User:Melroch/Rhodrese
This as yet unnamed Romlang initially has the developments you would expect from a Western Romance language. However at a later time there is vowel mutation by a high or low vowel (a < ă/ā, i < ī, u < ū), with final vowels later being lost, or in the case of -a being reduced to -e [ə]. Somewhat unexpectedly plurals of the first declension show forms as if the a-mutated vowels of the singular had later undergone i-mutation. This most certainly is due to analogy with the second and third declension rather than to a preserved [ai̥] ending — or did an ending pronounced [æ] cause such a 'double' mutation?
Vowels
| Latin | VL | W. Rmc.[1] | No mut. | a-mut.[2] | i-mut | a/i-mut.[3] | u-mut.[4] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ī | ị | ĭ | i | e | n/a | e | ui > eu {IPA|/y/}}[5] |
| ī | ei > ai | ei > ai | |||||
| ĭ, ē, oe | ẹ | ẹ̆ | e | n/a | i | n/a | oe /ø/ > e[6] |
| ẹ̄ | ei > ai | ||||||
| ĕ, ae | ę | ę̆ | e | oe > e | |||
| ę̄ | ie | ue /yø/ > /ye/ | |||||
| ă, ā | a | ă | a | ae /æ/ > e[6] | o | ||
| ā | ea > ia[7] | ie[8] | e | oa > ua[7] | |||
| ŏ | ǫ | ǫ̆ | o | oe > e | n/a | ||
| ǭ | uo | ue | oe > e | ||||
| ŭ, ō | ọ | ọ̆ | o | oe > e | |||
| ọ̄ | ou[9] > au | eu[5] | ue | ||||
| ū | ụ | ŭ | u | o | ui > eu | oe > e | |
| ū | ou > au | eu | ei > ai | ||||
Notes
- ^ Vowel length in Western Romance
- After the Classical Latin vowel length distinction was lost in favor of a distinction of vowel quality there developed a new length distinction in parts of the Vulgar Latin area. In some parts, notably Iberia, all stressed vowels were lengthened, while in most parts, including Italy and Gaul, it was stressed vowels in open syllables that were lengthened; Rhodrese belongs to this latter group. The difference is best seen in the diphthongization of ę and ǫ (from Latin ĕ and ŏ: in Castilian tęrra, pęde became tierra and pié because the first e was stressed in both words, but in Italian they became terra and piede because the stressed syllable was closed in tęrra but open in . In Rhodrese these words become terre and pié (plurals tir and pí).
- ^ A-mutation
- A-mutation lowered the high vowels ị and ụ to ẹ and ọ. A-mutation was prior to the secondary diphthongization of ẹ̄ to ei and ọ̄ to ou, so the a-mutated ị̄ and ụ̄ diphthongize along with primary ẹ̄ and ọ̄.
- Although a-mutation was certainly later than the diphthongization of ę̄ to ie and ǭ to uo the high first elements of these diphthongs are not subject to a-mutation, whether because of the intervening mid vowel element, or because the diphthongs had already became [jɛ] and [wɔ].
- ^ A/i-mutation
- ^ U-mutation
- ^vowels-ui-eu The vowels ui and eu
- ^ The vowels oe and ae
- ^ Breaking of Western Romance *a
- ^ I-mutation of ea > ia
- ^ The diphthong ou < Western Romance ọ̄ and Latin au
Consonants
| VL | Initial | Geminate | Final | Intervocalic | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Secondary | Pretonic | Posttonic | |||
| p | p | n/a | p | b | ||
| t | t | t | t | d | ||
| ć [c] | c [ts] | x [tʃ] > tx^ | n/a | z > ç [ts] | z [dz] | |
| c | c, ch [k] | Ø | c | g, gh [g] | ||
| b | b | n/a | f | v | ||
| d | d | Ø | d | Ø | ||
| ǵ [ɟ]' | g [dʒ] | n/a | i, y [j]i, y | g(i) [dʒ] (> [ʒ]? | i, y | |
| j | i > j [dʒ] | n/a | ||||
| g | g, gh g | Ø | g | Ø | ||
| pj | (pj pi) | n/a | uj, bi >be | |||
| tj | c(i) [ts] | c(i) | z >
ç |
c(i) | ||
| kj | x | |||||
| bj | (bj bi) | uj, vi >ve | ||||
| dj | z [dz] | z > ç [ts]' | g(i) (> j) | |||
| gj | g(i) | x > tx | ||||
| m | m | Ø | m | |||
| n | n | Ø | n | |||
| mb | n/a | n/a | m | mb | ||
| nd | n | nd | ||||
| ng | ng [ŋ] | ng [ŋg] | ||||
| mj | gn(i)
[ɲ] |
(i)gn [ɲ] | gn(i) | |||
| nj, gn, cĭn > ć’n | ||||||
| lj, gl, gĭl, gĕl, dĭl, dĕl | gl(i)
[ʎ] |
*ggl
> gl, ghl(i) |
(i)gl
[ʎ], gl(i) | |||
| cĭl, cĕl, cĭl, cĕl | *ccĺ >
cl, chl(i) | |||||
| cŭl, cŏl, căl > c’l | cl, chl(i) [kl] | gu > go | gl, ghl(i), (i)ghl | |||
| tŭl, tŏl, tăl > t’l | ||||||
| gŭl, gŏl, găl > g’l | gl, ghl(i) [gl] | *ggl > gl, ghl(i) | l | l | ||
| dŭl, dŏl, dăl > d’l | ||||||
| s | s [s] | ss [s] | Ø | s | s [z] | |
| sj | sc(i) [ʃ] | n/a | -is, -sz > sç (all [ʃ]) | si [ʒ] (> j ?) | ||
| sc´, scj | sc(i) | n/a | ||||
| ct | n/a | x > tx | ||||
| gĭd | g(i) > j | |||||
| cĭt, cĕt | ||||||
| tĭc, tĕc | ||||||
| pt | t | t | ||||
| pĭt, bĭt, vĭt | ut | ut | ud | |||
| pĭd, bĭd, vĭd | uj | uj | ud | uj | ||
Random notes
Intervocalic b > v; g' > j i; p, t, k', k > b, d, g', g but tj, kj > voiceless ts, gj > [dʒ] gi. Unpalatalized original g tends to disappear.
Initial k', kj, tj > ts c(i); initial g', gj > [dʒ] (g)i.
dj in all positions > [dz] z.
ct > [tʃ] spelled x, while actual x = ks > s or undergoes metathesis to sk, which may be palatalized to [ʃ] 'sc(i) along with original sc.
Voiced stops and affricates ending up final after the loss of final vowels become devoiced, spelled p, t, z [ts] (later ç), (i)x [tʃ], c.
Final [ʃ] is spelled V(i)ss/Vis, later sç, with occasionally sz/sx in early texts.
Word initial ie, ue, uo are spelled hie, hue, huo, since the normal medieval pronunciation of initial prevocalic i, u was j, v.
The vowels [æ] ae and [ø] oe were found in the earliest texts, but later merged with e, while [y] eu and. The spelling ue remained, but probably shifted from [yø] to [ye].
A k, g, sk before a front vowel that arose through mutation wasn't palatalized. They are spelled ch, gh, sch.
