Proto-Cardial

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Proto-Huamish is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Huamish languages. It is estimated to have been spoken around 5.500 BC.

Phonology

Consonants

  Labial Dental Sibilants Palatal Velar Glottal
Front Back
Stops and
affricates
"Emphatic" *pʰ *tʰ *(tʃ) *(tʃ)   *kʰ  
Fortis *p *t *ts *(tʃ)   *k  
Lenis *b *d *dz *(tʃ)   *g  
Fricatives Fortis *f   *s *(ʃ)   *x *h
Lenis     *z *(ʃ)      
Nasals *m *n          
Laterals Fortis            
Lenis   *l          
Rhotics Fortis   *r          
Lenis            
Semivowels *w       *j    

Emphatic Stops

The exact quality of "emphatic stops" is difficult to determine. For a time it was proposed to give ejective values, the comparison of cognates with Kartvelian and Tommian show correspondences affirmatives. Apparently the Macro-Kartvelian ejectives would be conserved like the "emphatic stops" that reconstructed for Proto-Huamish.

In the descendant languages there are no remains of "emphatic", but they show different reflexes depending on the language.

Originally voiceless and voiced stops merged into voiced stops, so that voiceless stops are a later development to avoid the loss of the final consonants after the vowel readjustment.

The matter of "ʃ" and "tʃ"

It seems that the readjustment of vowels caused the sibilants to palatizate in final position so as not to get lost and these words acquired a diminutive sense. The words that did not adopt a diminutive meaning, reversed the change becoming * z < *ʃ and * ts < *tʃ.

Vowels

  Front Central Back
High *i   *u
Mid *e *o
Low   *a  

The middle vowel reflexes

The *ə phoneme is marginal and seems to be the cause of vowel readjustment. In the different groups it has the following reflexes:

IPA North-West North-Central Central-West Central-Central Central-East South-Central South-east
*o > *u *e *u *e > *∅ *e *u *a

Morphology

Noun and adjective declension

Case Singular Plural Indefinite
Nominative *-(a) *-n(a) *-r(a)
Vocative *-fo *-no *-ro
Ergative *-m(a) *-tʰ(a) *-pəm(a)
Dative-Genitive *-z(a) *-pədz(a) *-xəz(a)
Instrumental *-ts(a) *-pəts(a) *-xəts(a)
Locative *-x(a) *-pəx(a) *-xə
Adverbial *-t(a) *-pət(a) *-xət(a)
Invertive *-u(a) *-bu(a) *-xu(a)

The *(a) can be eliminated for convenience

Honorific declension

Numerals

  Cardinal Ordinal
1 *ərtʰu *pʰiru
2 *ju *juru
3 *sum *sumuru
4 *ja *jaru
5 *hustʰu *hustʰuru
6 *sam *samru
7 *samtʰu *samtʰuru
8 *jo *joru
9 *tʰusa *tʰusaru
10 *hastʰu *hastʰuru
100 *əz *əzuru

Clearly can see the lack of numerals that are not developed from others, and at a glance can reconstruct values for a previous system. It is as if the first speakers had arrived in the peninsula with a poor number system and developed a larger one later (See below: Bastuli System).

Bastuli system

  Numerals Development in Proto-Huamish
1/2 (half) *hwərtʰu *tʰu has the meaning of 1, *hw-ər (meaning: "Half of"); Conserved in *ərtʰu literally "of one"
1 *pʰi It is preserved as "first"
2 *ju Will form a apophonic dual for 4 and this in turn another for 8
3 *sum Will form a apophonic dual for 6 and this in turn another for 12
4 *hus Preserved as *hus-tʰu (4+1=5) that will form a apophonic dual for 10 and this in turn another for 20
5 *iz Will form an apophonic plural, only preserved in *əz as 100
10 *sa Preserved only in 9 as *tʰu-sa (1-10)

The ancient numeral system is predictable because it is present in Bastuli (South-east), perhaps it was separated before the group, which forms the numbers in a different way. Three options are speculated:

1. The Bastuli system gave rise to the Proto-Huamish system.

2. The Bastuli system is an archaism that is preserved while the other languages developed a later system together.

3. Both numerical systems coexisted together and only one is preserved in bastuli

The most likely hypothesis is the 2.

Verbs

The structure of the polysynthetic verb is:

(Negation Adverb) - Subject VERB STEM Tense Object - (Subject Case)

the parts of the verb after the hyphens and between parenthesis can be eliminated and exchanged, the VERB STEM and its complements must always be obligatory.

Pronouns

The following pronouns can be reconstructed as suffixes for the verbs, as much as objects as subjects.

Personal pronouns

Only has two persons, the rest are named as a demonstrative pronoun according to the distance of the subject or object.

  Singular Plural
1st person Exclusive *me *tsi
Inclusive *na
2nd person Familiar *zi *zin
Polite *si *tʰi

A differentiation is presupposed as "polite" and "familiar" for Proto-Huamish, but no descendant language shows this differentiation although depending on the group loses one of these two pronouns. Know the value of the ancient "polite" and "familiar", because the daughter languages that have conserved the second person as "polite", also conserve an honorific declension.

Demonstrative pronouns

Some linguists include them in the system of personal pronouns, but to avoid an uncomfortable system of five grammatical persons, they separate. They also show the declination characteristics for an indefinite number, used as an interrogative.

  Singular Plural Indefinite/Interrogative
"Person" "It" *he *hen *ma
"Thing" "This" *hi *hin *su
"That" *xa *xan *sa

What is referred to as "person" or "thing" is no more than an adaptation to the English language this differentiation only exists in Proto-huamish for the interrogatives as "Who" (Person) and "What" (Thing).