Fudasi: Syntax
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Table of Phonemes
| MOA | nasals | stops | sibilants | fricatives | tap | affricates | approximants | vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /p/ | /b/ | /t/ | /d/ | /k/ | /g/ | /s/ (/θ/) | /z/ (/ð/) | /ʃ/ | /ɸ/ | /h/ | /ɾ/ (/ʁ/) | /ʦ/ | /ʧ/ | /ʤ/ | /j/ | /w/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ä/ | /o/ | /u/ (/ɯ/) | ||||||||
| Latin | m | n | ŋ | p | b | t | d | k | g | s | z | x | f | h | r | ṡ | ċ | j | y | w | i | e | a | o | u | |||||||
Grammar
Word Order
- 001. Nemuti word order is SVO, subject-verb-object.
- 002. The accent is normally on the penultimate syllable. A written acute accent indicates a different accent.
- 003. The indirect object precedes the direct object.
- 004. The possessive noun follows the head noun.
- 005. Determiners precede the nouns they qualify. Adjectives follow the nouns they qualify.
- 006. The adjective precedes the standard of comparison.
- 007. The adjective follows the dependent verb.
- 008. Adverbs follow the verbs they modify.
- 009. The order of adverbials is time, space, manner.
Verbs - Selsan̨a सेल्सन्य
- 010. Verbs are a class of words that convey an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
- 011. Tense is a grammatical category which expresses the time at which a state or action described by a verb occurs. Tense is indicated by modifying the word's initial phoneme.
- 012. The present tense is the base form of the verb without modification: nefo, see.
- Yidi hi nefo te ton̨u yu, I see the clouds.
- 013. The past tense is formed by labializing the first consonant: nefo, see.
- Yidi hi ňefo te ton̨u yu, I see the clouds.
- 014. The future tense is formed by palatalizing the first phoneme: nefo, see.
- Yidi hi n̨efo te ton̨u yu, I see the clouds.
- 015. A verbal noun is formed by suffixing the definite article, te, to the appropriate tense form. This verbal noun functions as an infinitive or gerund.
- Te nefo se te ṡeso, Seeing is believing.
- 016. Mood is a grammatical category by which the speaker expresses his attitude toward what he is saying.
- 017. The subjunctive mood is formed with the suffix -ne:
- Tifa hi ŋísane yidi yu, She may love me.
- 018. The imperative mood is formed with the suffix -te.
- Ŋísate yidi yu, Love me.
- 019. The hortative and jussive moods are formed with the verb wofo, let, permit.
- Wófote tifa yu te ŋopi, Let him sing.
- 020. The conditional mood is formed with the particle fi:
- Fi yidi hi ŋisa mepe yu, If I love you....
- Fi yidi hi ŋ̌isa mepe yu, If I loved you....
- 021. The passive form of the verb is formed with the particle fa:
- Te kiki yu ŋísa fa, The mother is loved.
- Te feŋu yu x̌oto fa, The apple was cooked.
- 022. Sentence negation uses mi.
- Te ṡuma yúbumi, The boy does not dance.
- Te ṡuma ŋ̒ísami, The boy will not love.
- Te ṡuċu yúbupene mi, The girl may not want to dance.
- 023. A question is indicated by the use of the interrogative particle me at the end of the sentence:
- Yidi hi ŋisa mepe yu, I love you.
- Yidi hi ŋisa mepe yu me, Do I love you?
- 024. Dependent verbs, such as infinitives and gerunds, follow the verb or adjective upon which they are dependent:
- Yidi hi ŋ̌uzu t' eto, I was afraid to go.
- A direct object is placed before the infinitive:
- Yidi hi ŋ̌uzu te ziyi dini yu, I was afraid to touch a toad.
- 025. Transitive verbs may be formed from adjectives and nouns with the suffix -ri: rehu, wide.
- Tih̨a hi rehuri te neje yu, They are widening the road.
- Yidi hi ňaċeri tifa yu t' eto, I ordered him to go.
- 026. The copulative verb to be is se.
- Tifa hi se te wako hi, He is the chief.
- Tifa hi še te pepe hi, He was the father.
- 027. The existential copula is yi, there is/are.
- Butofe yi a te tetu, There is an eagle in the tree.
Nouns - Pafsan̨a पफ्सन्य
- 028. Nouns are a class of words that function as the names of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
- 029. There are no noun classes in Nemuti.
- 030. Plurality is formed by palatalizing the last consonant:
- xote, moon; xot̨e, moons.
- If the plurality is evident, then the singular form is used: ho xote, two rivers.
- 031. Possession is indicated by the possessive particle mu, of.
- Te feŋu mu te tunu, the child's apple.
- Te iṡe mu te bime, the man's foot.
- 032. Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives with the suffix -zi:
- neċe, short; neċezi, shortness.
- 033. Abstract nouns are derived from verbs with the prefix -zi:
- ṡemo, to die, ṡemozi, death.
- 034. Nouns naming a person characterized by an adjective are formed with the suffix -ṡi:
- yiti, young; yitiṡi, youth; yit̨iṡi, youths.
- hofo, old; hof̨oṡi, elder; hof̨oṡi, elders.
- 035. The agent of a verb is formed with the suffix -ṡi.
- ŋopi, sing; ŋopiṡi , singer; ŋop͑iṡi , singers
- 036. The instrument for performing the action of a verb is formed with the suffix -te.
- te, cut; tete, knife; t̨ete, knives.
- 037. Nouns denoting perceptible things are formed from verbs by using the word numu, thing.
- yifi, laugh; yifinumu, laugh, laughter.
- 038. A noun may be specified as masculine or feminine by using the suffixes wo and ċu, respectively: puhe, bird; wopuhe, cock; ċupuhe, hen.
- 039. Collective nouns are formed from nouns or adjectives by using the word tone, group.
- te tone puh̨e, the flock of birds; te tone zim̨i, the school of fish; te tone ṡen̨i, archipelago.
- 040. Diminutives of nouns are formed with the prefix ta-.
- te pisa, the wind; te tapisa, the creek; te tapis̨a, the creeks.
- 041. Nouns with mu may be used to modify other nouns.
- te wini m' udiwi, the mountain stream.
Modifiers - Telsan̨a तेल्सन्य
- 042. In Nemuti grammar adjectives, adverbs and determiners are classed together as modifiers.
Adjectives - Siksan̨a सिक्सन्य
- 043. Adjectives are a class of words which qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
- 044. Adjectives are placed before the noun: te wuṡe ṡuma, the good boy.
- 045. The one degree of comparison, known as the comparative (COMP), is formed with adverb bo, more.
- yiti, young; bo yiti, younger, youngest.
- 046. Negative comparison is formed with the word mebo, less: rifoti, distant; mebo rifoti, less/least distant.
- 047. The comparison of equality is formed with the conjunctions umi...tofi, as...as; ŋiti, red:
- Tumu kimi se umi ŋiti tofi jeṡu, This flower is as red as blood.
- 048. Participles are a form of a verb that is used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, playing a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
- 049. There are two participles in Nemuti.
- a. The present participle is created by using the nonpast form of the verb + mu:
- te ŋuwo mu zimi, the swimming fish.
- b. The past participle is created by using the past form of the verb + mu:
- te ṡ̬eso mu homa, the sunken boat.
- 050. Word negation is indicated by the use of the prefix m(e)-.
- pefi, even; mepefi, uneven.
- 051. The suffix -ṡe combines with a noun to form an adjective denoting similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, -like.
- puhe, bird; puheṡe, like a bird.
- 052. Adjectives with the meaning without are expressed with the prefix -miṡe, -less.
- tegu, hope; tegumiṡe, hopeless.
- 053. Adjectives may be used as stative verbs by adding the suffix -ze: te gute tunu, the sick child; te tunu ǧuteze, the child was sick.
Determiners - Tizsan̨a तिस़्सन्य
- 054. Determiners are a class of words that serve to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. They may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, etc. They are placed before the noun.
- 055. The definite article is te.
- 056. There is no indefinite article.
- 057. The proximal demonstrative, this/these, is tumu.
- tumu riki, this leaf; tumu rik̨i, these leaves.
- 058. The distal demonstrative, that/those, is zumu.
- zumu tonu, that cloud; zumu ton̨u, those clouds.
- 059. Numerals precede the noun in the absence of a determiner.
- ne puz̨e xoto, Three women are cooking.
- They follow the noun if the noun is preceded by a determiner.
- Tumu puz̨e ne xoto, These three women are cooking.
- 060. The elective indefinite determiner is eye, any.
- 061. The assertive indefinite determiner is eṡa, some.
- 062. The negative determiner is mi, no.
Numerals - Tonsan̨a तोन्सन्य
- 063. Nemuti has an octal numeral system.
| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| re | ho | ne | wu | xo | no | mi | wi |
- 064. The numerals 9-15 are formed by suffixing the proper cardinal to wi, eight.
| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wire | wiho | wine | wiwu | wixo | wino | wimi |
- 065. The numerals 16-64 are formed by prefixing the proper cardinal to wi, eight.
| 24 | 32 | 40 | 48 | 56 | 64 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| howi | newi | wuwi | xowi | nawi | miwi | wiwi |
- 066. The ordinals are made with the prefix be-.
- te beho xomi, the second rope
- 067. The adverbial numbers are made with the suffix -te.
- hote, twice; wite, eight times.
Adverbs - Dibsan̨a दिब्सन्य
- 068. Adverbs are a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a determiner, a noun phrase, a clause, or a sentence. They typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, etc.
- 069. Adverbs may be derived from adjectives with the suffix -to.
- ''te wota bima, the brave man; Tifa t̬upuri wótato, He acted bravely.
- 070. The comparative of these adverbs is formed in the same way as are adjectives; wótato, bravely; bo wótato, more bravely.
Pronouns - Seǹevsan̨a सेङेभ्सन्य
- 071. Pronouns are a class of words that substitute for a noun or noun phrase. There are seven types of pronouns in Nemuti.
- 072. The personal pronouns are yidi, I; yid̨i, we; mipi, you (sg.); mip̨i, you (pl.); tifa, he; tif̨a, they; timu, she; tim̨u, they; ifa, it; if̨a, they.
- Yidi hi ŋisa timu yu, I love her.
- Timu hi ŋisa yidi yu, She loves me.
- Yidi hi ŋ̌ipa me timu te kimi yu, I gave her the flower.
- If the group consists of both male and female beings, the male pronoun is used.
- 073. The interrogative pronouns are biha, who; bime, what; and haba, which.
- 074. The reflexive pronouns are translated by using the noun ċego, self.
- Yidi hi p̌ina ċego yu, I hurt myself.
- 075. The intensive pronouns are formed with the noun nusa, self.
- Neǹnusa ųsu, I myself will go.
- 076. The demonstrative pronouns are the demonstrative determiners with the apprpriate particles.
- This is a flower, Tumu hi se kimi hi.
- Those are leaves, Zum̨u hi se rik̨i hi.
- 077. The indefinite pronouns are made from the indefinite determiners.
- eyemema, anyone, anybody; eyenumu, anything.
- eṡamema, someone, somebody; eṡanumu, something.
- nimema, no one, nobody; ninumu, nothing.
- 078. There are no possessive pronouns. The possessor is expressed with a prepositional phrase using mu. When this phrase is used, the subject particle di is omitted.
- Tumu hi se kimi mu mipi, zumu hi se mu yidi. This is your flower, that is mine.
Prepositions - Mapsan̨a मप्सन्य
- 079. Nemuti uses prepositions, a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
- a te rini, at the beach.
- Te juto hi se ṡi te xota, The cup is on the table.
Conjunctions - Nobezsan̨a नोबेस़्सन्य
- 080. A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases or clauses.
- 081. In Nemuti there are three types of conjunctions.
- 082. A coordinate conjunction joins two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
- Te tobe mu yidi pu yidi hi ċuri wiṡ̨e pu tiṡ̨u yu, My brother and I like coconuts and bananas.
- 083. Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
- Yidi n̨iye ju ti te rini ti te win̨i, I will go either to the beach or to the mountains.
- 084. Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause.
- Ċeni timu guteze, p̌iga ṡepi mu toċe, Although she is sick, she ate her breakfast.
Octal Table
| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| re wi | ho | ne | wu | xo | no | mi | wi |
| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |
| wire | wiho | wine | wiwu | wixo | wino | wimi | howi |
| 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | |
| howire | howiho | howine | howiwu | howixo | howino | howimi | newi |
| 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | |
| newire | newiho | newine | newiwu | newixo | newino | newimi | wuwi |
| 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | |
| wuwire | wuwiho | wuwine | wuwiwu | wuwixo | wuwino | wuwimi | xowi |
| 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | |
| xowire | xowiho | xowine | xowiwu | xowixo | xowino | xowimi | nowi |
| 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | |
| nowire | nowiho | nowine | nowiwu | nowixo | nowino | nowimi | miwi |
| 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | |
| miwire | miwiho | miwine | miwiwu | miwixo | miwino | miwimi | wiwi |
