User:Masako/naho

Phonology

Phonotactics

• u-/-u used to replace redundant syllables

Nouns

Gender

Gender is not normally marked but can be with the endings -na and -ta to mark the feminine and masculine, respectively or nouns such as naka, tlaka, nahi, or tahi (the woman, the man, the girl, the boy), etc. A gender neutral suffix, -nta may be used when the gender is unknown or ambiguous.

• kuma - bear - a bear → kumana - bear-FEM - sow → kumata - bear-MASC - boar
• masa - deer - a deer → masana - deer-FEM - doe → masata - deer-MASC - stag
• uma - horse - a horse → umana - horse-FEM - mare → umata - horse-MASC - stallion

Number

• -mi paucal
• tatli / tli- collective
• oli / -li each; every
• ma / -m/-lo general plural
• mpa / -mpa many/much ~

Pronouns

na – 1sg ta – 2sg ha – 3sg tla – 3sg.INAN

ki / -ki reflexive anku / -nku reciprocal

Deixis

itla / i- proximal uatla / ua- medial yetla / ye- distal

Case

ya – vocative particle te – genitive [inalienable possession] -tle/-le – dative / benefactive yoha / -yo – genitive / possessive mpe / -mpe – terminative or limitative case

Size & Importance

piece; a part – peya / -pe diminutive; small – ahi / -hi

Quality

niha / -ni good; pleasant; regular sahi / -si color of ~ atsi / tsi- angle of ~ mala / -mpo bad; unfavorable; unpleasant to / -to way; method; manner ko / -ko/-tlo agent; individual mo / -mo place; location of ~ no / -no thing; substance of ~ so / -so type; kind; class of ~ tsoya / -tso middle; center; half of ~ o- honored/revered puku / -pu clothing for ~ suku / -su market/shop for/of ~ kyohu / -hu aggressive or extreme ~ kutsu / -tsu flesh/meat of ~ umpu / -mpu shape or form of ~ nata / -nta relative; kin

Numbers

cardinal

ordinal

multiples

• multiple of number – tiha / ti-

math operations

Verbs

Tense

future tense – atli / -tli past tense – aye / -ye

Aspect

inchoative – mula / -mu continuous – nook / -nko

Mood

• The abilitative mood [ABIL] is marked with the suffix -pa from pala, meaning "to be able; capable (of); can; possible".

proposotive – neya / -ne necessative – heya / -he apparentative – tse’e / -tse negative – nke / -nke/-k

Evidentiality

based on evidence – kotsi / -tsi assertive/assumptive – toho / -ho auditory “heard” – anu / -nu

Particles

Conjunctions

• pa - "although; even though; even if"