Zelandish
Zelandish is a language derived from Old English by Andrew Smith and used as a journal language. At the time of writing I have been using it for several years. These pages will be an attempt to describe and remember the language as I have used it.
The name is derived from New Zealand, the locality in which I write my journal.
Orthography
Zelandish is primarily a written language. There are no hard and fast rules on how it is pronounced. It has an evolving orthography.
Vowels
A, a /a/
E, e /ɛ/
EE, ee /e/ -- Not part of my natural phonology and can be pronounced as a diphthong, also EI, ei
I, i /ɪ/
IE, ie /i/
O, o /ɔ/ -- also written as Á, á, no longer current language
OE, oe /œ/
OU, ou /y/ or /ʉ/ -- also written as Ú, ú no longer current language
U, u /ʊ/
If the second E is marked with a dieresis, ë, it is pronounced as a diphthong with schwa.
A vowel written with a circumflex is pronounced long. It generally indicates a consonant has been elided after it, usually h.
Consonants
The following consonants are pronounced the same as in English, particularly a southern hemispheric Commonwealth dialect:
B, C, CH, D, F, H, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Z
CG, cg is pronounced as 'dg', /dʒ/, in English
G, g is pronounced hard, /g/. In GJ, gj and after a vowel it is silent
J, j /j/
SCH, sch /ʃ/
There is no hard and fast rule on post-vocallic R, r. It can be pronounced as an approximant or elided. The non-rhotic pronunciations of vowels are ar /a:/, or /ɔ:/, ir, er and ur /ɜ/.
Grammar
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
The subject pronouns / direct object pronouns are:
ik /ɪk/ I, first person singular
dou /dʉ:/ thou, second person singular / familiar
hy /hi:/ he, third person singular masculine
sy /si:/ she, third person singular feminine
hit /hɪt/ it, third person singular neuter
wy /wi:/ we, first person plural
jy /ji:/ you, second person plural / formal
hylie /hi:li:/ they, third person plural
The indirect object pronouns are:
my /mi:/ me
dy /di:/ thee
him /hɪm/ him
hir /hɪɹ/ her
ous /ʉ:s/ us
ew /æʊ/ you
him /hɪm/ them
Hit with a preposition is replaced with deer or die which comes before the preposition. It is written as one word. The form depends on whether the preposition begins with a consonant or not.
The possessive adjectives are:
myn /mi:n/ my
dyn /di:n/ thy
our/ʉ:ɹ/ our
eur /æʊɹ/ your
hir /hɪɹ/ their
The above are declined as weak adjectives.
his /hɪs/ his, its
hir /hɪɹ/ her
His and hir, when it means 'her', are not declined as adjectives.
Verbs
Infinitive
The most common form of the infinitive is the verb stem plus the ending -e, such as neese, to visit. If the verb stem ends in 'l' this ending is silent, such as tell, to tell.
Subjunctive
The subjunctive verb uses the verb stem after singular subjects in the present; and an ending similar to the infinitive after plural subjects. It is usually used after verbs of communication such as tell, to tell. It may be used as the primary verb in a sentence if the primary verb is conditional or expresses possibility (may, might).
Weak Verbs
A complete paradigm is as follows:
toe loeke, to look
ik loek, I look
dou loekst, thou lookest, you look
hy, sy, hit loekt, he, she, it looks
wy, jy, hylie loekt, we, you, they look
ik, hy, sy, hit loeked, I, he, she, it looked
dou loekedzt, thou lookedest, you looked
wy, jy, hylie loeke, we, you, they looked
loekend, looking, present participle
loeked, looked, past participle
loeking, act of looking, verbal noun
As Zelandish is a journal language written in the third person the 'thou'-forms are rare. Hypothetically they should be common in spoken Zelandish, where speakers value informality.
When a weak verb ends in 'l' or 'r', such as tell or heer, the past tenses preserve the 'd' in both the singular and plural forms of the past tense: teld, telde; heerd, heerde.
To Be
The third person present forms are is and sinde, singular and plural. With the past participle it is used to mark the passive verb. If a verb is intransitive it marks the past perfect verb.
The third person past form is wes, singular. It is used similarly to the present tense of 'to be' to mark the past tense of the passive and the pluperfect intransitive verb.
To Have
This verb is irregular.
The third person singular present form is het.
The past plural form is hedde. It is used as the auxiliary to mark the pluperfect on transitive verbs.
Nouns
Plural nouns end in -s, -n, or sometimes -e.
Articles
The definite article has abandoned grammatical gender and only one form survives in the modern language.
det marks the subject and direct object of a verb in the singular, the plural equivalent is do.
des (sg.) and der (pl.) means 'of the'. It is generally used without the preposition of and comes after the possessed noun.
dom comes after a preposition. After many prepositions it is reduced to -'m. There are also contracted forms such as om, on the, and im, in the.
These forms are used as demonstratives and are qualified by hie and die, reduced forms of the demonstrative adverbs, directly after the article.
