Kala/affixes: Difference between revisions

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|-
|-
| '''-to''' || ''n / v'' || manner; method; way || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|to]]''' || '''yamato'''<br>mountaineering
| '''-to''' || ''n / v'' || manner; method; way || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|to]]''' || '''yamato'''<br>mountaineering
|}
== ka ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
|-
| '''-kan''' || ''n / v'' || leader; chief; senior || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kana]]''' || '''mitakan'''<br>alpha-dog
| '''-kan''' || ''n / v'' || leader; chief; senior || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kana]]''' || '''mitakan'''<br>alpha-dog
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|-
|-
| '''-nku''' || ''pro'' || reciprocate; [in] return; reciprocal [RECP] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|anku]]''' || '''nanku anyatli'''<br>we will see each other
| '''-nku''' || ''pro'' || reciprocate; [in] return; reciprocal [RECP] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|anku]]''' || '''nanku anyatli'''<br>we will see each other
|}
== ma ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
|-
| '''-m (-lo)''' || ''n'' || general plural || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|ma]]''' || '''mitam'''<br>dogs
| '''-m (-lo)''' || ''n'' || general plural || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|ma]]''' || '''mitam'''<br>dogs
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|-
|-
| '''-myo''' || ''v'' || allow; permit [permissive PERM] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|myonta]]''' || '''eta inamyo'''<br>You are allowed to eat.
| '''-myo''' || ''v'' || allow; permit [permissive PERM] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|myonta]]''' || '''eta inamyo'''<br>You are allowed to eat.
|}
== na ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
|-
| '''-n (-no)''' || ''v'' || adverbial; object; thing-like; (-ish, -ly, -ous) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|no]]''' || '''mita oyan'''<br>a blackish dog
| '''-n (-no)''' || ''v'' || adverbial; object; thing-like; (-ish, -ly, -ous) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|no]]''' || '''mita oyan'''<br>a blackish dog
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|-
|-
| '''-nua''' || ''n / v'' || frequent; often; regular [FREQ] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|nua]]''' || '''kam inanua'''<br>They eat frequently.
| '''-nua''' || ''n / v'' || frequent; often; regular [FREQ] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|nua]]''' || '''kam inanua'''<br>They eat frequently.
|}
== nya ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
|-
| '''-nyo''' || ''n / v'' || device; equipment; tool [INSTR] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mayo]]''' || '''inanyo'''<br>eating utensil [fork; spoon]
| '''-nyo''' || ''n / v'' || device; equipment; tool [INSTR] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mayo]]''' || '''inanyo'''<br>eating utensil [fork; spoon]
|}
== sa ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
|-
| '''-sa''' || ''n / v'' || room; chamber; section || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|sala]]''' || '''inasa'''<br>dining room
| '''-sa''' || ''n / v'' || room; chamber; section || '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|sala]]''' || '''inasa'''<br>dining room
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|-
|-
| '''-sue''' || ''v'' || prepare; get/be ready || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yaso]]''' || '''na inasue'''<br>I am ready to eat.
| '''-sue''' || ''v'' || prepare; get/be ready || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yaso]]''' || '''na inasue'''<br>I am ready to eat.
|}
== ha ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
|-
| '''-ha''' || ''n / v'' || augmentative [AUG]; big; large || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|taha]]''' || '''mitaha ina'''<br>The big dog eats.
| '''-ha''' || ''n / v'' || augmentative [AUG]; big; large || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|taha]]''' || '''mitaha ina'''<br>The big dog eats.
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|-
|-
| '''-hyo''' || ''n'' || juice; extract; liquid from ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|hyota]]''' || '''pomahyo'''<br>apple juice
| '''-hyo''' || ''n'' || juice; extract; liquid from ~ || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ha|hyota]]''' || '''pomahyo'''<br>apple juice
|}
== tsa ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
|-
| '''-tsa''' || ''n / v'' || damn [general invective] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsaya]]''' || '''mitatsa'''<br>a damned dog
| '''-tsa''' || ''n / v'' || damn [general invective] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsaya]]''' || '''mitatsa'''<br>a damned dog
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|-
|-
| '''-tsue''' || ''v'' || late; delayed; slow || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsipue]]''' || '''mita empatsue'''<br>The dog runs slowly.
| '''-tsue''' || ''v'' || late; delayed; slow || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsipue]]''' || '''mita empatsue'''<br>The dog runs slowly.
|}
== tla ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
|-
| '''-tla''' || ''n / v'' || language; dialect; speech || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kala]]''' || '''nihonotla'''<br>Japanese [language]
| '''-tla''' || ''n / v'' || language; dialect; speech || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kala]]''' || '''nihonotla'''<br>Japanese [language]
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|-
|-
| '''-tli''' || ''v'' || future tense [FUT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|atli]]''' || '''na inatli'''<br>I will eat.
| '''-tli''' || ''v'' || future tense [FUT] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|atli]]''' || '''na inatli'''<br>I will eat.
|}
== ua ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
|-
| '''ua-''' || ''n'' || that (by you) [MED] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ua|uatla]]''' || '''uamita hayo'''<br>That dog (by you) is his/hers.
| '''ua-''' || ''n'' || that (by you) [MED] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ua|uatla]]''' || '''uamita hayo'''<br>That dog (by you) is his/hers.
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|-
|-
| '''-ue''' || ''n / v'' || intenion; desire; will [VOL] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ua|ueha / ueyo]]''' || '''na inaue'''<br>I want/intend to eat.
| '''-ue''' || ''n / v'' || intenion; desire; will [VOL] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ua|ueha / ueyo]]''' || '''na inaue'''<br>I want/intend to eat.
|}
== la ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
|-
| '''-la''' || ''v'' || go; move in direction of || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yala]]''' || '''ha nahela'''<br>She is going inside.
| '''-la''' || ''v'' || go; move in direction of || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yala]]''' || '''ha nahela'''<br>She is going inside.
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|-
|-
| '''-li''' || ''n'' || apiece; each; every || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|oli]]''' || '''mitali kinya'''<br>Each dog is silver.
| '''-li''' || ''n'' || apiece; each; every || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|oli]]''' || '''mitali kinya'''<br>Each dog is silver.
|}
== ya ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
|-
| '''-ya''' || ''n'' || in-law; relative by marriage || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tla|tlaya]]''' || '''nakuya'''<br>sister-in-law
| '''-ya''' || ''n'' || in-law; relative by marriage || '''[[Kala/lexicon#tla|tlaya]]''' || '''nakuya'''<br>sister-in-law
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|-
|-
| '''-yo''' || ''n'' || possessive [POSS]; genitive [GEN] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yoha]]''' || '''mita nayo'''<br>my dog
| '''-yo''' || ''n'' || possessive [POSS]; genitive [GEN] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yoha]]''' || '''mita nayo'''<br>my dog
|}
== a ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 800px;"
|-
! affix !! modifies !! gloss !! derived from !! example
|-
|-
| '''e-''' || ''n'' || object; patient [P] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|eke]]''' || '''eta unya'''<br>You are known.
| '''e-''' || ''n'' || object; patient [P] || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|eke]]''' || '''eta unya'''<br>You are known.
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| '''-u / u-''' || ''n / v'' || (double for redundant syllable) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|u]]''' || '''tsaka taha'u'''<br>The very large house.
| '''-u / u-''' || ''n / v'' || (double for redundant syllable) || '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|u]]''' || '''tsaka taha'u'''<br>The very large house.
|}
|}
= Notes =
# The '''-u / u-''' is used to replace redundant syllables.
== pa ==
=== -pa ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|pala]]'''
# able to ~; can ~ [ABIL]
# ~ is possible; potential [POT]
==== example ====
* '''na inapa'''
: <small>1S eat-ABIL</small>
: ''I am able to eat.''
* '''kamena anyapak'''
: <small>3PL-P.1S see-ABIL-NEG</small>
: ''They can't see me.''<br>''They can't possibly see me.''
=== -pe ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#pa|peya]]'''
# part
# piece of ~
==== example ====
* '''inape'''
: piece of food; morsel; crumb
=== -po ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|nipo]]'''
# coerce
# force; compel
==== example ====
* '''eha inapoye'''
: <small>P.3sg eat-compel-PST</small>
: He was compelled to eat.
== ta ==
=== -ta ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#tla|tlaka]]'''
# male; masculine [MASC]
* '''umata'''
: stallion, male horse; stud
=== -tai ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ata]]'''
# be named; name [so called]
* '''umatai'''
: a so-called horse
=== -te ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|teya]]'''
# propose; request [PREC]
# suggest
* '''ya inate'''
: <small>VOC eat-PREC</small>
: Please eat.
=== ti- ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|tiha]]'''
# multiple of  ~; ~ times
# -ple
* '''tiha'o'''
: thrice; triple; trio
=== -to ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|to]]'''
# manner; method; way
* '''makato'''
: musicianship; musicality
== ka ==
=== -kan ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kana]]'''
# leader; teacher
# chief of ~
* '''hakyokan'''
: principal; headmaster
=== -ke ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-width: 900px; float:right;"
|-
! Kala
! gloss
! English
|-
| '''ha'ena unyake''' || <small>3S-P.1S know-DUB</small> || ''It's doubt(ed/ful) (that) he knows me.''
|-
| '''na ke mita inayeke''' || <small>1S O dog eat-PST-DUB</small> || ''I doubt (that) the dog ate.''
|}
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|ketsa]]'''
# doubt
# suspect; suspicion; dubitative [DUB]
=== -ki ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-width: 900px; float:right;"
|-
! Kala
! gloss
! English
|-
| '''itla nya tlelaki''' || <small>this for wash-REFL</small> || ''This is for washing oneself/yourself.''
|-
| '''mita yatsikiye''' || <small>dog bite-REFL-PST</small> || ''The dog bit herself.''
|}
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|ki]]'''
# self; reflexive [REFL]
== ma ==
=== -ma ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ama]]'''
# occasion
# time for ~
* '''inama ka'''
: <small>eat-time Q</small>
: Is it time to eat?
== na ==
=== -na ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#na|naka]]'''
# female; feminine [FEM]
* '''umana'''
: mare, female horse
== nya ==
=== -nyo ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ma|mayo]]'''
# equipment
# tool for ~
* '''na ke makanyo heyatli'''
: <small>1S O music-tool need-FUT</small>
: I will need the musical instrument.
== sa ==
=== -sa ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#sa|sala]]'''
# room; chamber; compartment
* '''inasa'''
: dining room, dinning hall
== ha ==
=== -ha ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ta|taha]]'''
# large; big; huge [AUG]
# great; grand
* '''inaha'''
: feast; large meal; buffet
== tsa ==
=== -tsa ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#tsa|tsaya]]'''
# damn; general invective
# shitty ~; damned ~
* '''umatsa'''
: damned horse
== tla ==
=== -tla ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kala]]'''
# language; talk; say; speak
* '''tsayatla'''
: cursing; vulgarities
== ua ==
=== ua- ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ua|uatla]]'''
# that; medial [MED]
* '''uamita'''
: that dog (by you)
=== -ua ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ka|kuaha]]'''
# study of; ~ study
* '''kehaua'''
: biology
== la ==
=== -la ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ela]]'''
# become
# change into ~; turn into ~
* '''na inyala'''
: <small>1S hunger-become</small>
: I'm getting hungry.
=== -la ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|ula]]'''
# any; some
# whichever; indefinite [INDEF]
* '''mitala'''
: any/some dog
=== -la ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yala]]'''
# in the direction of ~ [MOT]
* '''na ke tsaka nahela'''
: <small>1S O house within-MOT</small>
: I'm going into the house.
== ya ==
=== -ya ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#tla|tlaya]]'''
# in-law
# relative by marriage
* '''nakuya'''
: sister-in-law
=== ye- ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yetla]]'''
# that (over there); distal [DIST]
* '''yemita'''
: that dog (over there)
=== -ye ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|aye]]'''
# past; past tense [PST]
* '''na inaye'''
: <small>1S eat-PST</small>
: I ate.
=== -yo ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#ya|yoha]]'''
# have; possess [POSS]
# genitive [GEN]
* '''imita nayo'''
: <small>PROX-dog 1S.POSS</small>
: This is my dog.
== a ==
=== i- ===
from '''[[Kala/lexicon#a|itla]]'''
# this (by me); proximal [PROX]
* '''imita'''
: this dog (by me)


= Notes =
= Notes =


# The '''-u / u-''' is used to replace redundant syllables.
# The '''-u / u-''' is used to replace redundant syllables.

Revision as of 03:40, 23 August 2016

See also: Kala lexicon

These are the functional affixes used in Kala. There are notes at the bottom of the page to explain exceptions and special cases.


pa ta ka ma na nya sa ha tsa tla ua la ya a

pa

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-pa n able to ~; can ~; ~ is possible [POT] pala na inapa
I am able to eat.
-pe n part/piece of ~ peya inape
morsel; crumb
-po v compelled to ~; forced to ~ nipo na inapo
I am compelled to eat.
-pu n attire; clothes; clothing puku anapu
hat
-pua v finished; completed [PFV] opua ha inapua
He has eaten.
-pya v attempt; try [ATT] upya kam inapya
They are trying to eat.
-pye n too much/many; excessive(ly) kupye ke inapye
There's too much food.
-pyo n / v disease; ill; sick pyoki tsinipyo
diabetes
-mpa n many; much; a lot mpa mitampa ina
Many dogs are eating.
-mpe n / v only; just; merely [LIM] amye tlanampe kala
Only people speak.
-mpo n / v bad; unfavorable; poor quality mala inampo
bad/rotten food
-mpu n shaped like ~; ~ form umpu pyotampu
cube shaped

ta

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-ta n male; masculine [MASC] tlaka umata
stallion
-tai n named; (so-)called ~ ata kumatai
a so-called bear
-te v propose; request [PREC]; suggest teya inate
Please eat.
ti- num diverse; multi-; multiply tiha tika'o
septuplet; seven times
-to n / v manner; method; way to yamato
mountaineering

ka

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-kan n / v leader; chief; senior kana mitakan
alpha-dog
-ke v doubt; suspect; suspicion [dubitative DUB] ketsa ta unyake
[it is doubted that] you know
ki- num next; order; sequence [ordinal] tsuki kiha'o
third; 3rd
-ko (-tlo) n / v agentive [AG]; one who ~ ko yalako
walker
-kua n all; entire; every; whole kua mitakua hinatle
all dogs that are here
-kya v co-hortative [HORT] kya yalakya
Let's go.
-kyo n / v college; school; university hakyo hayakyo
veterinarian school
-kyo v fast; rapidly; quickly kyolo nam inakyo
We eat quickly.
-nke (-k) n / v negative [NEG]; no; not nke hinak
not [be] here
-nko v continue; proceed; progressive [PROG] nkoso ha mokunko
She is sleeping.
-nku pro reciprocate; [in] return; reciprocal [RECP] anku nanku anyatli
we will see each other

ma

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-m (-lo) n general plural ma mitam
dogs
-ma n / v time for/to ~ ama inama
(the) time to eat
-me v cancel; undo ~ kume iname
vomit [un-eat]
-mi n few; small amount [paucal PAU] ma + ahi mitami moku
a few dogs sleep
-mo n / v location; place; where mo inamo
restaurant; diner
-mu v begin; initial; start [inchoative INCH] mula ha inamu
he begins to eat
-mua n / v lack, be without, be in need of; insufficient pamua inamua
famine ; hunger
-mya v cause; do; make [causative CAUS] muya ta'ena nukumya
You cause me to hate.
-mye v redo; resume muyaye ha inamye
She is eating (it) again.
-myo v allow; permit [permissive PERM] myonta eta inamyo
You are allowed to eat.

na

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-n (-no) v adverbial; object; thing-like; (-ish, -ly, -ous) no mita oyan
a blackish dog
-na n woman; feminine [FEM] naka umana
mare
-nai n / v type of food; food of ~ ina mitanai
dog food
-ne v ought to; suggest [SUG] neya ta inane
You should eat.
-ni n / v good; pleasant; regular niha inani
nice food / fine cuisine
-nua n / v frequent; often; regular [FREQ] nua kam inanua
They eat frequently.

nya

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-nyo n / v device; equipment; tool [INSTR] mayo inanyo
eating utensil [fork; spoon]

sa

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-sa n / v room; chamber; section sala inasa
dining room
-si n / v color of ~ sahi senusi
hair color
-so n class; type; kind so mitaso
a dog breed
-su n / v market; shop; store suku inasu
grocery; food market
-sue v prepare; get/be ready yaso na inasue
I am ready to eat.

ha

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-ha n / v augmentative [AUG]; big; large taha mitaha ina
The big dog eats.
-he n / v need; necessity; require [NEC] heya ta inahe
You need to eat.
-hi n / v diminutive [DIM]; few; small ahi mitahi
puppy (small dog)
-ho v assert; claim; state toho ta pakaho
(it is asserted that) You are dumb.
-hu n / v aggressive; drastic; extreme kyohu mita oyahu
an extremely black dog
-hua n / v flower; plant; flora maua nekohua
cattail (typha)
-hue n locative [LOC] hue ha tsakahue
She's at home.
-hya n / v animal; fauna haya tsakahya
pen; habitat; cage
-hyo n juice; extract; liquid from ~ hyota pomahyo
apple juice

tsa

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-tsa n / v damn [general invective] tsaya mitatsa
a damned dog
-tse v appear; seem tse'e ha inatse
She seems to be eating.
tsi- n angle; bend; corner atsi tsiya'o
pentagon (five angles)
-tso n / v center; middle; mid-; half tsoya kunyetso
half-moon
-tsu n flesh; meat; pulp kutsu manotsu
chicken meat
-tsua n / v almost; nearly; more-or-less tsua ha hinatsua
She is almost here.
-tsue v late; delayed; slow tsipue mita empatsue
The dog runs slowly.

tla

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-tla n / v language; dialect; speech kala nihonotla
Japanese [language]
-tle (-le) v relative clause marker [REL] ele na nahi inatle unya
I know the girl that/who is eating.
tli- n collective plural [COL]; group; pack tatli tlimita malo
a pack of brown dogs
-tli v future tense [FUT] atli na inatli
I will eat.

ua

affix modifies gloss derived from example
ua- n that (by you) [MED] uatla uamita hayo
That dog (by you) is his/hers.
-ua n / v science of ~; study of ~ kuaha hayaua
veterinarian medicine
-ue n / v intenion; desire; will [VOL] ueha / ueyo na inaue
I want/intend to eat.

la

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-la v go; move in direction of yala ha nahela
She is going inside.
-la n / v become; change/turn into ~ ela ha inyala
She is becoming hungry.
-la n any; indefinite; some ~ ula mola
anywhere; somewhere; wherever
-li n apiece; each; every oli mitali kinya
Each dog is silver.

ya

affix modifies gloss derived from example
-ya n in-law; relative by marriage tlaya nakuya
sister-in-law
ye- n that (over there) [DIST] yetla ta yemita anya ka
Do you see that dog (over there)?
-ye v past tense [PST] aye na inaye
I ate.
-yo n possessive [POSS]; genitive [GEN] yoha mita nayo
my dog

a

affix modifies gloss derived from example
e- n object; patient [P] eke eta unya
You are known.
i- n this (by me) [PROX] itla imita nayo
This dog is mine.
-i n / v reflexive [REFL] ki na'i tlela
I bathe myself.
o- n venerated; honored o otsaka
The honorable home.
-u / u- n / v (double for redundant syllable) u tsaka taha'u
The very large house.

Notes

  1. The -u / u- is used to replace redundant syllables.
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