Proto-Uralic/I
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| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *i_ə = std. PU *i_i (F *i_i, S *ɤ_ɤ, Mo *e, P *i, Ms *ä, Kh *ee, Smy *i) | old cases mostly *CVCV(CV)? | |||||||||
| "to suck" | *ime- | ńɤmɤ- | - | - | K. ńim- | ëm- | - | *eem- | *ńim-, *əm- | Two variants *imə-, *ńimə- |
| "stone" | *kivi | - | kev | *küj | U. kɤ ~ K. ki | köö : köve- |
*käw | *kööɣ | - | |
| "year ring" | *süü | *sēvɤ | - | *šĭja | *si | - | *täw | - | *tiə | *siwə? |
| "name" | *nimi | *nɤmɤ | *ľem | *lü̆m | *ńim | neev : neve- |
*nämə | *neem | *nim | Cf. IE; PBS *inmen- |
| "long" | *pit-kä | - | - | - | - | fël-, föl- | *pälit | *peL- | *pir- | |
| "tooth, flint" | *pii | - | pej | *püj | *piń | fog | *päŋk | *pööŋk | *pəj | S. *pānē probly unrelated. Smy. cf. *suŋə > *təŋ |
| "hedgehog" | *siili | - | *śejəľ | Hi. šülə ~ Me. šulo |
- | †sül | "soule" | - | - | *śixələ, ix > iw > ü in H? |
| "ceiling space" | *sii- | - | - | - | *śig | - | - | *siiŋ | *seŋ | |
| "last" | *vii- | - | - | - | - | veeg | - | - | - | |
| "to kill" | - | *fɤðō- "to beat" |
- | - | *vijɨ- | öl- | *äl- | *weeL- | H+Ms *wi- > *ü-. S. *vɤlē- "jump" to be excluded. | |
| "to scrape" | - | - | - | - | *ńir- | ńiir(o)- | - | - | Ne. ńira- | |
| "cloud" | *pilvi | *pɤlvɤ | peľ | *pĭl | *piľ- | felhöö | - | *peLəŋ | - | Kh. *e / _CC? |
| "to smell" | - | KiT *lɤkɤ | - | - | - | - | - | Vj ɭööɣ- | - | |
| "connecting river" | - | - | - | *wiš | *vis(k-) | *äɣt | - | - | - | StUE4. Ms *wi- > *ü-. |
| "tongs" | *pihti | *pɤstɤ | peš | - | K. peš | - | - | - | - | |
| "new" | *nükü | - | Er. ńej ~ Mk. ni |
- | *ni | - | - | - | - | *i-ü > *ü-ü in F. |
| "to stay" | *püsü- | - | *pezə- | pižä- | - | - | - | - | - | *i-ü > *ü-ü in F. |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "visible" | *ilmi | *ɤlmɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← *ilma |
| "wonder" | *imeh | *ɤmɤs | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← B? |
| "5" | *viici | *vītɤ | *veťɜ | *vĭć | *vit | öt(ö-) | *ät | *weet | *wü(ə)t | *wittə, H+Ms+Smy *wi- > *(w)ü-. FS *wiitə by analogy with *kuutə 'six'? |
| "gadfly" | - | - | - | - | - | - | *päləm | *peeLəm | #pil- | |
| "to pull" | - | - | - | - | - | ńer- | *ńär-əmt- | *ńeer- | - | CMs *ńä- > *ńi- |
| Permic *ɨ (default in non-palatal environs?) | ||||||||||
| "mouse" | *hiiri | - | *šeŋəŕ | - | *šɨr | egeer : egere- |
*täŋkər | *ɬööŋkər | - | |
| "behind" | *möö- | *mɤŋē | mej- | Hi məŋge ~ Me möŋgö |
K. mɨ-śt | mëg | CMs *män-t | - | - | F *iwä > *üwä > *öö |
| "illness" | *kitu- | - | - | - | *kɨž | - | - | *kečə | - | |
| "prop" | - | - | *ńežə- | - | K. mɨdž | - | E määs | *me₂č | - | Fi. nyde better < *nüðə |
| "conifer branch" | - | - | - | *lüjəš | *lɨs(k-) | - | - | *leepəs | - | |
| "to bathe" | - | - | - | - | *pɨlaś- | *fürö- | *päɣl- | *pööɣəL- | - | But cf. F. *külpe- (metathesis < *pülkə-??) |
| "rise (of water)" | - | - | - | - | K. ɨt-va | - | - | *eepət- | - | |
| "spark" | *kipen-- | *kɤpɤ | - | - | K. *kɨń | - | - | - | - | S "gunk, cover", semantics?? F also *küben |
| "threshing ground" |
*riihi | - | - | - | U. inšɨr ~ K. rɨnɨš |
- | - | - | - | E. rehi. Gmc (Riege etc) ← F. |
| "thick; big" | - | - | *ečkɜ | - | K. *ɨdžɨt | - | - | - | - | medials? |
| "all" | - | - | - | *ćĭlä | *ćɨl- | - | - | - | - | |
| Samic *ī-ɤ | ||||||||||
| "to soften" | - | *tīnɤ- | - | - | - | - | *tim- *tintəl- |
*tentəL- | - | StUE4 |
| "coal" | - | *čīnɤ | - | - | - | seen : sene- |
- | - | - | Or H. < *ćänä "tinder" |
| "smell" | - | *cīvnɤ | *čijńɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | *čixə-nə? |
| Std. PU *i_a (*i_ä) > similar except P ?? | ||||||||||
| "eye" | *silmä | *čɤlmē | *śeľmɜ | *s/šinzä | *śin(m-) | sëm | *šäm | *seem | *səjmä | |
| "father; big" | *isä | *ɤčē | Mk. oćä | *ĭźa | - | öös | *äćə | - | *äjsä | Contam. of *äjjä + *iśä in Smy? Mk from oću "big" < *ićäw (cf. F. *isoi)? |
| "to appear" | *itä- | *ɤcé- | - | - | - | - | *ätər- | *eet- | *ətä- | Cf. IE *ǵīd- |
| "(to) smell" | - | ɤpsē- | Mk opəś | *üpš | K. isk- | iiz(e-) | *ät(ə)- | *eepəL | *əptə- | |
| "to cover" | *pint-eh | - | - | - | *pod | fëd- | *pänt- | *peent- | - | |
| "deep; calm" | *tüveni | *tɤvē | - | *tüɣə | - | - | *täwənt | *teeɣən | - | F. *i > ü / _wä. Also: *süvä? |
| "knife" | - | - | - | kü̆źə | - | keeš | *käšV | *kööčəɣ | - | |
| "fir; pine" | - | - | - | Hi tɤrke | - | - | *tärəɣ | N. teexər | - | OU metathesis discrepancy. *tirKə-ka?! |
| "to hit" | - | - | *keŕV- | *kĭre- | *köral- | - | Tv kär- | - | - | |
| "sky" | - | - | *meńəľ | - | - | mëńń | - | - | - | *e_ə possible. H. *ńl > ńń |
| "crowd" | - | *vɤlvē | *veľɜ | *-wəlä | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "slanted" | *vino | *vɤńē | Er veńaža | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "trap" | *rita | *rɤtē | - | *lüðe | K. *ri | - | - | - | - | |
| "to stick" | *pistä- | *pɤstē- | - | Hi. pište- ~ Me. pɤšte- |
- | - | - | - | - | *pis-tä-, cf. "to stay" |
| "more, to add" | *lisä | *lɤsē | *ľezɜ | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "rowan" | *pihlä | - | *piźəl | *pĭzlə | U. paledź ~ K. pelɨź |
- | *päćər | *pećər | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| Loans (NB Mo. *i-a > *ə-a > *∅-a!) | ||||||||||
| "place" | *sija | *sɤjē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *stīja- |
| "" | *hiici | *sijtɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | (Sk *tiitə) | ← Gmc *sīdōn |
| "office, position" | *virka | *vīrkē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc. *wirkja-; F. *virka "sign" ← B. *virge-. Nen. ẃārkā (< *wärkä) "to lasso" doesn't belong |
| "good" | *hüvä | *sɤvē | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← Ir *šiva. Mo *čiva independantly. MaPH šuŋɜ "healthy" = different |
| "belt" | *hihna | - | *kšna | *šü̆štə | - | - | - | - | - | ← B. *šikšna |
| "wax" | - | - | *kšta | *šištə | U śuś ~ K śiś | - | - | - | - | ← II |
| "sand" | *liiva | - | - | - | U. luo ~ K. lɨva | - | - | *ɭowi | - | B ^ F → P → Kh |
| Samic *ī_ē | ||||||||||
| "breast" | *nisä | *ńīńčē | *ńimsä- | *ńimə-śä? S. *i > *ī also before palatals? (not in *mińa) | ||||||
| "inside; breast" | *sisä- | *čīńčē | *seźəm | *ćĭźə | - | sü(ü)ɟ; čëč |
N śiś | E ťuťi | *sünsə | Cf. the previous |
| "little bird" | - | *cīcē- | - | - | K. džɨdž | - | - | *čii₂nč | *sinsä- | Onomatopoetic? |
| "to let go" | - | *tīptē- | tuvto- | - | - | - | - | - | - | cf. *tejə ?? |
| "sno, frost" | - | *rīnē | - | *rün | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "grandmother" | - | *īmē | - | - | - | - | - | *ii₁mə | #imä | |
| "frost" | - | *pīcē | - | *pöršə | *puuž | - | - | *paačəm | - | Most better *pëčə |
| "to run, jump" | - | - | - | - | - | üüz- | *it(ɣəl-) | *ii₁t- | - | |
| "" | ||||||||||
| "" | ||||||||||
| Permic e ~ o | ||||||||||
| "daughter-in-law" | *miniä | *mɤńē | - | - | U. -meń ~ K. mooń | mëń | *mäńə | *meeń | *mäńä | |
| "to rut" | *kej-ma, *kii-ma |
*kīkɤ- | - | - | U. kemdžɨ- ~ K. koj |
kej-, höö | *käj- | *kööj- | - | *kixə ? S. *kēj-mē- ← F. |
| "to rip" | *kisko- | *kɤškō- | Er. śkiŕa- ~ Mk. kəśkəŕa- |
- | U. keś- ~ K. koś- | kiišaal- | E *küštəl- | *kös- | - | OU *ü? H. also köszvény "gout". Cf. *kïčkə- |
| TBS: FP only | ||||||||||
| "to tear" | *riicu- | *rīččō- | - | - | *reź- | - | - | - | - | |
| "fang" | - | *čɤlā- | ćilä | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "yarn" | - | - | - | *šü̆rtə | *šort | - | - | - | - | Or *ü |
| "sweet" | *imelä | N amiidi | - | - | *juumol | - | - | - | - | F better ← "to suck" |
| "slanted" | *vita | - | vaša- | Hi. wočɤk ~ Me. wažɤk |
U vož ~ K *veež | - | - | - | - | P. "intersection" |
| "to press" | *liccat- | - | - | *ləźərte- ~ "JU" lazerte- |
K. ľićkɨ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "scoop; board" | *lippVj | - | Er. ľipuža ~ Mk. ľebža |
- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| TBS: East only | ||||||||||
| "fire" | - | - | - | - | - | tüüz : tüze- |
*tääwət | *töɣət | - | ? *tiwätə, or *ü with SMs irregular? |
| "quiver" | - | - | - | - | - | tëgëz | *täwət | *tii₁ɣət | - | Possibly *-ŋ-. |
| "doe; mother" | - | - | - | - | - | üsöö | - | *ees | - | |
| "to shine" | - | - | - | - | - | šüt- | šit- | - | - | better *čekt-? |
| TBS: rest | ||||||||||
| "son-in-law" | *vävvü | *vīvɤ | ov | Hi. wiŋgə ~ Me. weŋə |
- | vöö | - | *wööŋ | *wi²ŋə | Analogy in F from *kälü "daughter-in-law", loaned to S before that? Smy *we-? |
| "knee ~ elbow" | - | - | - | - | *pidźəs | - | *päs | - | - | |
| "to tear" | - | *ńɤckē- | - | - | K. ńečkɨ- | ńeš- | - | E ńeć- | ||
| "" | ||||||||||
| "dark" | *pimeðä | - | - | - | *peľmɨt | - | - | - | *pəjmətä | *-d₂m- ? cf. Smy. #pij "dark" |
| "to unhair" | - | *nɤvē- | ńeveľe/ila- | - | - | - | nä/oɣt- | *ɳaaw- | *nïŋkə- | F. nivo- ← S. |
| "to sho" | Es. viisA- | - | - | - | U. vodź- ~ K. vidź- | viɟaaz- | - | - | - | Cf. Gmc? |
| "narro" | - | - | ťäj- | - | - | - | - | - | #täj- | Better *ä |
| "decking" | - | - | - | - | K. tis(k)a | - | - | - | *tät | better *täskə? |
| "grave" | - | - | - | *šüɣer | - | šee/iir(o-), †seyr |
- | - | - | |
| "to run; to hurry" | - | - | Er. čije- | - | - | šiet- | *ćiɣ 'time' |
- | - | source for Ms?? Better *e-ä |
| "sleigh belt" | - | *čɤnɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. śān | ← IE? |
| "sap" | - | - | - | - | *li | - | - | - | Kam. "lêji" | |
| "to moov" | *liikku- | - | - | - | - | - | *luk-, *läkʷ- | *ɬok- | *ləkə- | |
| "peg" | - | *cɤŋkē | - | - | *čög | čegeľ | - | - | - | Or S ~ *tüŋkä |
| "gums" | *igen | - | - | - | *aŋ | iiń(e-) | - | - | - | Better *jEkəń(ə); add OUg |
| "evening" | *ilta | - | Mk. iľä | - | - | - | - | W *iiLaaj | - | better *je-? |
| "son" | - | - | - | *iɣə | - | - | - | N. jiix (!) | Sk. ii | |
| "whole" | - | - | - | *ćĭlä | *ćɨl | - | - | - | - | better *ü? |
| "this / that / it" | *se : *sii- | - | *śä "this" *śijä "there" |
*seðe | - | - | - | *ćii₁ | *kä(tɜ) | |
| "" | ||||||||||
