Poswa irregular verbs: Difference between revisions
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:'''Plažallam ''pypi''!''' | :'''Plažallam ''pypi''!''' | ||
::''Make me into'' a supermodel! | ::''Make me into'' a supermodel! | ||
;NOTE!!! THIS IS AN EXTENDED LOCATIVE CASE!!! CALLED THE TRANSLATIVE CASE!!! | |||
====pampap==== | ====pampap==== |
Revision as of 13:46, 14 September 2016
Irregular verbs
Poswa has many irregular verbs. Many are commonly used verbs such as pys "to find", but some are merely the result of peculiar sound changes or lexical suppletion.
A
B
bana
The verb bana "to create pleasure" is a syncopating verb usually found as the second or third element of a compound. It is often used to describe sexual pleasure, but is not limited to this sense.
Agent | Patient | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | — | bvi | bvo | bvub |
2nd person | — | bve | bvae | bvi | |
3rd person | — | bvel | bva | bvob | |
Transitive | 1st person | 2nd person | bvebi | bvabo | bvybub |
3rd person | |||||
2nd person | 1st person | bvebe | bvabae | bvybi | |
3rd person | |||||
3rd person | 1st person | bvebel | bvaba | bvybob | |
2nd person |
Since this verb mostly occurs in contexts in which one would expect the sound rule bv ---> b to kick in, it seems unusual that the forms of the verb begin with bv- rather than b-. This is because the hypothetical b- forms would be identical with the verb endings themselves, and thus the entire stem of the verb would have been syncopated away. Thus, the -v- is retained.
F
I
K
L
M
mi
The verb mi "to see" is an irregular verb with a stem change to the oblique variant v-:
mi | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | vi | vo | vub |
2nd person | ve | vae | vi | |
3rd person | vel | va | vob | |
Transitive | 1st person | vebi | vabo | vwub |
2nd person | vebe | vabae | vwi | |
3rd person | vebel | vaba | vwob |
The forms of this verb carry over to compound verbs with mi as the last element, such as the emphatic blomi "to see with one's eyes" and tomi "to imagine, to visually hallucinate or see a mirage". Indeed, mi was a regular verb until it was analogized towards the compound forms that underwent the sound change, since the sound change /mi/ ---> /v/ only happened in unstressed syllables. Thus one can say
- Vebi!
- I saw you!
- Pupo! Tovebi!
- Whoops! I thought I saw you!
Likewise,
- Vub!
- Let me see!
- Blovub!
- Really! Let me see!
The change of /mi/ > /v/ is irregular even in unstressed syllables because Poswa usually protects verbs ending in -e or -i from this particular change, as they would otherwise coalesce with verbs ending in -a. This protection was due to analogy with another series of verbs that did not undergo that sound change because they originally ended with final consonants that disappeared. However, certain "valuable" verbs such as mi underwent the change after all because they were very commonly used.
- NOTE, JUST CHANGE THE VERB STEM TO MA . THUS REGULAR
N
niapa
Below is the conjugation for niapa "to shield, protect from harm". For most of the table, niapa is a "hyper-regular" verb, meaning that it disobeys even the consonant mutation rules that the regular nouns follow. But in the transitive imperative, it becomes irregular in the sense that it is one of the very few verbs in which the normally reliable -b- that appears in transitive verbs has changed to -p-. This is under the influence of a previously existing -š-:
niapa | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | niapi | niapo | niapub |
2nd person | niape | niapae | niapi | |
3rd person | niapel | niapa | niapob | |
Transitive | 1st person | niapebi | niapabo | niappub |
2nd person | niapebe | niapabae | niappi | |
3rd person | niapebel | niapaba | niappob |
- Niappi!
- Protect me!
nu
Below is the conjugation for the verb nu "to lack; to have none". Despite its meaning, it is not necessary to make the verb grammatically passive, and indeed, it is almost always used intransitively:
- NOTE TO SELF. THIS CANNOT WORK BECAUSE IT CONFLICTS WITH THE POSITIVE IN A FEW FORMS. A SECOND MORPHEME NEEDS TO BE ADDED HERE, MAKING IT EFFECTIVELY A DOUBLE NEGATIVE. PERHAPS "PLA" (WHICH BECOMES P_) WOULD WORK, MEANING IT WOULD BE A DOUBLE VERB WITH FORMS LIKE PIBI, POBO, PU(B)BUB, ETC ... ALTHOUGH SOME FORMS WOULD LIKELY HAVE CHANGED INTO F'S. A SECOND OPTION IS TO SIMPLY RETAIN THE ORIGINAL FORM OF "PLA" (PŠI, PŠO, PŠUB, ETC) INSTEAD OF DROPPING THE Š. YET A THIRD OPTION IS TO USE PLA, MAKING THIS VERB IDENTICAL TO DŽI PA BELOW, BUT DISTINGUISH THE TWO BASED ON HOW THEY AFFECT THE PRECEDING MORPHEME.
Agent | Patient | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | — | bi | bo | bub |
2nd person | — | be | bae | bi | |
3rd person | — | bel | ba | bob | |
Transitive | 1st person | 2nd person | |||
3rd person | |||||
2nd person | 1st person | ||||
3rd person | |||||
3rd person | 1st person | ||||
2nd person |
The reason for the existence of this verb is that Poswa nearly always avoids the use of pronouns, and the pronouns it does have are merely verbs with person endings on, and thus are inconvenient.
P
pa
Pa is an alternate stem of tiša. It means "to transform, become something else." Its full form is dži pa, but the dži prefix shows only that it governs the locative case rather than the accusative and is never pronounced or even written down outside of a dictionary.
Agent | Patient | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | — | pi | po | pub |
2nd person | — | pe | pae | pi | |
3rd person | — | pel | pa | pob | |
Transitive | 1st person | 2nd person | pebi | pabo | pypub |
3rd person | |||||
2nd person | 1st person | pebe | pabae | pypi | |
3rd person | |||||
3rd person | 1st person | pebel | paba | pypob | |
2nd person |
This is an unusual verb because it governs the locative case rather than the accusative. This also means that it is used intransitively for senses that could be considered syntactically transitive. It is only used directly after the noun it modifies. For example, one can say
- Pupembulam pi.
- I turned into a pumpkin.
However, the verb can still be used transitively, as in
- Plažallam pypi!
- Make me into a supermodel!
- NOTE!!! THIS IS AN EXTENDED LOCATIVE CASE!!! CALLED THE TRANSLATIVE CASE!!!
pampap
The verb pampap is the reflexive form of pampa "to comb". Because it is reflexive, it is generally understood to mean to comb one's hair. It is a hyper-regular syncopating verb:
Agent | Patient | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | — | pampi | pampo | pampub |
2nd person | — | pampe | pampae | pampi | |
3rd person | — | pampel | pampa | pampob | |
Transitive | 1st person | 2nd person | pampebi | pampabo | pampypub |
3rd person | |||||
2nd person | 1st person | pampebe | pampabae | pampypi | |
3rd person | |||||
3rd person | 1st person | pampebel | pampaba | pampypob | |
2nd person |
- Pampo.
- I'm combing my hair.
The transitive forms of this verb are rarely used, and when they are, the understood meaning is not "I comb your hair" and so on (which would use the simple verb pampa) but rather
- Pampebi.
- I made you comb your hair.[1]
pappo
The verb pappo "to bite" is a suppletive verb that is otherwise regular:
Agent | Patient | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | — | pappwi | pappwo | pappwub |
2nd person | — | pappwe | pappwae | pappwi | |
3rd person | — | pappwel | pappwa | pappwob | |
Transitive | 1st person | 2nd person | pappwebi | pappwabo | pappwubub |
3rd person | |||||
2nd person | 1st person | pappwebe | pappwabae | pappwubi | |
3rd person | |||||
3rd person | 1st person | pappwebel | pappwaba | pappwubob | |
2nd person |
This verb was formed from the merger of the two stems pappo "to bite, as with fangs; to hold with the teeth" and the rare verb pappop "to chew", a derivative of pappop "cheeks". Even though pappop was longer, its conjugated forms were shorter than those of pappo. The new verb thus shares the meaning of both original verbs:
- Pappwebi beffap.
- I bit on the stick.
- Pappwebi popfop.
- I carried my pen (in my teeth).
The iterative form of the verb, which takes the infix -at-, is most often used when the sense of a repeated action is intended:
- Tašepi pappwatwebi.
- I was chewing on an apple.
However, when the sense of a single pointed thrust is meant, as in the case of a sharp-toothed animal that bites into someone but does not intend to bite anything off, the simple aspect is used after all:
- Bibubbum pypiop pappwaba.
- Spiders are biting my hands.
peppla
Below is the conjugation of peppla "to lack; to have none":
- NOTE TO SELF. THIS COULD EASILY CHANGE TO PEPI, PEPO, PEPUB ETC SINCE IT IS MOSTLY USED TRANSITIVELY AND THEREFORE ALWAYS FOLLOWS A WORD ENDING IN -P. THIS MEANS THAT TWO /PP/ OCCUR IN A ROW, WHICH TRIGGERS A SOUND RULE CHANGING THE SECOND TO /P/. BUT ONLY IF THE WORD IS UNSTRESSED.
- THIS WOULD MAKE IT HOMOPHONOUS WITH THE VERB 'PEPEBI' ETC MEANING "I DIDNT (DO IT)" BUT THIS IS NOT A PROBLEM BECAUSE THIS ONLY OCCURS DIRECTLY AFTER A NOUN.
Agent | Patient | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | — | peppi | peppo | peppub |
2nd person | — | peppe | peppae | peppi | |
3rd person | — | peppel | peppa | peppob | |
Transitive | 1st person | 2nd person | peppebi | peppabo | peppypub |
3rd person | |||||
2nd person | 1st person | peppebe | peppabae | peppypi | |
3rd person | |||||
3rd person | 1st person | peppebel | peppaba | peppypob | |
2nd person |
Thus one can say
- Plwop peppabo.
- I don't have a choice.
- Bipimpwembwap peppabo.
- I don't have a gun.
- Peppo.
- I don't have anything.
plomip
The verb plomip "to pray, to request for" is a syncopating verb:
plomip | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | plompwi | plompwo | plompwub |
2nd person | plompwe | plompwae | plompwi | |
3rd person | plompwel | plompwa | plompwob | |
Transitive | 1st person | plompwebi | plompwabo | plompwubub |
2nd person | plompwebe | plompwabae | plompwubi | |
3rd person | plompwebel | plompwaba | plompwubob |
Note that this verb is a doublet of plommip, which has no significant difference in meaning. Plommip is regular because there are no sound changes which could have created an -mmp- cluster in the middle of a word. Thus
- Pawiapop plompwabo.
and
- Pawiapop plommipwabo.
both mean
- "I'm praying for a boat."
pobbia
Below is the conjugation for pobbia "to lactate":
pobbia | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | pobbwi | pobbwo | pobbwub |
2nd person | pobbwe | pobbwae | pobbwi | |
3rd person | pobbwel | pobbwa | pobbwob | |
Transitive | 1st person | pobbwebi | pobbwabo | pobbwubub |
2nd person | pobbwebe | pobbwabae | pobbwubi | |
3rd person | pobbwebel | pobbwaba | pobbwubob |
The rarely used transitive form of this verb was analogized from an earlier form producing *pobbwiwebi and so on:
- Be₁, piabo₂ pobbwo.₃ Wavam?₄
- Yes₁, I'm still₂ lactating.₃ Why?₄
Note that this is not a reflexive verb, but that it can be used with a reflexive marker, in which case it becomes regular:
- Pobbiafi₁ burmanub.₂
- I milked myself₁ with the breast pump.₂
pupa
Below is the conjugation for pupa "to enter and move through":
pupa | Agent | Patient | Past | Present | Imperative |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | — | puppi | puppo | puppub |
2nd person | — | puppe | puppae | puppi | |
3rd person | — | puppel | puppa | puppob | |
Transitive | 1st person | 2nd person | |||
3rd person | |||||
2nd person | 1st person | ||||
3rd person | |||||
3rd person | 1st person | ||||
2nd person |
This verb can also translate the English word "across" in some contexts; it does not automatically imply that the subject of the verb is entirely surrounded by the object they are moving through.
pys
The verb pys "to find" is an irregular stem-changing verb:
pys | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | pwi | pwo | pwub |
2nd person | pwe | pwae | pwi | |
3rd person | pwel | pwa | pwob | |
Transitive | 1st person | pwebi | pwabo | pwubub |
2nd person | pwebe | pwabae | pwubi | |
3rd person | pwebel | pwaba | pwubob |
- Pwebi bwafwap temwašem.
- I found a worm on the ground.
- Pwufi* pammiap!
- Seek out a bottle of wine!
⁎Note, this uses an experimental "third conjugation" which is used for transitive verbs that have a "distal" object instead of the more common proximal one. Normally, since the bottle is mentioned in the sentence, I would think the proximal conjugation would be appropriate, but I may change my mind.
- Oblique
This verb has an oblique form used when inserting infixes into the stem of the verb: pip. This is not actually irregular, but because verbs ending in -ys can belong to any of several different conjugations, it must be learned with the verb.
- Homophony with forms of pwos
This verb collides with an alternate conjugation of the normally regular verb pwos "to give, to donate". The collision happened fairly recently. What this means is that Poswobs sometimes use pys where one would expect pwos.
R
S
Below is the conjugation of sopa "to answer, respond appropriately":[2]
sopa | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | soffi | soffo | soffub |
2nd person | soffe | soffae | soffi | |
3rd person | soffel | soffa | soffob | |
Transitive | 1st person | soffebi | soffabo | soffypub |
2nd person | soffebe | soffabae | soffypi | |
3rd person | soffebel | soffaba | soffypob |
swavop
The verb swavop "to dream" is a syncopating verb showing regressive voicing assimilation in some forms and progressive voicing assimilation in others. The transitive form expresses meanings such as "I dreamt about you". Despite its appearance, this verb is not etymologically related to the word for sleep:
Agent | Patient | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | — | swaffi | swaffo | swaffub |
2nd person | — | swaffe | swaffae | swaffi | |
3rd person | — | swaffel | swaffa | swaffob | |
Transitive | 1st person | 2nd person | |||
3rd person | |||||
2nd person | 1st person | ||||
3rd person | |||||
3rd person | 1st person | ||||
2nd person |
sys
The verb sys "to sleep" is an irregular stem-changing verb. All of its forms rhyme perfectly with those of pys "to find", and thus, to know one is to know the other:
Agent | Patient | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | — | swi | swo | swub |
2nd person | — | swe | swae | swi | |
3rd person | — | swel | swa | swob | |
Transitive | 1st person | 2nd person | swebi | swabo | swubub |
3rd person | swefi | swafo | swufub | ||
2nd person | 1st person | swebe | swabae | swubi | |
3rd person | swefe | swafae | swufi | ||
3rd person | 1st person | swebel | swaba | swubob | |
2nd person | swefel | swafa | swufob |
- Tus, swebi?
- Did I put you to sleep?
For the most part, the multitude of verbs ending in -sis such as besis "to sleep like a baby (fitfully)" and pipsis "to sleep in a tree" behave regularly and thus do not rhyme with the simple standalone verb for sleep. However, ad hoc coinages do exist, particularly for words in which the first morpheme in the compound has not been affected by sound changes. Poswobs thus can choose between
- Beswi!
- I slept like a baby!
Using the normal verb for sleep, or
- Besiši!
- I slept like a baby!
Treating it like a normal -s verb.
Š
T
tos
Below is the conjugation for the verb tos "to be able to do something":
Agent | Patient | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | — | tšwi | tšwo | tšwub |
2nd person | — | tšwe | tšwae | tšwi | |
3rd person | — | tšwel | tšwa | tšwob | |
Transitive | 1st person | 2nd person | twebi | twabo | twubub |
3rd person | |||||
2nd person | 1st person | twebe | twabae | twubi | |
3rd person | |||||
3rd person | 1st person | twebel | twaba | twubob | |
2nd person |
This word can be used either as a standalone verb in a serial verb construction or as the second element of a compound. When used as a compound, it undergoes further phonetic assimilation with the verb it modifies, and in some words becomes almost identical with the plain verbal endings, as though it were an inflection rather than a separate verb:
- Messambabo.
- I'm hugging you.
- Messampwabo.
- I can hug you.
Thus some teachers now speak of this verb as though it were a new verbal mood, the "habilitative", rather than a simple compound of two verbs. However, although the verb tos is irregular, the sound changes it undergoes in compounds like the above are regular, and therefore it behaves in an expected way for a compound.
TŠ
U
V
W
wol
Below is the conjugation for the verb wol "to have something on; to be ridden on". Despite its meaning, it is not necessary to make the verb grammatically passive, and indeed, it is almost always used intransitively:
Agent | Patient | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | — | wewi | wewo | wewub |
2nd person | — | wewe | wewae | wewi | |
3rd person | — | wewel | wewa | wewob | |
Transitive | 1st person | 2nd person | |||
3rd person | |||||
2nd person | 1st person | ||||
3rd person | |||||
3rd person | 1st person | ||||
2nd person |
The reason for the existence of this verb is that Poswa nearly always avoids the use of pronouns, and the pronouns it does have are merely verbs with person endings on, and thus are inconvenient. The possessive markers work well for concepts like "my book", "her shoes", and so on, but it is sometimes necessary to use pronouns in a way that does not imply formal possession. This is accomplished in several ways, giving the speaker the choice of which wording to use. This verb is the commonest choice. Thus, one hears sentences like
- Polaputa wewo pypožvusaba.
- The cat on me is annoying me.
- Pufaepa wewo blilfiba.
- The shorts I'm wearing are tight.
- NOTE TO SELF: IS THIS THE SAME SETUP USED TO SAY "BOOKS IVE READ" ETC? OR NOT?
Notes
- Deixis
Note to self: consider replacing the patient "1st/2nd/3rd person" with "proximal" and "distal" instead, as that's really what they are. This could be called a deictic person system.
Ž
bottom
Agent | Patient | Past | Present | Imperative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intransitive | 1st person | — | |||
2nd person | — | ||||
3rd person | — | ||||
Transitive | 1st person | 2nd person | |||
3rd person | |||||
2nd person | 1st person | ||||
3rd person | |||||
3rd person | 1st person | ||||
2nd person |
- Deixis
Note to self: consider replacing the patient "1st/2nd/3rd person" with "proximal" and "distal" instead, as that's really what they are. This could be called a deictic person system.
Notes
- ↑ This could be an error. What seems to be the case is that the intransitive forms of the reflexive and the plain verb merged, and the transitive ones didn't. Thus, either the two verbs merged completely due to analogy, or they are separate after all and this verb is irregular only in its intransitive form.
- ↑ This was actually an error ... sopo, etc should be soffo, unless it was regularized during the change of pf>ff and then later underwent pf>p.