|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| ====Subject-object-verb compounds====
| | Poswa and Pabappa are adept at coining new words, although Pabappa takes many loans from Poswa. Words for which no Pabappa entry is given in this table use the Poswa word, adapted to Pabappa's sound system. |
| Some nouns are actually complete sentences with just the verb endings removed. This could be classified as a type of polysynthesis. Unlike the subject-verb compounds above, SOV compounds generally show transitive action, and are commonly used as verbs. However, because all verbs have a stem which behaves grammatically as a noun, they are nonetheless grouped with the other compounds as nouns.
| |
|
| |
|
| Polysynthetic compounds are generally used metaphorically, since the subject is generally present in the sentence. Many of these words are very old, and make use of short, sometimes even subsyllabic, morphemes that no longer have any independent use in Poswa as standalone words. For example, the early Pabappa verb '''pi''' "to kill" has disappeared from the language as a standalone verb because it coalesced with a verb meaning "to lick". However, it is still found in SOV compounds of this type. <ref>From Poswa: Note that the accusative ending ''-p'' on the object is often not present; this is because the OV portion of the word can be parsed as another SV compound in which the inanimate subject is grammatically active but syntactically passive. However, if the object of the sentence is animate, it will take the ''-p''.</ref>
| | ====Examples of coined words for modern technology==== |
| | |
| ====Examples of tripartite SOV compounds==== | |
|
| |
|
| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| ! Active <BR>element | | ! English |
| ! meaning | | ! Poswa |
| ! Passive <BR>element | | ! Pabappa |
| ! meaning
| | ! Shared<BR>etymology |
| ! Verbal <BR>element | | ! Other notes |
| ! meaning
| | ! |
| ! New word | |
| ! meaning | |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pop || sharp object
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| wul || fish
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| pi || to kill
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| poppi || to go fishing
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| wul || fish
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| si || ice
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| ti || to break open
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| isti || to behave as a fish breaking through ice
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| po || hand
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| lara || legs
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| pana || to create pleasure
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| blana || to masturbate
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| — || —
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| lara || legs
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| pana || to create pleasure
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| lana || to have sex
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pul || baby
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| — || —
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| isi || to guess
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| pulisi || children guessing naively; to guess
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ta || toddler
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| — ||
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| musa || to play with each other
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| tansa || children playing with each other; as on a playground
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| po || hand
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| tim || soap
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| i || bubbles; lather
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| pommi || to lather someone up with soap; to bathe
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pip || man
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| so || man
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| pana || to create pleasure
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| pitsuna || gay man
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| su || sun
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| sap || snow
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| im || to make disappear
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| sussem || to melt
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| uma || woman
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| oma || woman
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| pana || to create pleasure
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| utana || lesbian
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pup || penis
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| — || —
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| wupu || bloodshed; pain
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| puppupu || to rape
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pup || penis
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ma || womb
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| su || penetrate
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| punsa || to impregnate someone; become a father
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ma || womb
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pul || baby
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| pi || kill
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| mappi || to have a miscarriage; spontaneous abortion
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pampor || weapon
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| as || human
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| api || to repeat
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| pamporapi || war; when weapons hurt humans<ref>spelled ''pampobapi'' in pink notebook</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| uma || woman
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| so || man
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| pana || to create pleasure
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| unsuna || heterosexual female
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pip || man
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| oma || woman
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| pana || to create pleasure
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| piptana || heterosexual male
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ||
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ||
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| ||
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| tipa || flea
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| lara || legs
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| pua || to jump, leap
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| tiblaba || flea
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pus || ring
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| sop<ref>could regularlize this to "pup"</ref> || both hands
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| poba || to trap; restrain
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| pusoppoba || handcuffs
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| po || palm of the hand
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pap || cheek
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| pe || to strike, hit
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| popepe || to slap someone in the face
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| po || palm of the hand
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| p(t)ap || buttocks (dual)
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| pe || to strike, hit
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| poptape || to spank; to humiliate
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pep || hand
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| piri || skin, body
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| pe || to strike, hit
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| pepripe || to punch someone
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ||
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ||
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| ||
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ||
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ||
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| ||
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ||
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ||
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| ||
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| ||
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| || | | | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| cellphone |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| || | | | style="background-color:#b9ffee;"| pampappep |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| || | | | style="background-color:#ffbadd;"| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| || | | | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| pocket voice |
| | | || |
| |- | | |- |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| || | | | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ||
| | | style="background-color:#b9ffee;"| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| ||
| | | style="background-color:#ffbadd;"| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| ||
| | | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| |
| |-
| | | || |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ||
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ||
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| ||
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| || | |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ||
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| ||
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ||
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| ||
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| ||
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pup || penis
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pip || vagina
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| pana || to create pleasure
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| pupipuna || to have (penile-vaginal) sexual intercourse | |
| |-
| |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| po || hand
| |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pup || penis
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| pana || to create pleasure
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| popupana || a man masturbating
| |
| |- | |
| | style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| po || hand | |
| |style="background-color:#b9e8ff;"| pip || vagina
| |
| |style="background-color:#fff1b9;"| pana || to create pleasure
| |
| | style="background-color:#c1ffb9;"| popipuna || a woman masturbating
| |
| |} | | |} |
|
| |
| ====Choice of morphemes in SOV compounds====
| |
| While some of the words in the table above may seem uncharacteristically graphic for a language such as Pabappa, their use is perpetuated by the fact that many of them have died out as standalone morphemes in the modern language. For example, although the compound '''puppupu''' "to rape" is made up of '''pup''' "penis" and '''wupu''' "bloodshed, pain", the shortest modern word for penis is '''pumapi''' and the word for pain is just one of many such words.
| |
|
| |
| Likewise, if '''punsa''' "to impregnate" were re-created using modern morphemes, it would look something like
| |
| :'''Pumapi rompa pussap.'''
| |
| ::Penis penetrates womb.
| |
|
| |
| (Spaces have been inserted to make the word boundaries clearer.)
| |
|
| |
| Likewise, '''mappi''' "abortion, miscarriage" would have to be expressed as
| |
| :'''Rompa pampap uradi.'''
| |
| ::Womb kills baby.
| |
|
| |
| Even '''poppi''' "to go fishing" would appear as something such as
| |
| :'''Papiba ibip uradi.'''
| |
| ::Sharp object kills fish.
| |
|
| |
| Lastly, some SOV morphemes have become generalized as metaphors such that their S component has effectively lost its meaning. Although '''pulisi''' means "to guess", it previously carried the more specific sense "to guess in a childlike way", where ''pul'' was a word for baby that came to mean a word for children in general before dying out. If a new compound in this style were created today it could be either
| |
|
| |
| :'''Pampa pulisi.'''
| |
| ::Baby's guess.
| |
|
| |
| Or
| |
|
| |
| :'''Blumpur pulisi.'''
| |
| ::Child's guess.
| |
