Tapilula

The Tapilula languyage is much more guttural than its ancestor of 8000 years ago, but is almiost entirely CV, so does not necesarrily sound harsh or intidimating. e.g. /plam/ > /ḳà/. This is a matter of preference. The name Tapilula refers to the continent, as this was the language spoken by the first Laban settlers to reach the continent in over a thousand years.

The mother of Tapilula was Mumba . This is the same word as the tribal name Hupa.

E'oqaaniam

Phonology

The Tapilula language had an unusual phonology that set it apart from its neighbors on the islands of Laba:

• It lacked both /r/ and /s/, unlike its parent language and unlike most of the languages around it.

• The labialized alveolar consonants /tʷ dʷ nʷ/ contrasted with plain alveolars, but the only other labialized consonants in the language were the velar fricatives /hʷ gʷ/. Previously, there had been labialized stops and nasals at other places of articulation, but these merged into other consonants while only the alveolars remained. Both branches of the Tapilula family that were spoken on the continent of Rilola changed these into lateral consonants /tɬ dɮ nl/.

• There was a labiodental fricative /f/, which contrasted with /hʷ/.

• Stops produced towards the front of the mouth (/p b t d tʷ dʷ/) came in voiced and voiceless pairs; the two stops in the dorsal area (/k ḳ/) were both voiceless, but distinguished a plain and an ejective version.

• Stops produced in the front of the mouth (/p b t d tʷ dʷ/) were more common in speech than those in the dorsal area (/k ḳ/). By contrast, the only fricative produced in the front of the mouth was /f/, and it was much rarer than the dorsal fricatives /h g/. The labialized velar fricatives /hʷ gʷ/ were more common than /f/ but less so than the plain /h g/, but note that /gʷ/ is commonly realized as [w].

• Tapilula was the only language in its area that had tones; it had developed them independently, without being influenced by other languages.

• All syllables were CV, but there were three syllabic nasals /m n ŋ/ which behaved as vowels except for the fact that they could not take contrasting tones. They could, however, carry stress in a word (as in afṁ "dolphin") and even stand alone as words of their own (e.g. ṁ "breast").

pholongy:

/p b m f t d n l tʷ dʷ nʷ j k ḳ ŋ h g hʷ gʷ/

/a e i o u ə/

Note that there is no /s/, but there is a contrast between /f/ and /hʷ/. This leads to a change of /f/>/s/ in the Gold branch, but the Andanese branch simply merges the two labial fricatives and goes on without an /s/.

Orthography

Original syllabary

Tapilula was written with a 100-glyph syllabary derived from the Astyzzian aboriginal peoples. There were actually only 10 symbols, and the 100 glyphs were instances of these 10 symbols stacked on top of each other. However, the top row of the syllabary consisted of just the bare symbols, because one of the ten symbols simply disappeared in its "on top" form.

The Astyzzians had used their syllabary both as a numeral system and an alphabet. There were 10 vowel rows and 10 consonant columns. The first column was for the null consonant; thus only 9 consonants were distinguished. No final consonants were present.

Tapilula adaptation

When borrowed for Tapilula, the Tapilula speakers at first used the 10 vowel rows to write the vowels /a e i o u/ on low and high tone, in that order. /y/ was written as /i/. But they soon abandoned writing tones and used the 10 vowel rows to write the vowels /a e i o u/ with a "primary" and a "secondary" consonant, respectively. This worked better because Tapilula had 19 consonants in its phonology, which was exactly the right number suited for a syllabary with 20 consonant slots, and although it also had six vowels and two tones, these had a lower functional load than some of the consonant distinctions did.

Primary & secondary consos (western alphabteo rerr)
0  p  m  l  t  n  k  ḳ  ŋ  h
gʷ b  f  j  d  nʷ tʷ dʷ g  hʷ

Note, one form of the script actually had the order 0-l-j-h-ḳ-k-ŋ-p-m-t-n, which partly explains why in Late Andanese the consonants /p/ and /t/ do not appear in the first 10 symbols at all.

Primary & secondary consos (eastern alphabet order) <--this order is from a retnetion of Laban alphabet 
order, not a borrowing from aborigines
0  l  j  h  ḳ  k  ŋ  p  m  t
gʷ nʷ n  hʷ dʷ tʷ g  b  f  d

Daughters of the Tapilula syllabary

The Gold branch of the family quickly evolved closed syllables, and dumped the syllabary entirely. The Andanese branch also evolved closed syllables, but they were much more rare, having evolved entirely from the dropping of Tapilula /ə/, which had never been distinguished properly to begin with. Thus this was not seen by the speakers as a loss. The general trend in Andanese was towards a smaller and smaller phonology, and the syllabary soon came to have too many symbols rather than too few. Eventually, by the time of Late Andanese, final consonants had disappeared again and the language distinguished only 30 syllables (albeit with allophonic shifts such as /sia/ > [ša]). The Andanese developed their script into elaborate artistic varieties that were the envy of the surrounding peoples to such an extent that some of them switched back to using syllabaries again in order to imitate the Andanese.

Grammar

Nouns

Consonant gender syste

Tapilula had a grammatical gender system based on consonants, which are reflected primarily in the noun class prefix but also show up elsewhere in the word in various grammatical operations. There are four feminine genders, one masculine gender, and three that could be considered epicene or neuter. However, the /p/ gender behaved in some ways like the feminines, so it could be said that there are five feminine genders instead of four.

Conso	Applies to
-----	----
 p     Pregnant women; humans in general; human epicene (not including neuters)
 b     Babies of either sex
 t     Men and boys
 d     Young children of either sex
 m     Adult women
 f     Adult women
 j     Young girls
 n     Young girls

The consonants l h ḳ k ŋ gʷ nʷ hʷ dʷ tʷ g were not considered part of the gender system.

Tapilula family tree

Tapilula has three branches: one for the Gold language and its descendants, one for the Andanese people, and a third one for those who stayed behind on the islands and dealt with the increasingly severe natural disasters and the influx of foreign peoples invading their land. Laba in general became very poor in the following centuries, but because of its location, the third branch, known as the Pejo language, survived and its people became military powerful once the natural environment had recovered to the point that it could once again support its human population. Thus, the descendants of the Pejos eventually settled the mainland once again and they were the people known to the Gold and Andanese people as "Labans".

• Tapilula

• Gold language

• Khulls

• Moonshine
• Ogili

• Thaoa

• Palli
• Sakhi

• Babakiam

• Poswa

• Future Poswa

• Pabappa

• Old Andanese

• Andanese

• Pejo language (this is the dialect that remained on the islands of Laba)

Basic sound changes from Tapilula to proto-Pejo

• /ḳ/ > /ġ/ (a voiced velar stop).
• /tʷ dʷ nʷ/ > /kʷ ġʷ ŋʷ/. Thus all labialized consonants are velars.
• /f/ > /h/. Thus all fricatives (at this point) are velars as well.
• Probably /g gʷ/ > /0 w/, leaving the language with just /h hʷ/ for fricatives. Perhaps, though, before this shift happens, there is a vowel shift changing sequences like /àu/ into /ō/, like the languages of the mainland. Thus the /g/ > /0/ shift creates new sequences after a brief period in which the language had no vowel hiatus (except possibly at word boundaries). Also, /g/ after syllabic nasals creates a voiced stop instead of disappearing. Thus, sequences like /ṁb/ became more common. They had existed before, but only at the same rate as disharmonious sequences like /ṁt/, since the origin of the syllabic nasals had nothing to do with what consonants, if any, followed them.
• Some of the new vowels created by the above shift might actually be rising diphthongs, which are not considered diphthongs in most Tapilula languages but rather sequences of /j/ or /w/ plus a vowel. Thus, Pejo gained new syllables that had a /j/ or /w/ between the initial consonant and the nucleus of the syllable. The primordial labiovelars merged with these, meaning that they can be analyzed as /kw/, /hw/, etc, and therefore the labiovelars disappeared from the phonology, although sequences of a velar consonant plus /w/ were still far more common than any of the other combinations.

The phonology at this stage would be for consonants /p b m w t d n l j k ġ ŋ h/. The dot over the /ġ/ is to conform with the spelling traditions of related languages, but is unnecessary since this language has no voiced velar fricative /g/. The vowels and the syllabic consonants remain the same as the parent language's, but there is probably at least one new tone, and possibly two. The maximal tone system would be /ă à ā á/, a common setup for the mainland branch of the family.

• Syllabic nasals remain. They cannot have an epenthetic vowel inserted, such as /ə/, because then there would be only one vowel in the language which could carry a syllable-final consonant.

Notes

While one might expect a pushchain sound shift of /b d ġ/ > /p t k/ > /f s x/, this never happened in any of the descendants because the parent language's voiceless stops were more common than the voiced stops, which would mean a language undergoing this shift unconditionally would then have more fricatives in its words than stops. However, this shift did not even occur conditionally, either. Instead, some languages changed the voiced stops /b d ġ/ into voiced fricatives /v z g/, which then in most branches became voiceless /f s x/.

Later sound changes

Here the language splits into daughters, but even so, there is one branch that is politically powerful and is the language called "Laban" by outsiders. (For comparison, imagine if Swahili or perhaps Arabic was called "African".) However, it will be referred to as Pejo here, the name of the tribe that spoke it.

• possibly /b d ġ/ > /v z g/ > /0 z 0/ > /0 s 0/. This creates an /s/, and gets rid of the "unwanted" consonants that would be rare for the geographical area Pejo is in. /v/ might cause labialization of the preceding vowel before it disappears, as happened in the parent language of Tapilula. Thus this is a repeating sound shift. If /v/ disappears, it probably takes /w/ with it.

sample vocab of Proto-Pejo

pēpo "field" (c. GOld pàpa)

gĭta "will, wishes, desire" (c. Gold ḳĭta)