First things: Difference between revisions
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==Pronunciation table== | |||
! | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; width:500px;" | ||
! | !p | ||
! | !b | ||
! | !f | ||
! | !v | ||
!ɱ | |||
!m | |||
| | |||
| | |||
!t | |||
!d | |||
!þ | |||
!ð | |||
!ɫ | |||
!l | |||
| | |||
| | |||
!c | |||
!ᵶ | |||
!s | |||
!z | |||
!r | |||
!n | |||
| | |||
| | |||
!k | |||
!g | |||
!x | |||
!ᵹ | |||
!h | |||
!ȝ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
!sü | |||
!sï | |||
| | |||
| | |||
!i | |||
!e | |||
!a | |||
!ɵ | |||
!o | |||
!u | |||
| | |||
| | |||
!ı | |||
!ɛ | |||
!y | |||
|- | |- | ||
|/p/ | |||
|/b/ | |||
|/ɸ/ | |||
| | |/β/ | ||
|/m̊/ | |||
| | |/m/ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|/t/ | |||
| | |/d/ | ||
|/θ/ | |||
| | |/ð/ | ||
|/l̥/ | |||
| | |/l/ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|/ʦ/ | |||
| | |/ʣ/ | ||
|/s/ | |||
| | |/z/ | ||
|/ɾ̥/ | |||
| | |/n/ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|/k/ | |||
| | |/g/ | ||
|/ç/ | |||
| | |/ʝ/ | ||
|/j̊/ | |||
| | |/j/ | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|/sʷ/ | |||
|/sʲ/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|/i/ | |||
|/e/ | |||
|/ä/ | |||
| | |/ɒ/ | ||
|/o/ | |||
|/u/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|/ɪ/ | |||
|/ɛ/ | |||
| | |/ʊ/ | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
==1. Polite phrases== | ==1. Polite phrases== | ||
{|class= | {|class=wikitable | ||
| align=center |Yes | | align=center |Yes | ||
| align=center |No | | align=center |No | ||
| align=center |Please | | align=center |Please | ||
| align=center |Thank | | align=center |Thank you (very much) | ||
| align=center |No, thank you | | align=center |No, thank you | ||
| align=center |You're welcome | | align=center |You're welcome | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align=center |ítu | |||
| align=center |nítu | |||
| align=center |tum sǫ̋ra<sup>1</sup> | |||
| align=center |(me̋ᵶa) vų̋ma vų̋la:<sup>2</sup> | |||
| align=center |nítu.<sup>3</sup> (t-u) kétu fa̋cu (e̋sa): | |||
| align=center |vų̋ma vų̋la ne: | |||
|} | |} | ||
| Line 121: | Line 121: | ||
:<sup>3</sup>A period is used instead of a comma. | :<sup>3</sup>A period is used instead of a comma. | ||
{|class= | {|class=wikitable | ||
| align=center |Excuse me. | | align=center |Excuse me. | ||
| align=center |That's all right. | | align=center |That's all right. | ||
| align=center |I'm sorry. | | align=center |I'm sorry. | ||
| align=center |What did you say? | | align=center |What did you say? | ||
| align=center |Well-met | | align=center |Well-met| | ||
| align=center |Welcome | | align=center |Welcome| | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align=center | | | align=center |süǫ̋ðome<sup>1</sup>: | ||
| align=center | | | align=center |no sűo e̋sa: | ||
| align=center | | | align=center |kı̋nos dą̋a: | ||
| align=center | | | align=center |e-tę̋ua<sup>2</sup> ne: | ||
| align=center | | | align=center |sųmǫ̋daþu | ||
| align=center | | | align=center |sųgüe̋raþu | ||
|} | |} | ||
*Notes: | *Notes: | ||
:<sup>1</sup>The imperative is formed with the suffix '''-e''', but it is more polite to use the subjunctive form which ends in '''-o'''. | :<sup>1</sup>The imperative is formed with the suffix '''-e''', but it is more polite to use the subjunctive form which ends in '''-o'''. | ||
:<sup> | :<sup>1</sup>The prefix '''e-''' marks the past tense. | ||
==2. Questions and requests== | ==2. Questions and requests== | ||
{|class= | {|class=wikitable | ||
| align=center |Where/When is/are...? | | align=center |Where/When is/are...? | ||
| align=center |How much is/are...? | | align=center |How much is/are...? | ||
| Line 165: | Line 149: | ||
| align=center |What do you want? | | align=center |What do you want? | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align=center |... náru/ᵹálu e̋sa<sup>1</sup>: | |||
| align=center |... xőto vų̋a<sup>2</sup>: | |||
| align=center |... xótu þı̋fo e̋sa: | |||
| align=center |xo so e̋sa: | |||
| align=center |tu xom ɱe̋ca<sup>3</sup>: | |||
|} | |} | ||
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:<sup>3</sup>Note that the verb is placed at the end of the sentence. | :<sup>3</sup>Note that the verb is placed at the end of the sentence. | ||
{|class= | {|class=wikitable | ||
| align=center |What must I do? | | align=center |What must I do? | ||
| align=center |Have you...? Do you sell...? | | align=center |Have you...? Do you sell...? | ||
| Line 199: | Line 169: | ||
| align=center |I do not want ... | | align=center |I do not want ... | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align=center |mu xom kı̋u<sup>1</sup> ke̋la: | |||
| align=center |tu ... fą̋rame: | |||
| align=center |... vų̋lame: | |||
| align=center |tu ... nına̋kame<sup>2</sup>: | |||
| align=center |mu ...ɫę̋la<sup>3</sup>: | |||
| align=center |mu ... ɱe̋ca ne: | |||
|} | |} | ||
*Notes: | *Notes: | ||
:<sup>1</sup>A verb dependent on another verb ends in '''-u'''. It is called the supine. | :<sup>1</sup>A verb dependent on another verb ends in '''-u'''. It is called the supine. | ||
:<sup>2</sup>The present perfect tense is formed by reduplicating the first consonant and prefixing it to the verb with a weak vowel. If the verb's vowel is | :<sup>2</sup>The present perfect tense is formed by reduplicating the first consonant and prefixing it to the verb with a weak vowel. If the verb's vowel is ''i'', ''e'', or ''a'', the weak vowel is ''ı''. If the verb's vowel is ''ɵ'', ''o'', or ''u'', the weak vowel is ''y''. | ||
:<sup>3</sup>''' | :<sup>3</sup>'''ɫę̋la''', prefer or would like, is preferable to '''ɱe̋ca''', want. | ||
Revision as of 16:52, 20 June 2016
Pronunciation table
| p | b | f | v | ɱ | m | t | d | þ | ð | ɫ | l | c | ᵶ | s | z | r | n | k | g | x | ᵹ | h | ȝ | sü | sï | i | e | a | ɵ | o | u | ı | ɛ | y | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /m̊/ | /m/ | /t/ | /d/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /l̥/ | /l/ | /ʦ/ | /ʣ/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ɾ̥/ | /n/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ç/ | /ʝ/ | /j̊/ | /j/ | /sʷ/ | /sʲ/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ä/ | /ɒ/ | /o/ | /u/ | /ɪ/ | /ɛ/ | /ʊ/ |
1. Polite phrases
| Yes | No | Please | Thank you (very much) | No, thank you | You're welcome |
| ítu | nítu | tum sǫ̋ra1 | (me̋ᵶa) vų̋ma vų̋la:2 | nítu.3 (t-u) kétu fa̋cu (e̋sa): | vų̋ma vų̋la ne: |
- Notes:
- 1If understood from the context, the subject personal pronoun is omitted.
- 2A colon is used to mark the end of a sentence.
- 3A period is used instead of a comma.
| Excuse me. | That's all right. | I'm sorry. | What did you say? | Well-met| | Welcome| |
| süǫ̋ðome1: | no sűo e̋sa: | kı̋nos dą̋a: | e-tę̋ua2 ne: | sųmǫ̋daþu | sųgüe̋raþu |
- Notes:
- 1The imperative is formed with the suffix -e, but it is more polite to use the subjunctive form which ends in -o.
- 1The prefix e- marks the past tense.
2. Questions and requests
| Where/When is/are...? | How much is/are...? | How far is...? | What is this? | What do you want? |
| ... náru/ᵹálu e̋sa1: | ... xőto vų̋a2: | ... xótu þı̋fo e̋sa: | xo so e̋sa: | tu xom ɱe̋ca3: |
- Notes:
- 1When a questioning word is used, the interrogatory suffix -me is omitted.
- 2There are two words for to be. e̋sa indicates a permanent condition, vų̋a a temporary one.
- 3Note that the verb is placed at the end of the sentence.
| What must I do? | Have you...? Do you sell...? | Is there...? | Have you seen...? | I would like .... | I do not want ... |
| mu xom kı̋u1 ke̋la: | tu ... fą̋rame: | ... vų̋lame: | tu ... nına̋kame2: | mu ...ɫę̋la3: | mu ... ɱe̋ca ne: |
- Notes:
- 1A verb dependent on another verb ends in -u. It is called the supine.
- 2The present perfect tense is formed by reduplicating the first consonant and prefixing it to the verb with a weak vowel. If the verb's vowel is i, e, or a, the weak vowel is ı. If the verb's vowel is ɵ, o, or u, the weak vowel is y.
- 3ɫę̋la, prefer or would like, is preferable to ɱe̋ca, want.
