Ilya

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Phonology

consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar Glottal
Plosives p   b t   d k   g ʔ (q)
Nasals m n
Fricatives s ʃ (sh)
Approximants l j (y) w h
Trill r

Note: The glottal stop /ʔ/ q, is used as a "buffer" to keep vowels apart when adding suffixes.

vowels
Front Central Back
Close i~ɪ u~ʊ
Mid e~ɛ o
Open a~ə

Vowel length is productive and is marked by an acute accent. á é í ú

Nouns

Number

Ilya nouns can be singular, dual, or plural.

  • kop-á - dog
    • kop-ik - (two) dogs
      • kop-im - dogs

Gender

Ilya does not have grammatical gender. However, where desired, masculine individuals may be distinguished by the suffix XXX, and feminine ones by XXX :

  • kop-á - dog

Some

Case

nominative

The nominative case is the basic uninflected form of the noun.

accusative

The accusative case marks the direct object of a verb. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.

  • -wa Added to words ending in b, h, k, l, m, n, r, and sh.
  • -o Added to words ending in d, g, p, q, s, t, w, and y.

genitive

The genitive case is used to show possession and is placed immediately after the first member of a genitive construction. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.

  • -ya Added to words ending in b, g, h, k, l, m, n, and r.
  • -ai Added to words ending in d, p, q, s, sh, t, w, and y.

dative

The dative for the beneficiary of an action, indirect object, or motion towards. Unlike other case endings, it has morphed to being a prefix and has only one form, used in all instances. The exception to this is the form used with pronouns, ib-.

  • bi-
  • daqeshan éyemwa bikopá.
give-PRF-1s food-ACC DAT-dog
I gave food to the dog.
  • ma (kayu) iban?
what (COP-3s) DAT-1s
What's for me?

locative

The locative case indicates the place or time at which something happens. Its meaning can be translated by the English prepositions 'to', 'at', 'on', 'in' etc. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.

  • -(é)da Added to words ending in b, l, m, n, p, r, s, sh, w and y. Often shortened to -éd after l, r, w, and y.
  • -úsh Added to words ending in d, g, h, k, q and t.

ablative

The ablative case carries the meaning 'from' and shows separation away from an object. It is also used in comparisons and in this case translates as "than".

  • -(é)sha

comitative / instrumental

The instrumental/comitative case denotes accompaniment. It is translated as "with", "together with", "by", "with" or "through". An important use of the instrumental is as an adverbial, since Ilya lacks a morphological adverb. It has two written forms whose use depends on the final letter of the word it qualifies.

  • -ha Added to words ending in b, l, m, and r.
sarha - quickly (with quickness)
  • -ak Added to words ending in all others.
betak - using; with the house

Vocative

Affect (diminutive and augmentative)

Pronouns

singular plural
1 -an -uk
2 -ti / -e -ut
3 -u / -a / il -um

Conjugation

There are two conjugations in Ilya, easily identified by the final -ek or - in the infinitive. Sample conjugations are given below, as well as the forms for the irregular verb hará 'to be (permanent)'.

hará
be
ashek
want
gelek
arrive
shabrá
know
1s han ashan gelan shaban
2s hati ashti gele shabti
3s ilha ashu gelu shabu
1p haquk ashuk geluk shabuk
2p haqut ashut geli shabut
3p umha ashum gelum shabum

Demonstrative pronouns

Case

nominative accusative genitive dative
1s -an eyan nai iban
2s -ti / -e eti / eye tai ibti
3s -u / -a eya ai ibu
1p -uk eyuk kai ibuk
2p -ut / eyut wai ibut
3p -um eyum mai imbu

direct object incorporation

Direct object pronouns are incorporated to the verb inflection. So, instead of eya rayeshan (I saw her), rayeshana is grammatical. The DO pronouns are not used when the object is specified. So, instead of kawal rayeshanu (I saw (it) the horse), kawal rayeshan is grammatical.

verb tense / aspect / mood subject object
ary -esh -an -a
see simple past 1sg 3sg.FEM
I saw her.

Prepositions

Attributives

Numbers

Cardinal

Ordinal

Questions

Affirmation & Negation

Content Questions

Answering

Verbs

Tense

Aspect

Mood

Other modifiers

Syntax

Negation

Conjunction

Reported Speech

Subordinate clauses

Relative clauses