User:Masako/Kalo
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introduction
phonology
Kalo has nine consonants (/p, t, k, s, m, n, l, j, w/) and five vowels (/a, e, i, o, u/). Stress is mostly word final.
consonants
| Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |
| Plosive | p | t | k |
| Fricative | s | ||
| Approximant | w | l | j (y) |
vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | e | o |
| Open | a | |
diphthongs
There are two diphthongs [ai̯] ai, and [au̯] au. These are rare and typically only occur word-finally.
syllable structure
All syllables are of the form (C)V(N), that is, optional consonant + vowel + optional final nasal, or V, CV, VN, CVN.
syntax
- Classical Arabic is primarily VSO, but MSA (Modern Standard Arabic) tends to be SVO, favoring full agreement over partial.
- Chinese is classified as an SVO language. Transitive verbs precede their objects in typical simple clauses, while the subject precedes the verb.
- Spanish unmarked word order for affirmative declarative sentences is SVO; however, as in other Romance languages, in practice, word order is mostly variable.
- English word order is almost exclusively SVO.
- Hindi is primarily an SOV language.
Based on the above information about the main source languages for Kalo, it is primarily an SVO (subject-verb-object) language. Modifiers generally follow what they modify, as do prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.
- wa toma - 1S consume - I eat. (SV)
- wa amo ko - 1S love 3S - I love her. (SVO)
- o pan toma - DO food consume - The bread is eaten. (OV)
nouns
...
pronouns
possession
- Possession is shown with the suffix -yo - have; possess - (ZHO) 有
- Plurality is marked with the particle lo - a pile - (ZHO) 摞
- kasa lo koyo
- house PL 3sg-POSS
- His homes
- kasa wayo lo
- house 1sg-POSS PL
- Our home
number
| Kalo | number | English | Kalo | number | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nulu (SPA) nulo | 0 | zero | na (JPN) なな | 7 | seven |
| wa (ARA) واحد | 1 | one | pa (ZHO) 八 | 8 | eight |
| li (SPA) 两 | 2 | two | nun (PIE) h₁néwn̥ | 9 | nine |
| san (ZHO) 三 | 3 | three | ye (KOR) 열 | 10 | ten |
| si (ZHO) 四 | 4 | four | aku / -ku (JPN) ひゃく | 100 | (one) hundred |
| pen (ELL) πέντε | 5 | five | mila (SPA) mil | 1000 | (one) thousand |
| we (PIE) swéḱs | 6 | six |
When numbers one through ten occur independently, the number marker "ke" precedes the number.
- ko yo le kasa ke li
- 3s have PST house NUM two
- She had two houses.
- wa wite apa ke si
- 1s see man NUM four
- I see four men.
higher numbers
- yewa - 11; eleven
- yeli - 12; twelve
- liye - 20; twenty
- liyesi - 24; twenty-four
- kuyeli - 112; one-hundred-twelve
- sankuweyepen (sanwepen) - 365; three-hundred-sixty-five
