Senjecas 1.1 Sky
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Pronunciation table
| p | b | f | v | m̃ | m | t | d | þ | ð | ɫ | l | ṡ | ż | s | z | r | n | k | g | x | ƣ | h | ȝ | š | s̨ | i | e | a | ǫ | o | u | ĭ | ĕ | ŭ | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /m̥/ | /m/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /l̥/ | /l/ | /ʦ/ | /ʣ/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ɾ̥/ | /n/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ç/ | /ʝ/ | /j̊/ | /j/ | /sʷ/ | /sʲ/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ä/ | /ɒ/ | /o/ | /u/ | /ɪ/ | /ɛ/ | /ʊ/ |
Note
- Words in red indicate objects or concepts not known in Sefdaania.
1.0 Universe
- a. What words refer to everything we can see?
- universe, cosmos - alme̋ȝo [< al, privative prefix, me̋ȝi, adj. measurable]
- creation - ƥűto
- heaven and earth - nűmok̬e ta̋lek̬e
- macrocosm - méżalme̋ȝo [méżi, adj. large]
- everything that exists – ore̋santos [< őri, adj. all; e̋sa, i.v. be]
1.1 Sky
- a. What words are used to refer to the sky?
- sky, firmament - nűmo
- canopy - űngo
- vault - ƣűvo
- b. What words refer to air around the earth?
- air - ga̋a̋lo
- atmosphere, airspace – gaala̋a̋ro [< ga̋a̋lo, air; a̋a̋ro, open space]
- troposphere - gáálṡurkĕle̋ƣo [< gaalo, air; ṡűrko, current; le̋ƣo, layer]
- stratosphere - tiiþmégaamle̋ƣo}} [< tiiþme̋a, temperature; ga̋a̋ma, t.v. increase; le̋ƣo, layer]
- mesosphere - tiiþmépinle̋ƣo [< tiiþme̋a, temperature; pı̋na, t.v. decrease; le̋ƣo, layer]
- thermosphere - þómpusle̋ƣo [< þőmi, adj. meager; pű|ṡa, t.v. compress; le̋ƣo, layer]
- exosphere - sil̤e̋ƣo [< síli, adj. outermost; le̋ƣo, layer]
- ozone layer - kooxǧíísuvle̋ƣo [< kőőxi, adj. blue; ǧíía, life; subo, gas; le̋ƣo, layer]
- c. What words are used to refer to the place or area beyond the sky?
- heaven - nűmo
- space - a̋a̋ro
- outer space - puusa̋a̋ro}} [< pűűsi, adj. outer; a̋a̋ro, open space]
- ether – diim̃e̋xra [< dı̋ı̋a, i.v. shine brightly; m̃e̋xra, matter]
- void - m̃a̋a̋nta [< m̃a̋a̋na, t.v. empty]
- solar system - suulta̋go [< sűűle, sun; ta̋go, system]
- d. What words describe something in the sky or something that happens in the sky?
- aerial - ga̋a̋lm̃i
- heavenly, celestial - nűmm̃i
- atmospheric - gaala̋a̋rm̃i
- stratospheric - tiiþmégaamle̋ƣm̃i
- e. What words describe the appearance of the sky?
- blue - numkőőxi [< nűmo, sky; kőőxi, adj. blue]
- black [of the night] - kőni
- cloudy, cloud-filled - ne̋vri [< ne̋vo, cloud]
- brilliant - pa̋a̋ugi
- dark - żími
- night sky - laaþnűmo [< la̋a̋ta, night; nűmo, sky]
- foreboding - naƣűri
- stormy - ðűűi
- star-studded - ṡűxri
- clear sky - ga̋no
- f. What words refer to the edge of the sky where it meets the ground?
- horizon, skyline – numm̃űȝo [< nűmo, sky; m̃űȝo, limit]
- g. What words refer to something in the sky?
- heavenly-, celestial-, -body - numm̃e̋ko [< nűmo, sky; m̃e̋ko, thing]
- luminary - f̨őþlo [< f̨őþa, i.v. light; -l-, verbal agent suffix]
- h. What words refer to the lights that appear in the northern (or southern) sky?
- aurora borealis - kirűƣ̨e
- northern lights - kuðf̨őþos
- southern lights - lum̃f̨őþos
- i. What words refer to something being in the sky?
- aloft, up in the sky, up in the air - óónvi
1.1.1 Heavenly bodies – numm̃e̋kos
1.1.1.1 Sun
- a. What words refer to the sun?
- sun, sol - sűűl|e. - i, solar.
- daystar - ahṡűxe
- b. What words refer to how the sun moves?
- rise, come up - re̋na
- set, go down, sink – dűűa
- cross the sky - nűmom ta̋ra
- c. What words refer to the time when the sun rises?
- dawn - va̋iƣa
- sunrise, sunup - ne̋e̋da
- daybreak - ahtőðra [< aha, morning; tőda, t.v. begin]
- cockcrow - puunżĕka̋a̋m̃a [< pűűnże, cock; ka̋a̋m̃a, i.v. crow]
- d. What words refer to the time when the sun is at its highest point?
- noon - na̋a̋ża
- zenith - numőőnta [< nűmo, sky; őőnta, height]
- e. What words refer to the time when the sun sets?
- sunset, sundown - dűűa
- dusk, twilight - ðe̋uska
- eventide - ȝı̋ta
- f. What words refer to when the sun is shining?
- shine - dı̋ı̋a
- sunny - sűűlri
- bright – dı̋ı̋i
- give light - f̨őþa
- daytime - ahf̨őþa
- g. What words refer to the sun shining through the clouds?
- come out - ka̋ȝa
- break through [the clouds] - [ne̋von] re̋uga
- go behind [a cloud] - [nevős pósa] la̋a̋ða [< la̋a̋ða, i.v. hide]
- h. What words describe where the sun is shining?
- sunlit, lit by the sun - suulf̨őþaþi
- be (out) in the sun – suule̋s néra vűűa [< néra, under]
- shine on – éva ve̋la
- be in the sunlight – suulf̨oþős éna vűűa
- sunny (spot) - sűűlro (ðe̋e̋o)
- i. What words describe when or where the sun does not shine?
- shade, shadow - nı̋ı̋z|o. -i, shady
- eclipse [v.] - żı̋ma
- eclipse of the sun - suulżı̋mo
- sunless - fŭsűűli
- j. What words refer to the light of the sun?
- sunlight, sunshine - suulf̨őþo
- ray, beam - he̋e̋ro
- light - f̨őþo
- sunbeam - suulhe̋e̋ro
- radiance - he̋e̋r̈a
- glow - a̋a̋so
- sparkle, glisten - nı̋ga
- glare - pa̋a̋ugo
- k. What words describe the brightness of the sun?
- bright - dı̋i
- intense - m̃a̋li
- brilliant, luminous - pa̋a̋ugi
- blinding - re̋e̋manti
- glaring - pa̋a̋uganti
- glistening - nı̋ganti
- dim - le̋ini
- l. What refers to the sun heating things?
- warm - te̋pi
- heat - tı̋ı̋þa
- dry – sa̋usi
- m. What else does the sun do?
- looks down on - éva n̨aża̋ba
- n. What words describe the damage done by sunlight?
- sunburn – te̋e̋do
- sunstroke, heatstroke, heat prostration - tiiþda̋mo
- suntan, tan - suulba̋do
- sun damage - suulva̋no
- fading from the sun - suulma̋zo
- bleached by the sun - suulpa̋ȝaþi
- o. What do people use to protect themselves from the sun?
- sunglasses - żimve̋do
- shade tree - niizha̋iso
- suntan lotion - súúlaiðsa̋vt̬i [< sűűle, sun; a̋iða, t.v. burn; sa̋ba, t.v. hinder; -t̬i, noun suffix indicating a medicine]
- awning - pűlto
- sun umbrella, parasol - suulnı̋ı̋zlo [< sűűle, sun; nı̋ı̋za, t.v. shade; -lo, instrument suffix]
- sunbonnet - niizṡa̋bo [< nı̋ı̋za, t.v. shade; ṡa̋bo, hat]
- hat - ṡa̋bo
- visor – telkı̋ȝo
- p. What words are used of telling time by the sun?
- sundial, sun-clock - súúltenme̋lo [< sűűle, sun; te̋na, time; me̋a, t.v. measure; -lo, instrument suffix]
- angle of the sun - suulkőőno [< sűűle, sun; kőőno, angle]
- shoot the sun - sűűlem me̋a [< me̋a, measure]
- sextant - súúlkoonme̋lo
- position of the sun - suulðe̋e̋o
- q. What words refer to using the power of the sun?
- solar energy - suulfe̋do
- solar power - suulm̃a̋xra [sűűle, sun; m̃a̋ka, t.v. empower]
- solar panel - súúlterkı̋ȝo [sűűle, sun; te̋ro, room; -k-, diminutive suffix, -ı̋ȝ-, collective suffix]
1.1.1.2 Moon
- a. What words refer to the moon?
- moon - e̋ide
- satellite - ba̋l̤o
- full moon – b̨aage
- first quarter moon – dűste
- last quarter moon – þ̨őlǧe
- new moon - ze̋e̋re
- b. What words refer to how the moon moves?
- rise - re̋na
- set, sink - dűűa
- c. What words refer to the time when the moon rises?
- moonrise, rising of the moon – eiðre̋nra
- d. What words refer to the time when the moon sets?
- moonset, setting of the moon – eiðdűűra
- e. What words refer to when the moon is shining?
- moon is shining, the moon is out - e̋ida
- by the light of the moon - eiðf̨oþa̋s xéma
- moon is coming out - ka̋ȝa
- f. What words describe where the moon is shining?
- moonlit, lit by the moon - eiðf̨őþaþi
- be in the moonlight – eiðf̨oþa̋s éna vűűa
- g. What words describe when or where the moon does not shine?
- moonless night - fe̋ida la̋a̋ta
- eclipse of the moon - eiðżı̋ma
- eclipse (v.) - żı̋ma
- h. What words refer to the light of the moon?
- moonlight, moonshine - eiðf̨őþa
- moonbeam - eiðhe̋e̋ro
- i. What words describe the brightness of the moon?
- bright - dı̋ı̋i
- pale - le̋ini
- j. What words describe the appearance of the moon?
- man in the moon - b̨aaƣṡe̋ṡe [< b̨a̋a̋ge, full moon; ṡe̋ṡe, hare]
- harvest moon - koib̨a̋a̋ge [< kőȝo, harvest]
- k. What words refer to the spots on the moon?
- lunar sea - éiðkeba̋ro [< e̋ide, moon; keba̋ro, steppe]
- crater - ðűmbo
- l. What words refer to the phases of the moon?
- phase - zı̋no [< zı̋no, form, feature]
- half moon - fele̋ide
- quarter moon - na̋a̋lte e̋ide
- crescent, sliver – (eið)kőðlo [< kőðlo, sickle]
- moon is waxing - me̋ża
- moon is waning - pı̋na
- m. What words refer to the time it takes for the moon to go through its phases?
- lunar month - e̋ida
1.1.1.3 Star
- a. What words are used to refer to the stars?
- star - ṡűke
- b. What words describe the sky when the stars are shining?
- starlit (sky) – ṡuxf̨őþaþo (nűmo)
- (sky is) ablaze with stars - (nűmo) ṡuke̋n šéða a̋iðo (vűűa)
- starry (sky), star-studded (sky) - ṡűxro (nűmo)
- stars are shining – ṡűkes ðe̋m̃a
- c. What words are used for where the stars are shining?
- starlit, lit by the stars - ṡuxf̨őþaþi
- d. What words are used for when or where the stars do not shine?
- starless sky/night - fŭṡűko nűmo, fŭṡűka la̋a̋ta
- e. What words refer to the light of the stars?
- starlight - ṡuxf̨őþa
- f. What words describe the brightness of the stars?
- bright - dı̋ı̋i
- brilliant, luminous - pa̋a̋ugi
- dim - le̋ini
- g. What words describe the appearance of the stars?
- twinkle - v̌e̋ka
- wink - k̨űma
- glittering - nı̋ganti
- star-shaped - ṡuxzı̋ni
- h. What words refer to the study of the stars?
- astronomy - ṡuxsa̋a̋r̈a [< sa̋a̋ra, t.v. know]
- astronomer - ṡúxsaar̈a̋a̋gu [< -a̋a̋gu, nominal agent suffix]
- astrology - ṡuxta̋a̋fra [< ta̋a̋fa, t.v. foresee]
- astrologer - ṡúxtaafra̋a̋gu
- stargazer - ṡuxża̋vlu [ża̋ba, t.v. gaze upon]
- i. What is a group of stars called?
- constellation - ṡuxgı̋ı̋ro [< gı̋ı̋ra, t.v. draw]
- galaxy - ṡukı̋ȝo [< ı̋ȝo, collective suffix]
- nebula - ṡuxne̋vo [< ne̋vo, cloud]
1.1.1.4 Planet
- a. What words refer to a planet?
- planet - d̬őőne
- wandering star - ma̋lante ṡűke
- b. What are the names of the planets?
- Mercury -ȝŭȝud̬őőne [< ȝŭȝűi, adj. innermost]
- Venus – nevd̬őőne [< ne̋vo, cloud]
- Morning Star - aaiṡűke [< a̋a̋ȝa, morning]
- Evening Star - ȝiþṡűke [< ȝı̋ta, evening]
- Earth - v̌e̋e̋te
- Mars - reuðd̬őőne [< reuði, adj. red]
- Jupiter - eeld̬őőne [< e̋e̋lo, stripe]
- Saturn - aand̬őőne [< a̋a̋no, ring]
- Uranus -lend̬őőne [< le̋na, t.v. tilt]
- Neptune- kooxd̬őőne [< kőőxi, adj. blue]
- c. What words refer to how the planets move?
- revolve [on its axis] - t̨űla
- orbit [around the sun] - ba̋la
- d. What words refer to the sun and planets?
- solar system - suulta̋go
1.1.1.5 Comet, Meteor, Asteroid
- e. What words refer to comets?
- comet - voxd̬őőne [< vőxo, flame]
- tail - pőɫo
- head - nı̋ı̋mo
- f. What do comets do?
- appear - ka̋ȝa
- disappear - ma̋a̋ȝa
- g. What words refer to meteors?
- meteor, shooting star, falling star - foolṡűke [< főőla, i.v. fall]
- meteor trail - fóólṡuxsa̋a̋go [< sa̋a̋go, trail]
- meteor shower - fóólṡuxṡa̋do [< ṡa̋do, shower]
- h. What do meteors do?
- flash across the sky – nűmom tára pa̋a̋uga
- blaze a trail across the sky - nűmom tára sa̋a̋gom vőxa
- strike the earth - v̌e̋e̋tem tűűga
- make a crater – ðűmbom va̋a̋na
- burn up - a̋iða
- i. What words are used for when a meteor hits the earth?
- meteorite - numta̋a̋ino [< nűmo, sky; ta̋a̋ino, rock]
- meteor crater - númtaainðűmbo
- j. What is a small planet called?
- asteroid - balta̋a̋ino [< ba̋la, t.v. orbit; ta̋a̋ino, rock]
1.1.2 Air
- a. What words refer to the air we breathe?
- air - ga̋a̋lo
- b. What words refer to how much water is in the air?
- humid, damp, muggy - la̋ti
- humidity - la̋þta
- dry - sa̋usi
- sticky - le̋e̋ȝi
- c. What words describe good air (such as when the air in a room is clean or doesn't smell bad)?
- fresh air – lőővo ga̋a̋lo
- airy - ga̋a̋lri
- well ventilated – súvi ga̋a̋laþi
- d. What words describe bad air (such as when the air in a room is dirty, hot, smells bad, or too many people are breathing)?
- stuffy - þómvi ga̋a̋laþi
- airless - vĭga̋a̋li
- stifling - ǧa̋a̋ðanti
- polluted - ba̋þaþi [< ba̋þa, t.v. pollute]
- air pollution - gaalba̋þra
- smog - muuxka̋ino [< műűxo, smoke; ka̋ino, fog]
1.1.2.1 Blow air
- a. What words refer to causing air to move?
- blow - m̃e̋e̋a
- fan - ðűka
- exhaust - műda
- expel - de̋ga
- explode - na̋ba
- b. What words refer to letting air blow through something?
- air out, ventilate - gaalı̋d̨a
- c. What words refer to putting air into something (such as a tire or balloon)?
- blow up, inflate, pump up – bűa
- pneumatic - ga̋a̋lm̃i
- d. What words refer to keeping air out of something?
- seal - sa̋ba (v.), sa̋vlo (n.)
- airtight - gaals̨őőmi [< -s̨őőm-, adj. suffix used to indicate imperviousness]
- e. What words refer to how much air is in something?
- air pressure - gaalűvra [< űba, t.v. press]
- vacuum - m̃a̋a̋nra [< m̃a̋a̋ni, empty]
- f. What words refer to using the wind to winnow grain?
- winnow - ne̋i|ka. -xlo, winnowing fan
- g. What tools and machines are used to create or use the wind?
- fan - m̃e̋e̋lo
- air pump - gaalðe̋mlo [< ðe̋ma, t.v. pump out]
- bellows - buma̋ko [< bűa, t.v. inflate; ma̋ko, bag]
- ventilator - ga̋a̋l̤o
- wind tunnel - m̃eetűlo [< tűlo, duct]
- propeller - de̋e̋m̃lo}} [< de̋e̋m̃a, t.v. drive on]
- air pipe - gaaltı̋vo [< tı̋vo, pipe]
- airshaft - gaaltűlo}} [< tűlo, duct]
- vent - gaal̤űro [< lűro, opening]
- chimney - kőƣɫo
- flue - ra̋po
- exhaust - muðsűbo [< műda, t.v. exhaust; sűbo, gas]
- funnel - pe̋e̋l̤o [< pe̋e̋la, t.v. fill]
- windmill - m̃éémolde̋mo, windmill [< me̋e̋e, wind; mőla, grind; de̋mo, building]
- sail - seke̋lo
- valve - daare̋e̋ilo [< da̋a̋a, i.v. flow; re̋e̋ȝa, t.v. regulate]
1.1.3 Weather
- a. What words refer to the weather?
- weather - la̋þo
- weather conditions - laþṡűros
- atmospheric conditions. - gáálaarṡűros
- b. What words describe the weather when it is good?
- sunny - sűűli
- sunshine - suulf̨őþa
- clear, fair (weather), fine (day) - ȝe̋xi
- good (weather) - me̋e̋ƣo
- c. What words describe the weather when it is getting better?
- clear, clear up - ȝe̋xa
- sun comes out - ka̋ȝa
- d. What words describe the weather when it is bad?
- bad, foul, inclement, rough - ðűűi
- severe - ka̋li
- e. What words describe the weather when it is getting worse?
- cloud up - ne̋va
- f. What words describe the weather when it changes?
- cold front - sőȝo laþtűbo [< tűbo, edge]
- warm front - te̋po laþtűbo [< tűbo, edge]
- storm front – ðűűo laþtűbo [< tűbo, edge]
- g. What words describe the weather when it stays the same?
- stretch of good weather – me̋e̋ƣo laþős dı̋ı̋ta [< dı̋ı̋ta, period]
- h. What words are used to describe any kind of weather?
- in any kind of weather - k̬enı̋mo laþős éna
- i. What words describe the temperature?
- temperature - tiiþme̋o
- hot - tı̋ı̋þ|i. -o, heat
- warm, mild - te̋pi
- cold, chilly, crisp - sőȝi
- unseasonably warm/cold - álȝeerðűvi te̋pi/sőȝi
- scorching - őőlanti
- heat wave - tiiþdı̋ı̋ta [< dı̋ı̋ta, period]
- cold spell, cold snap - kaþsőita [< ka̋ti, adj. sudden; sőita, coldness]
- frigid - ȝe̋gi
- freezing - űɫi
- be a chill in the air - gaalős éna sőȝo
- j. What words describe the weather when there is a lot of water in the air?
- humid, damp - la̋|ti. -þta, humidity
- k. What words refer to the type of weather a place normally has?
- dry/wet/cold/hot climate – sa̋usa/ma̋a̋na/sőȝa/tı̋ı̋þa latı̋ȝa [< -ı̋ȝ-, collective suffix]
- tropical - tiiþla̋ti [< tı̋ı̋þi, adj. hot; la̋ti, adj. humid]
- temperate - na̋a̋ɫi
- l. What words describe something that has been exposed to the weather for a long time?
- weather-beaten - laþde̋faþi [< de̋fa, t.v. pound]
- weathered - laþże̋e̋ri [< że̋e̋ra, i.v. age]
- m. What words refer to studying the weather?
- meteorology - laþsa̋a̋r̈a}}
- meteorologist – láþsaar̈a̋a̋gu
- weatherman - laþm̃a̋a̋þlu [< m̃a̋a̋ta, t.v. predict]
- n. What instruments are used to study the weather?
- thermometer - tiiþme̋lo [< mea, t.v. measure; -l-, verbal agent suffix]
- barometer - uvrĕme̋lo}} [< űba, t.v. press (down); -l-, verbal agent suffix]
- anemometer - m̃eeme̋lo [< mea, t.v. measure; -l-, verbal agent suffix]
- weathervane - m̃eesűűþlo [< m̃e̋e̋e, wind; sűűta, t.v. indicate; -l-, verbal agent suffix]
- windsock - meez̨őno [< z̨őno sleeve]
- o. What words refer to a report about the weather?
- weather forecast - laþm̃a̋a̋þra [< m̃a̋a̋ta, t.v. predict]
- weather report - laþȝe̋żo [< ȝe̋żo, report]
- the outlook - porna̋xra [< póru, adv. forward; na̋ka, t.v. see]
1.1.3.1 Wind
- a. What general words refer to the wind?
- wind -m̃e̋e̋|e. -i, windy
- wind current - m̃eeṡűrko [< ṡűrko, current]
- b. What words describe a wind that only lasts a short time?
- breath of air - m̃eeve̋so [< ve̋so, breath]
- puff of wind - m̃eeṡ̬e̋so [< ṡ̬e̋so, puff]
- gust - pűfo
- blast - m̃eena̋ba [< na̋ba, burst]
- c. What words describe a steady wind?
- steady wind - pa̋ge m̃e̋e̋e
- trade wind - ṡ̨oga̋s m̃e̋e̋e [< ṡ̨őga, trade]
- monsoon winds - ȝeersűűm̃e m̃e̋e̋es
- d. What words describe a wind that comes and goes?
- intermittent - lőmi
- gusty - pűfi
- blustery - sűűsi
- e. What words describe a strong wind?
- heavy, strong wind - m̃a̋li m̃e̋e̋e [< m̃a̋li, strong]
- squall - ðűűko [< ðűűo, storm; -k-, diminutive suffix]
- gale - t̨aarðűűo [< t̨a̋a̋ri, short]
- stormy wind - ðuum̃me̋e̋e
- howling wind - ƣumm̃e̋e̋e [< ƣűma, i.v. howl]
- f. What words describe a light wind?
- light-, gentle-, -wind, breeze, zephyr - m̃e̋e̋k|e [< -k-, diminutive suffix]. -i, breezy
- draft - űmto
- g. What words describe a windstorm?
- windstorm - m̃eeðűűo
- sandstorm - lim̃ðűűo [< lı̋m̃o, sand]
- tempest - ðűű|o. -i, tempestuous
- h. What words refer to a wind that moves in a circle?
- whirlwind, twister, cyclone - sűre; aus̈űre, typhoon [< a̋usa, east]; m̃es̈űre, hurricane [< m̃e̋sa, west]
- dust devil - ðuum̃sűre [< ðűűm̃o, dust]
- waterspout - aamsűre [< a̋a̋me, flowing water]
- i. What words refer to a warm or cold wind?
- chinook, sirocco, foehn - sausm̃e̋e̋e [< sa̋usi, adj. dry]
- j. What words describe when the wind begins?
- pick up, rise, freshen - ga̋a̋ma [< ga̋a̋ma, increase]
- gather, blow up - tőda [< tőda, begin]
- k. What words describe when the wind stops?
- drop, die down - de̋usa [< de̋usa, stop]
- calm, still - k̬ı̋ı̋li
- l. What words describe the direction of the wind?
- north/south/east/west wind - kűðe/lűm̃e/a̋a̋use/m̃e̋se m̃e̋e
- wind off the ocean, ocean breeze - kana̋ke
- wind from the mountains, mountain breeze - ǧaarm̃e̋e̋e [< ǧa̋a̋ro, mountain]
- wind from the desert - m̃aastĕm̃e̋e̋e [< m̃a̋a̋sto, desert]
- updraft - anűmto [< ánu, upward]
- downdraft - n̨űmto [< n̨u, downward]
- head wind - þosm̃e̋e̋e [< þősa, t.v. oppose]
- tail wind - vaaþm̃e̋e̋e [< va̋a̋ta, t.v. push]
- cross breeze - tarm̃e̋e̋e [< ta̋ra, t.v., cross]
- windward - a̋rƣi
- leeward - teƣpe̋gi [< te̋ga, t.v. shelter; pe̋go, side]
- prevailing - va̋a̋di [< va̋a̋da, t.v. accustom]
- m. What does the wind do?
- blow - m̃e̋e̋a
- knock down (things) - n̨u þőka [< þőka, t.v. knock]
- rip-, tear-, -off - ṡı̋ı̋a [< ṡı̋ı̋a, t.v. tear up]
- bend - le̋uga
- puff out, billow out [sail] - ṡűűma
- push [boat] - va̋a̋ta
- raise [waves] - e̋e̋ga
- fan [flames] - ðűka
- push snow into drifts - m̃e̋e̋on éna tőm̃om m̃e̋e̋a [< tőm̃o, fallen snow]
- ventilate [a house] - ga̋a̋la
- n. What words describe something being blown by the wind?
- be blown by the wind - m̃eee̋s xéma m̃e̋e̋aþo ı̋la
- wind blows something - m̃e̋e̋e tííðom m̃e̋e̋a
- blow away - ápu m̃e̋e̋a
- waft on the breeze - m̃e̋e̋kem éna m̃e̋va
- flutter in the breeze - m̃eeke̋s éna zőőla
- be carried by the wind - m̃eee̋s xéma ne̋xaþo ı̋la
- be borne along on/by the wind - m̃eee̋s éna/xéma ne̋xaþo ı̋la
- be picked up by the wind - m̃eee̋s xéma le̋saþo ı̋la
- o. What instruments are used to measure the direction or force of the wind?
- see 1.1.3.n above
- p. What sounds does the wind make?
- whisper - sı̋ma
- sigh - zı̋ga
- moan, howl - ƣűma
- whistle - šı̋a
- scream - kűda
- shriek - ka̋a̋m̃a
- sough - sűűsa
1.1.3.2 Cloud
- a. What words refer to a cloud?
- cloud - ne̋vo
- b. What do clouds do?
- rain - sűűm̃a
- build - ga̋a̋ma [< ga̋a̋ma, increase]
- rise - re̋na
- gather - le̋ża
- disperse - mőőxa
- billow - ṡűűma
- threaten - šı̋na
- shadow - nı̋ı̋za
- obscure - ðe̋e̋ma
- hide (the sun) - la̋a̋ða
- c. What words describe different kinds of clouds?
- storm clouds - ðuune̋vos
- rain clouds - suum̃ne̋vos
- cumulus - gumne̋vo [< gűmo, heap]
- thunderhead – ton̈e̋vo
- anvil-shaped - żirb̨őri
- nimbus - borne̋vo [< bori, adj. gray]
- fluffy - te̋fi
- cirrus - fun̈e̋vo [< fűno, feather]
- wispy - þe̋fi
- vapor trail - ȝéƣh̬alsa̋a̋go [< ȝe̋go, ice; h̬a̋lo, crystal; sa̋a̋go, trail]
- haze, mist, fog - ka̋in|o. -i hazy, foggy, misty
- steam - műso
- vapor - ð̬e̋e̋ko
- band - e̋e̋lo
- smog - muuxka̋ino [< muuxo, smoke]
- d. What words describe how many clouds are in the sky?
- cloudy, overcast - ne̋vri
- cloud up, be clouded over - ne̋va
- cloud cover - nevka̋ðo [< ka̋ða, t.v. cover]
- partly cloudy - fááivi ne̋vri [< fa̋a̋ȝa, t.v. part]
- scattered clouds - ża̋a̋daþo ne̋vos [< ża̋a̋da, t.v. scatter]
1.1.3.3 Rain
- a. What words refer to the rain?
- rain, rainfall - sűűm̃e
- precipitation - aamfőőlra [< a̋a̋me, water; főőla, i.v. fall]
- b. What does the rain do?
- rain (v.), fall - sűűm̃a
- pelt - féðvi sűűm̃e
- splatter - űṡa
- drench - ƣoma̋a̋na [< ƣo-, intensive prefix]
- water (v.) - ma̋a̋na
- c. What words describe the weather when it is raining?
- rainy - sűűm̃i
- wet - ma̋a̋ni
- d. What words refer to when the rain stops?
- stop raining - sűűm̃u de̋usa
- e. What words describe how hard it is raining?
- sprinkle, drizzle - ƥűsa
- light rain, shower - le̋ɫe sűűm̃e
- pour - gűűsa
- downpour, cloudburst, deluge, hard/heavy/driving rain - musűro
- rainstorm - suum̃ðűűo
- torrent - ṡarsa̋a̋ko
- thundershower - tonsűűm̃e
- f. What words describe when it rains a lot?
- rainy season, monsoon - ȝeersűűm̃e
- g. What is a single drop of rain?
- raindrop, drop - suum̃sı̋bo
- h. What words refer to rain water on the ground?
- puddle - te̋þo
- i. What sound does the rain make?
- pitter-patter, drip drip - liplip
- drum - tűma (i.v.)
- j. What words refer to a rainbow?
- rainbow - tulı̋mo
- k. What words refer to dew?
- dew - rőso
- dewdrop - ros̈ı̋bo
- damp with dew - rosla̋ti
- l. What do people use to protect themselves from the rain?
- umbrella - nexĭnı̋ı̋zo [< ne̋x̨i, portable; nı̋ı̋zo, shade]
- raincoat - akűvo
- boot - fa̋a̋þo
1.1.3.4 Snow, ice
- a. What words refer to different kinds of snow?
- frozen snow - ṡ̨a̋go
- frozen crust on snow - ke̋ro
- thin covering of snow - kı̋rmo
- falling snow – lűűfo
- soft snow - műƣro
- wet snow - m̃a̋ṡo
- snow on trees - rı̋no
- fallen snow - tőm̃o
- sastruga - tom̃rı̋ı̋no [< rı̋ı̋no, ridge]
- sleet - ȝeƣsűűm̃|o. -i, sleety
- hail - ţőlo
- hailstorm - ţolðűűo
- snowstorm - sı̋go
- ice storm - ȝeƣðűűo
- blizzard - ƣosı̋go [< ƣo-, intensive prefix]
- snow flurry - lűűfko
- b. What does the snow do?
- snow (v.) - lűűfa
- drift - m̃e̋e̋a
- cover (the ground) - ka̋ða
- blanket (v.) - da̋ka
- be snowed in - tom̃ős xéma ža̋raþo ı̋la [< ža̋ra, t.v confine]
- c. What words refer to a piece of snow or ice?
- snowflake - luufpa̋vo
- hailstone - ţőlta̋a̋ino
- block of ice - (ȝéƣ)siima̋to [< siima̋to, block]
- ice cube - (ȝéƣ)siima̋þko
- d. What words refer to snow or ice on the ground?
- ice - ȝe̋go
- drift - tom̤̃e̋e̋o
- snowbank - tom̃rı̋ı̋no
- blanket - tom̃da̋ko
- snow cover - tom̃ka̋ðo
- dusting - tom̃ðűűm̃u
- icicle - ṡ̨a̋a̋to
- sheet of ice - ȝeƣla̋mo [< la̋ma, t.v. plate]
- iceberg - ȝeƣǧa̋ro [< ǧa̋ro, mountain]
- glacier - ȝeƣda̋a̋o [< da̋a̋a, i.v. flow]
- e. What words refer to snow on a mountain?
- snowcap - tom̃kőudo [< kőudo, cap]
- snowfield - tom̃a̋a̋ro [< a̋a̋ro, open space]
- avalanche - ža̋ṁo
- f. What words refer to frost?
- frost - sűðo
- g. What do people do with snow?
- shovel - vőða
- plow - ƣa̋na
- h. What do people make with snow?
- snowball - tom̃ge̋lo [< ge̋lo, ball]
- snowman - tom̃n̨a̋ro [< n̨a̋ru, loquent being]
- igloo - tom̤̃e̋e̋so
- i. What tools do people use with snow?
- ice axe - ȝeƣkǫ̋ǫ̋m̃lo [< kǫ̋ǫ̋m̃a, t.v. hew]
- snow shovel - tom̃vőðlo [< vőða, t.v. shovel]
- snowplow - tom̃ƣa̋nlo [< ƣa̋na, t.v. plow]
- j. What words refer to moving on snow or ice?
- ski (v.) - ša̋sa
- skis - ša̋sos
- skate (v.) - lűűża
- sled, sleigh, sledge - nőrto
- snowshoe - ta̋ƣlo
- iceskate - luuzþa̋a̋bo [< þa̋a̋bo, shoe]
- slide, slip - pı̋za
- k. What words refer to water turning into ice?
- freeze - űɫa
- ice over/up - ufȝe̋ga
- l. What words refer to snow and ice turning into water?
- melt - ta̋a̋m̃a
- melt water - taam̃hűro [< hűro, water]
- thaw - þ̨a̋ra
- (turn to) slush - ȝeƣlı̋o (ı̋la) [< lı̋o, mud; ı̋la, i.v. become]
- m. What words refer to frozen ground?
- tundra - ȝeƣta̋lo [< ta̋lo, ground]
- permafrost - ṡúrȝeƣta̋lo [< ṡűri, adj. permanent]
- n. What words describe a time when it snows?
- snowy - tőm̃i
- o. What words describe something that has snow or ice on it?
- snowy, snow-covered - tom̃ka̋ði
- icy - ȝe̋gi
- frosty – sűði
1.1.3.5 Storm
- a. What general words refer to a storm?
- storm - ðűűo
- be stormy – ðűűi vűűa
- stormy weather - ðuula̋þo
- b. What words refer to a storm starting?
- break - tőda [< tőda, begin]
- c. What words refer to a storm stopping?
- die down - de̋usa [< de̋usa, stop]
1.1.3.6 Lightning and thunder
- a. What words refer to lightning?
- lightning - he̋le
- lightning bolt, thunderbolt, lightning flash - helpa̋a̋ugo [< pa̋a̋ugo, flash]
- lightning storm - helðűűo
- b. What does lightning do?
- strike - tűűga
- flash - pa̋a̋uga
- streak - e̋e̋la
- c. What do people use to protect themselves from lightning?
- lightning rod - hel̤a̋xlo [< la̋xa, t.v. deflect]
- d. What words refer to thunder?
- thunder - tőno
- thunderstorm - tonðűűo
- thundercloud - ton̈e̋vo
- e. What words describe the sound thunder makes?
- peal, clap, crack - tűűgo
- rumble, boom, roll - ðe̋rm̃a
1.1.3.7 Flood
- a. What words refer to when the ground is covered by water?
- flood, deluge - lı̋ı̋mo
- flood, inundate - lı̋ı̋ma
- b. What words refer to a flood ending?
- recede - lőȝa [< lőȝa, subside]
- c. What words refer to an area that is often flooded by a river?
- floodplain - liimle̋po
- d. What words refer to the material left behind by a flood?
- silt - tı̋ı̋o
1.1.3.8 Drought
- a. What words refer to a time when there is little or no rain?
- drought - fŭsuum̃dı̋ı̋ta [< fŭ-; privative prefix; sűűm̃e, rain; dı̋ı̋ta, period]
- b. What words describe the ground when there is no rain?
- dry - sa̋usi
- parched - ǧa̋li
- cracked - fı̋saþi
- dusty - ðűűm̃i
