
|
ḫasapraḫman
|
sapraḫamman
|
sapraḫūna
|
3.pl
|
sapraḫtan
|
nasapraḫtan
|
tasapraḫtan
|
ḫasapraḫtan
|
sapraḫattan
|
sapraḫāna
|
Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class)
|
Y-N-D (catch)
|
Infinitive
|
sūnudas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
sūnudam
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
sīnanni
|
nasīnanni
|
tasīnanni
|
ḫasīnanni
|
sīnadanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
sīnadma
|
nasīnadma
|
tasīnadma
|
ḫasīnadma
|
sīnadamma
|
sīnadū
|
3.sg
|
sīnatta
|
nasīnatta
|
tasīnatta
|
ḫasīnatta
|
sīnadatta
|
sīnadā
|
1.pl
|
sīnatti
|
nasīnatti
|
tasīnatti
|
ḫasīnatti
|
sīnadatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
sīnadman
|
nasīnadman
|
tasīnadman
|
ḫasīnadman
|
sīnadamman
|
sīnadūna
|
3.pl
|
sīnattan
|
nasīnattan
|
tasīnattan
|
ḫasīnattan
|
sīnadattan
|
sīnadāna
|
Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class)
|
Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill)
|
Infinitive
|
suṣūbas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
suṣūbam
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
saṣābni
|
naṣṣābni
|
taṣṣābni
|
ḫaṣṣābni
|
saṣābanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
saṣāmma
|
naṣṣāmma
|
taṣṣāmma
|
ḫaṣṣāmma
|
saṣābamma
|
saṣābū
|
3.sg
|
saṣābta
|
naṣṣābta
|
taṣṣābta
|
ḫaṣṣābta
|
saṣābatta
|
saṣābā
|
1.pl
|
saṣābti
|
naṣṣābti
|
taṣṣābti
|
ḫaṣṣābti
|
saṣābatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
saṣāmman
|
naṣṣāmman
|
taṣṣāmman
|
ḫaṣṣāmman
|
saṣābamman
|
saṣābūna
|
3.pl
|
saṣābtan
|
naṣṣābtan
|
taṣṣābtan
|
ḫaṣṣābtan
|
saṣābattan
|
saṣābāna
|
Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class)
|
R-S-Y (be good, be moral)
|
Infinitive
|
sursâs
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
sursâm
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
sarsīni
|
nasarsīni
|
tasarsīni
|
ḫasarsīni
|
sarsanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
sarsīma
|
nasarsīma
|
tasarsīma
|
ḫasarsīma
|
sarsamma
|
sarsû
|
3.sg
|
sarsīsa
|
nasarsīsa
|
tasarsīsa
|
ḫasarsīsa
|
sarsatta
|
sarsâ
|
1.pl
|
sarsīti
|
nasarsīti
|
tasarsīti
|
ḫasarsīti
|
sarsatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
sarsīman
|
nasarsīman
|
tasarsīman
|
ḫasarsīman
|
sarsamman
|
sarsûna
|
3.pl
|
sarsīsan
|
nasarsīsan
|
tasarsīsan
|
ḫasarsīsan
|
sarsattan
|
sarsâna
|
Passive Causative
Conjugation (strong, a-class)
|
P-R-Ḫ (speak, say)
|
Infinitive
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
saparriḫni
|
nasparriḫni
|
tasparriḫni
|
ḫasparriḫni
|
saparriḫanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
saparriḫma
|
nasparriḫma
|
tasparriḫma
|
ḫasparriḫma
|
saparriḫamma
|
saparriḫū
|
3.sg
|
saparriḫta
|
nasparriḫta
|
tasparriḫta
|
ḫasparriḫta
|
saparriḫatta
|
saparriḫā
|
1.pl
|
saparriḫti
|
nasparriḫti
|
tasparriḫti
|
ḫasparriḫti
|
saparriḫatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
saparriḫman
|
nasparriḫman
|
tasparriḫman
|
ḫasparriḫman
|
saparriḫamman
|
saparriḫūna
|
3.pl
|
saparriḫtan
|
nasparriḫtan
|
tasparriḫtan
|
ḫasparriḫtan
|
saparriḫattan
|
saparriḫāna
|
Conjugation (I-y weak, a-class)
|
Y-N-D (catch)
|
Infinitive
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
sanninni
|
nasanninni
|
tasanninni
|
ḫasanninni
|
sannidanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
sannidma
|
nasannidma
|
tasannidma
|
ḫasannidma
|
sannidamma
|
sannidū
|
3.sg
|
sannitta
|
nasannitta
|
tasannitta
|
ḫasannitta
|
sannidatta
|
sannidā
|
1.pl
|
sannitti
|
nasannitti
|
tasannitti
|
ḫasannitti
|
sannidatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
sannidman
|
nasannidman
|
tasannidman
|
ḫasannidman
|
sannidamman
|
sannidūna
|
3.pl
|
sannittan
|
nasannittan
|
tasannittan
|
ḫasannittan
|
sannidattan
|
sannidāna
|
Conjugation (II-ˀ weak, a-class)
|
Ṣ-ˀ-B (kill)
|
Infinitive
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
saṣîbni
|
naṣṣîbni
|
taṣṣîbni
|
ḫaṣṣîbni
|
saṣibbanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
saṣîmma
|
naṣṣîmma
|
taṣṣîmma
|
ḫaṣṣîmma
|
saṣibbamma
|
saṣibbū
|
3.sg
|
saṣîbta
|
naṣṣîbta
|
taṣṣîbta
|
ḫaṣṣîbta
|
saṣibbatta
|
saṣibbā
|
1.pl
|
saṣîbti
|
naṣṣîbti
|
taṣṣîbti
|
ḫaṣṣîbti
|
saṣibbatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
saṣîmman
|
naṣṣîmman
|
taṣṣîmman
|
ḫaṣṣîmman
|
saṣibbamman
|
saṣibbūna
|
3.pl
|
saṣîbtan
|
naṣṣîbtan
|
taṣṣîbtan
|
ḫaṣṣîbtan
|
saṣibbattan
|
saṣibbāna
|
Conjugation (III-y weak, i-class)
|
R-S-Y (be good, be moral)
|
Infinitive
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participle
|
???
|
|
|
|
|
|
Active
|
Actual
|
Potential
|
Commissive
|
Counterfactual
|
Long Jussive
|
Short Jussive
|
1.sg
|
sarassīni
|
nasrassīni
|
tasrassīni
|
ḫasrassīni
|
sarassanni
|
—
|
2.sg
|
sarassīma
|
nasrassīma
|
tasrassīma
|
ḫasrassīma
|
sarassamma
|
sarassû
|
3.sg
|
sarassīsa
|
nasrassīsa
|
tasrassīsa
|
ḫasrassīsa
|
sarassatta
|
sarassâ
|
1.pl
|
sarassīti
|
nasrassīti
|
tasrassīti
|
ḫasrassīti
|
sarassatti
|
—
|
2.pl
|
sarassīman
|
nasrassīman
|
tasrassīman
|
ḫasrassīman
|
sarassamman
|
sarassûna
|
3.pl
|
sarassīsan
|
nasrassīsan
|
tasrassīsan
|
ḫasrassīsan
|
sarassattan
|
sarassâna
|
Stem shapes based on stress
Verbs
Base
Weakness
|
Realis
|
Irrealis
|
Imperative
|
Strong
|
PaRáḪ-
|
-PRáḪ-
|
PaRḪ-á-
|
Initial Weak
|
PaRáḪ-
|
-RáḪ-
|
PaRḪ-á-
|
Middle Weak
|
Pā́Ḫ-
|
-Pā́Ḫ-
|
PāḪ-á-
|
Final Weak
|
PaRā́-
|
-PRā́-
|
PāR-á-
|
Gemination
Weakness
|
Realis
|
Irrealis
|
Imperative
|
Strong
|
PaRRáḪ-
|
-PaRRáḪ-
|
PaRRaḪ-á-
|
Initial Weak
|
PaRRáḪ-
|
-RRáḪ-
|
PaRRaḪ-á-
|
Middle Weak
|
PấḪ-
|
-PấḪ-
|
PaḪḪ-á-
|
Final Weak
|
PaRRā́-
|
-PaRRā́-
|
PaRR-á-
|
Prefix
Weakness
|
Realis
|
Irrealis
|
Imperative
|
Strong
|
saPRáḪ-
|
-saPRáḪ-
|
saPRaḪ-á-
|
Initial Weak
|
sāRáḪ-
|
-sāRáḪ-
|
sāRaḪ-á-
|
Middle Weak
|
saPā́Ḫ-
|
-sPā́Ḫ-
|
saPāḪ-á-
|
Final Weak
|
saPRā́-
|
-saPRā́-
|
saPR-á-
|
Prefix Gemination
Weakness
|
Realis
|
Irrealis
|
Imperative
|
Strong
|
saPaRRáḪ-
|
-sPaRRáḪ-
|
saPaRRaḪ-á-
|
Initial Weak
|
saRRáḪ-
|
-saRRáḪ-
|
saRRaḪ-á-
|
Middle Weak
|
saPấḪ-
|
-sPấḪ-
|
saPaḪḪ-á-
|
Final Weak
|
saPaRRā́-
|
-sPaRRā́-
|
saPaRR-á-
|
Deverbatives
Base
Weakness
|
Abs.
|
Cons.
|
Poss. (Sg.)
|
Poss. (Pl.)
|
Strong
|
PáRḪ-as
|
PáRaḪ
|
PaRáḪ-
|
PaRḪ-ā́-
|
Initial Weak
|
PáRḪ-as
|
PáRaḪ
|
PaRáḪ-
|
PaRḪ-ā́-
|
Middle Weak
|
Pā́Ḫ-as
|
Pā́Ḫ
|
Pā́Ḫ-
|
PāḪ-ā́-
|
Final Weak
|
Pā́R-as
|
Pā́R
|
Pā́R-
|
PāR-ā́-
|
Lengthened
Weakness
|
Abs.
|
Cons.
|
Poss. (Sg.)
|
Poss. (Pl.)
|
Strong
|
PaRā́Ḫ-as
|
PáRāḪ
|
PaRā́Ḫ-
|
PaRāḪ-ā́-
|
Initial Weak
|
PaRā́Ḫ-as
|
PáRāḪ
|
PaRā́Ḫ-
|
PaRāḪ-ā́-
|
Middle Weak
|
PấḪ-as
|
PấḪ
|
PấḪ-
|
PâḪ-ā́-
|
Final Weak
|
PaR-ấs
|
PáRā
|
PaR-ấ-
|
Gemination
Weakness
|
Abs.
|
Cons.
|
Poss. (Sg.)
|
Poss. (Pl.)
|
Strong
|
PáRRaḪ-as
|
PáRRaḪ
|
PaRRáḪ-
|
PaRRaḪ-ā́-
|
Initial Weak
|
PáRRaḪ-as
|
PáRRaḪ
|
PaRRáḪ-
|
PaRRaḪ-ā́-
|
Middle Weak
|
PáḪḪ-as
|
Pā́Ḫ
|
PáḪḪ-a
|
PaḪḪ-ā́-
|
Final Weak
|
PaRR-ấs
|
PáRRa
|
PaRR-ấ-
|
Voice
Case-Role Marking in Secundative Alignment (D=S, R=P, T=separate)
Voice
|
Role/Marking
|
Nominative
|
Accusative
|
Instrumental
|
Active (Intransitive)
|
Subject
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Active (Monotransitive)
|
Subject
|
Object
|
N/A
|
Active (Ditransitive)
|
Subject
|
Primary Object
|
Secondary Object
|
Causative/Instrumental
|
Causer
|
Causee/Instrument
|
Object
|
Morpheme Chain
Clausal Proclitics
|
Relativizer
|
Tense/Mood
|
Stem
|
Imperative
|
Subject
|
Negation
|
Subject Plural (2nd and 3rd)
|
Voice
|
Root
|
various
|
iC-
|
na-, ta-, ḫa-
|
s(i)-, m(i)-
|
R₁(a)R₂aR₃ R₁(a)R₂uR₃ R₁(a)R₂iR₃
|
-aC- / -ā-
|
various
|
-si
|
-n
|
Ch'adic
Proto-Č̣aḥdaš consonants
|
Labial
|
Alveolar
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Pharyngeal
|
Glottal
|
central
|
sibilant
|
lateral
|
Nasal
|
m
|
n
|
|
|
|
ŋ ⟨n̮⟩
|
|
|
Stop
|
fortis
|
p
|
t
|
t͡s ⟨c⟩
|
t͡ɬ ⟨ć⟩
|
t͡ʃ ⟨č⟩
|
k
|
ʡ
|
ʔ
|
emphatic
|
pʼ ⟨ṗ⟩
|
tʼ ⟨ṭ⟩
|
t͡sʼ ⟨c̣⟩
|
t͡ɬʼ ⟨ć̣⟩
|
t͡ʃʼ ⟨č̣⟩
|
kʼ ⟨ḳ⟩
|
lenis
|
b
|
d
|
d͡z ⟨ʒ⟩
|
d͡ɮ ⟨ʒ́⟩
|
d͡ʒ ⟨ǯ⟩
|
g
|
Fricative
|
f
|
|
s
|
ɬ ⟨ś⟩
|
ʃ ⟨š⟩
|
x ⟨ḫ⟩
|
ħ ⟨ḥ⟩
|
h
|
Approximant
|
w
|
|
|
|
j ⟨y⟩
|
|
Liquid
|
|
r
|
|
l
|
|
|
|
|
Proto-Č̣aḥdaš nouns
|
Status Absolutus
|
Status Constructus
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Feminine
|
-u
|
-un
|
-u
|
-ū
|
Masculine
|
-i
|
-in
|
-i
|
-ī
|
Neuter
|
-ar
|
-aran
|
-a
|
-ā
|
Inanimate
|
-aš
|
-ašan
|