IPA: Difference between revisions
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| Trill || [[Bilabial trill|ʙ]] || || [[Dental trill|r̪]] || [[Alveolar trill|r]] || [[Postalveolar trill|r̠]] || || || [[Uvular trill|ʀ]] | | Trill || [[Bilabial trill|ʙ]] || || [[Dental trill|r̪]] || [[Alveolar trill|r]] || [[Postalveolar trill|r̠]] || || || [[Uvular trill|ʀ]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Tap or Flap || || || [[Dental | | Tap or Flap || || || [[Dental flap|ɾ̪]] || [[Alveolar flap|ɾ]] || [[Postalveolar flap|ɾ̠]] || [[Retroflex flap|ɽ]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Fricative || [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar | | Fricative || [[Voiceless bilabial fricative|ɸ]] [[Voiced bilabial fricative|β]] || [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|f]] [[Voiced labiodental fricative|v]] || [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] [[Voiced dental fricative|ð]] || [[Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]] [[Voiced alveolar fricative|z]] || [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] [[Voiced postalveolar fricative|ʒ]] || [[Voiceless retroflex fricative|ʂ]] [[Voiced retroflex fricative|ʐ]] || [[Voiceless palatal fricative|ç]] [[Voiced palatal fricative|ʝ]] || [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]] [[Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]] || [[Voiceless uvular fricative|χ]] [[Voiced uvular fricative|ʁ]] || [[Voiceless pharyngeal fricative|ħ]] [[Voiced pharyngeal fricative|ʕ]] || [[Voiceless glottal fricative|h]] [[Voiced glottal fricative|ɦ]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Lateral fricative || || || [[Voiceless lateral dental fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced lateral dental fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced lateral alveolar fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless lateral postalveolar fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced lateral postalveolar fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced lateral retroflex fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral palatal fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral velar fricative|ʟ̝]] | | Lateral fricative || || || [[Voiceless lateral dental fricative|ɬ̪]] [[Voiced lateral dental fricative|ɮ̪]] || [[Voiceless lateral alveolar fricative|ɬ]] [[Voiced lateral alveolar fricative|ɮ]] || [[Voiceless lateral postalveolar fricative|ɬ̠]] [[Voiced lateral postalveolar fricative|ɮ̠]] || [[Voiced lateral retroflex fricative|ɭ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral palatal fricative|ʎ̝]] || [[Voiced lateral velar fricative|ʟ̝]] | ||
Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
| Lateral approximant || || || [[Lateral dental approximant|l̪]] || [[Lateral alveolar approximant|l]] || [[Lateral postalveolar approximant|l̠]] || [[Lateral retroflex approximant|ɭ]] || [[Lateral palatal approximant|ʎ]] || [[Lateral velar approximant|ʟ]] | | Lateral approximant || || || [[Lateral dental approximant|l̪]] || [[Lateral alveolar approximant|l]] || [[Lateral postalveolar approximant|l̠]] || [[Lateral retroflex approximant|ɭ]] || [[Lateral palatal approximant|ʎ]] || [[Lateral velar approximant|ʟ]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{ | '''Non-pulmonic Consonants''' | ||
{| | |||
| Clicks || Voiced Implosives || Ejectives | |||
|- | |||
| [[Bilabial click|ʘ]] Bilabial || [[Bilabial implosive|ɓ]] Bilabial || ʼ as in: | |||
|- | |||
| [[Dental click|ǀ]] Dental || [[Alveolar implosive|ɗ]] Dental/alveolar || [[Bilabial ejective|pʼ]] Bilabial | |||
|- | |||
| [[Alveolar click|ǃ]] (Post)alveolar || [[Palatal implosive|ʄ]] Palatal || [[Alveolar ejective|tʼ]] Dental/alveolar | |||
|- | |||
| ǂ Palatoalveolar <!-- palatoalveolar=alveolo-palatal? --> || [[Velar implosive|ɠ]] Velar || [[Velar ejective|kʼ]] Velar | |||
|- | |||
| [[Lateral alveolar click|ǁ]] Lateral alveolar || [[Uvular implosive|ʛ]] Uvular || [[Alveolar ejective fricative|sʼ]] Alveolar fricative | |||
|} | |||
'''Vowels''' | |||
{| | |||
| || Front || || Central || || Back | |||
|- | |||
| Close || i · y || || ɨ · ʉ || || ɯ · u | |||
|- | |||
| || || ɪ · ʏ || || ʊ | |||
|- | |||
| Close-mid || e · ø || || ɘ · ɵ || || ɤ · o | |||
|- | |||
| || || || ə | |||
|- | |||
| Open-mid || ɛ · œ || || ɜ · ɞ || || ʌ · ɔ | |||
|- | |||
| || æ || || ɐ | |||
|- | |||
| Open || a · ɶ || || || || ɑ · ɒ | |||
|} | |||
'''Other Symbols''' | |||
{| | |||
| [[Voiceless labial-velar fricative|ʍ]] Voiceless labial-velar fricative | |||
|- | |||
| [[Labial-velar approximant|w]] Voiced labial-velar approximant | |||
|- | |||
| [[Labial-palatal approximant|ɥ]] Voiced labial-palatal approximant | |||
|- | |||
| [[Voiceless epiglottal fricative|ʜ]] Voiceless epiglottal fricative | |||
|- | |||
| [[Voiced epiglottal fricative|ʢ]] Voiced epiglottal fricative | |||
|- | |||
| [[Epiglottal stop|ʔ]] Epiglottal plosive | |||
|- | |||
| [[Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative|ɕ]] [[Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative|ʑ]] Alveolo-palatal fricatives | |||
|- | |||
| [[Lateral alveolar flap|ɺ]] Lateral alveolar flap | |||
|- | |||
| [[Voiceless postalveolar-velar fricative|ɧ]] Simultaneous [[Voiceless postalveolar fricative|ʃ]] and [[Voiceless velar fricative|x]]. | |||
|- | |||
| Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. | |||
[[Voiceless labial-velar stop|k͡p]] [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]] | |||
|} | |||
'''Suprasegmentals''' | |||
{| | |||
| ˈ || Primary stress || ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən | |||
|- | |||
| ˌ || Secondary stress | |||
|- | |||
| ː || Long || eː | |||
|- | |||
| ˑ || Half-long || eˑ | |||
|- | |||
| ˘ || Extra short || ĕ | |||
|- | |||
| . || Syllable break || ɹi.ækt | |||
|- | |||
| || Minor (foot) group | |||
|- | |||
| || Major (intonation) group | |||
|- | |||
| ‿ || Linking (absence of a break) | |||
|} | |||
'''Tones & Word Accents''' | |||
{| | |||
! Level !! Contour | |||
| e̋ or ˥ | |||
|- | |||
| é ˦ | |||
|- | |||
| ē ˧ | |||
|- | |||
| è ˨ | |||
|- | |||
| ȅ ˩ | |||
|} | |||
'''Diacritics''' | |||
{| | |||
| ̥ || Voiceless [[Voiceless alveolar nasal|n̥]] [[Voiceless alveolar stop|d̥]] || ̤ || Breathy voiced [[Breathy voiced bilabial stop|b̤]] [[Breathy voiced open front vowel|a̤]] || ̪ || Dental [[Voiceless dental stop|t̪]] [[Voiced dental stop|d̪]] | |||
|- | |||
| ̬ || Voiced [[Voiced alveolar fricative|s̬]] [[Voiced alveolar stop|t̬]] || ̰ || Creaky voiced [[Creaky voiced bilabial stop|b̰]] [[Creaky voiced open front vowel|a̰]] || ̺ || Apical [[Voiceless apical alveolar stop|t̺]] [[Voiced apical alveolar stop|d̺]] | |||
|- | |||
| ʰ || Aspirated [[Voiceless aspirated alveolar stop|tʰ]] [[Voiced aspirated alveolar stop|dʰ]] || ̼ || Linguolabial [[Voiceless linguolabial stop|t̼]] [[Voiced linguolabial stop|d̼]] || ̻ || Laminal [[Voiceless laminal alveolar stop|t̻]] [[Voiced laminal alveolar stop|d̻]] | |||
|- | |||
| ˒ || More rounded ɔ̜ || ʷ || Labialized [[Voiceless labialized alveolar stop|tʷ]] [[Voiced labialized alveolar stop|dʷ]] || ~ || Nasalized [[Nasalized close-mid front vowel|ẽ]] | |||
|_ | |||
| ˓ || Less rounded ɔ̹ || ʲ || Palatalized [[Voiceless palatalized alveolar stop|tʲ]] [[Voiced palatalized alveolar stop|dʲ]] | |||
|- | |||
| ˖ || Advanced [[Close back-central rounded vowel|u̟]] || ˠ || Velarized [[Voiceless velarized alveolar stop|tˠ]] [[Voiced velarized alveolar stop||dˠ]] || ˡ || Lateral release [[Voiced lateral alveolar stop|dˡ]] | |||
|- | |||
| ˗ || Retracted [[Close front-central vowel|i̠]] || ˤ || Pharyngealized [[Voiceless pharyngealized alveolar stop|tˤ]] [[Voiced pharyngealized alveolar stop|dˤ]] || ̚ || No audible release [[Unreleased voiced alveolar stop|d̚]] | |||
|- | |||
| ¨ || Centralized ë || ̴ || Velarized or pharyngealized [[ɫ]] | |||
|- | |||
| ̽ || Mid-centralized e̽ || ˔ || Raised e̝ ([[Voiced alveolar fricative|ɹ̝]] = Voiced alveolar fricative) | |||
|} |
Revision as of 00:46, 18 October 2004
The International Phonetic Alphabet is an alphabet designed to represent the sounds of various languages. See Wikipedia:International Phonetic Alphabet.
Pulmonic Consonants
Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |
Plosive | p b | p̪ b̪ | t̪ d̪ | t d | t̠ d̠ | ʈ ɖ | c ɟ | k ɡ | q ɢ | ʔ | |
Nasal | m | ɱ | n̪ | n | n̠ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | ||
Trill | ʙ | r̪ | r | r̠ | ʀ | ||||||
Tap or Flap | ɾ̪ | ɾ | ɾ̠ | ɽ | |||||||
Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʂ ʐ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ ʁ | ħ ʕ | h ɦ |
Lateral fricative | ɬ̪ ɮ̪ | ɬ ɮ | ɬ̠ ɮ̠ | ɭ̝ | ʎ̝ | ʟ̝ | |||||
Approximant | β̞ | ʋ | ɹ̪ | ɹ | ɹ̠ | ɻ | j | ɰ | ʁ̞ | ʕ̞ | |
Lateral approximant | l̪ | l | l̠ | ɭ | ʎ | ʟ |
Non-pulmonic Consonants
Clicks | Voiced Implosives | Ejectives |
ʘ Bilabial | ɓ Bilabial | ʼ as in: |
ǀ Dental | ɗ Dental/alveolar | pʼ Bilabial |
ǃ (Post)alveolar | ʄ Palatal | tʼ Dental/alveolar |
ǂ Palatoalveolar | ɠ Velar | kʼ Velar |
ǁ Lateral alveolar | ʛ Uvular | sʼ Alveolar fricative |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |||
Close | i · y | ɨ · ʉ | ɯ · u | ||
ɪ · ʏ | ʊ | ||||
Close-mid | e · ø | ɘ · ɵ | ɤ · o | ||
ə | |||||
Open-mid | ɛ · œ | ɜ · ɞ | ʌ · ɔ | ||
æ | ɐ | ||||
Open | a · ɶ | ɑ · ɒ |
Other Symbols
ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative |
w Voiced labial-velar approximant |
ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant |
ʜ Voiceless epiglottal fricative |
ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative |
ʔ Epiglottal plosive |
ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives |
ɺ Lateral alveolar flap |
ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x. |
Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary. |
Suprasegmentals
ˈ | Primary stress | ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən |
ˌ | Secondary stress | |
ː | Long | eː |
ˑ | Half-long | eˑ |
˘ | Extra short | ĕ |
. | Syllable break | ɹi.ækt |
Minor (foot) group | ||
Major (intonation) group | ||
‿ | Linking (absence of a break) |
Tones & Word Accents
Level | Contour | e̋ or ˥ |
---|---|---|
é ˦ | ||
ē ˧ | ||
è ˨ | ||
ȅ ˩ |
Diacritics
̥ | Voiceless n̥ d̥ | ̤ | Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ | ̪ | Dental t̪ d̪ | |||||
̬ | Voiced s̬ t̬ | ̰ | Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ | ̺ | Apical t̺ d̺ | |||||
ʰ | Aspirated tʰ dʰ | ̼ | Linguolabial t̼ d̼ | ̻ | Laminal t̻ d̻ | |||||
˒ | More rounded ɔ̜ | ʷ | Labialized tʷ dʷ | ~ | Nasalized ẽ | _ | ˓ | Less rounded ɔ̹ | ʲ | Palatalized tʲ dʲ |
˖ | Advanced u̟ | ˠ | Velarized tˠ [[Voiced velarized alveolar stop | dˠ]] | ˡ | Lateral release dˡ | ||||
˗ | Retracted i̠ | ˤ | Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ | ̚ | No audible release d̚ | |||||
¨ | Centralized ë | ̴ | Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ | |||||||
̽ | Mid-centralized e̽ | ˔ | Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = Voiced alveolar fricative) |