Pabappa verbs: Difference between revisions
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However, the consonant stems take forms that are indeed originally from the intransitives, since the above vowel shift did not take place in consonant stems. | However, the consonant stems take forms that are indeed originally from the intransitives, since the above vowel shift did not take place in consonant stems. | ||
==Conjugation tables== | |||
===Vowel stems=== | ===Vowel stems=== | ||
All verbs whose stems end in a vowel take endings beginning with '''-b'''. Below is the verb '''pepu''' "to bend, fold": | All verbs whose stems end in a vowel take endings beginning with '''-b'''. Below is the verb '''pepu''' "to bend, fold": | ||
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Note that the subjunctive forms are the same as those of the 3rd person Poswa intransitive subjunctives, but that, as above, they are in fact derived from the transitives. | Note that the subjunctive forms are the same as those of the 3rd person Poswa intransitive subjunctives, but that, as above, they are in fact derived from the transitives. | ||
===-p stems=== | ===-p stems=== | ||
Verbs whose stems end in '''-p''' change the ''p'' to ''s'' and omit the ''-b-''. Below is the conjugation of '''pupimip''' "to sit (up)": | Verbs whose stems end in '''-p''' change the ''p'' to ''s'' and omit the ''-b-''. Below is the conjugation of '''pupimip''' "to sit (up)": | ||
Revision as of 06:33, 18 May 2016
Pabappa verb conjugation is much like a radically simplified version of that of Poswa. Only tense is marked on the verb, and there are only 3 tenses, since aspect is not marked either. Neither agent nor patient person markers are present on the verb, and there is no distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs, or between active and passive verbs.
There are separate conjugation classes in Pabappa, but these differ only in which consonant the ending begins with, not in any vowels.
Tense
The basic Pabappa suffixes are -pi, -pa, and -pu for the past, present, and imperative respectively. They appear as if they are related to Poswa's monosyllabic intransitive suffixes (-bel, -ba, -bob), perhaps through analogy with the respective subjunctive forms, but are in fact heavily analogized descendants of the disyllabic transitive suffixes. Early on, the "extra" vowel remained, but a later sound change pushed the last vowel of the stem into the suffix. Later, these were analogized in such a way that it appeared the initial vowel had never existed.
However, the consonant stems take forms that are indeed originally from the intransitives, since the above vowel shift did not take place in consonant stems.
Conjugation tables
Vowel stems
All verbs whose stems end in a vowel take endings beginning with -b. Below is the verb pepu "to bend, fold":
| pepu | Past | Present | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Indicative) | pepubi | pepuba | pepubu |
| (Subjunctive) | pepubep | pepubap | pepubop |
Since Pabappa verbs are not marked either for person or for transitivity, pronouns must be present for context. However, when two pronouns come together in a word, they are elided into a single word stressed on the initial syllable. Thus for example:
- Pom pubulap pepubi.
- I folded the shorts.
- Pomap pepubi mupadarna pubom.
- I bent you over a barrel.
Note that the subjunctive forms are the same as those of the 3rd person Poswa intransitive subjunctives, but that, as above, they are in fact derived from the transitives.
-p stems
Verbs whose stems end in -p change the p to s and omit the -b-. Below is the conjugation of pupimip "to sit (up)":
| pupimip | Past | Present | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Indicative) | pupimisi | pupimisa | pupimisu |
| (Subjunctive) | pupimisep | pupimisap | pupimisop |
- Pom pupimisa urtam.
- I'm sitting on the floor.
-m stems
Verbs whose stems end in -m keep the -m and add -p- instead of *-b. Below is the conjugation of pudem "to ask (for information)":
| Past | Present | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Indicative) | pudempi | pudempa | pudempu |
| (Subjunctive) | pudempep | pudempap | pudempop |
- "Mom," blumpur pudempi, "pampabum patsa sana poplosa?"
- "Mom," asked the child, "where do babies come from?"
-s stems
Verbs whose stems end in -s keep the s and omit the -b-. Below is the conjugation of wapipas "to wall out, seal from within":
| Past | Present | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Indicative) | wapipasi | wapipasa | wapipasu |
| (Subjunctive) | wapipasep | wapipasap | wapipasop |
Note, however, that verbs ending in -s do not always correspond to nouns ending in -s, because historically all final -s was dropped. Nouns lost their -s but verbs often did not because the stem of a verb in Pabappa is never used in its bare form, and thus the -s was never word-final.
-l stems
Verbs whose stems end in -l omit the -l and also omit the -b-. Below is the conjugation of parsappel "to growl in anger, to bare one's teeth":
| Past | Present | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Indicative) | parsappe | parsappea | parsappeu |
| (Subjunctive) | parsappep | parsappeap | parsappeop |
- Pom parsappea!
- I'm angry!
Note that the past tense indicative form of the verb ends in -e, not the expected *-ei. This is due to a sound change that took place in recent times, shortly after the general loss of all preexisting final -e. Thus, the past tense form of -l-stem verbs is one of the very few places in Pabappa where final -e is found.
Thus one can say
- Parlapsi pop parsappe.
- The dog growled at me.
-r stems
Verbs whose stems end in -r change the r to b and thus resemble vowel stems. Below is the conjugation of piner "to drink (alcohol)":
| Past | Present | Imperative | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Indicative) | pinebi | pineba | pinebu |
| (Subjunctive) | pinebep | pinebap | pinebop |
- Pom pampomop pineba.
- I drank the wine.
- Pom papsapomop pineba porlap.
- I drank the beer too.
Aspect
Pabappa uses suffixes to mark aspect. They go after the stem of the verb and before the tense markers. They are descended from infixes, and are still infixes in Poswa. In Pabappa they became suffixes because sound changes split each one into three depending on the final vowel of the stem, and then these were mostly merged into one form for each aspect marker.
The copula verb pip
Unlike Poswa, Pabappa has a copula verb, pip.[1] It is historically the same word as Poswa's pys- "to find".[2]
Pip is conjugated like a regular -p verb, meaning its basic indicative forms are pisi, pisa, and pisu, with the subjunctives being pisep, pisap, and pisop. [3]
| pip | Past | Present | Imperative |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Indicative) | pisi | pisa | pisu |
| (Subjunctive) | pisep | pisap | pisop |
Uses of the copula
Pip can be used for both short-term states and long-term identities and statements of equivalence. For example, at mealtime one might say
- Sometiba risama pisi.
- My plate was full.
- Pansa, blubelmimiba plummupam pisa.
- Because my vegetable salad is in the trash.
- Pom bapamas baboba pisa.
- I am still hungry.
Serial person marking
Infinitive
Pabappa does not have an infinitive verb form such as English "to work" and Spanish trabajar. Instead, functions that are in other languages given to infinitives are in Pabappa taken up by serial verbs and by nouns.
Serial verbs
Generally, the tense marker will match between the two members of a serial verb construction. For example, one can say
- Pom panampi parpabompibap blabusi.
- I enjoyed cleaning my apartment.
- Papubes, pom topuba pulmasa.
- Now, I want to sleep.
Negative verbs
Verbal negation is accomplished in several ways.
The affix -pida
Most verbs can be negated by adding the affix -pida, which also functions as a standalone noun meaning "decoy" and as a verb meaning "fake; to be false".
- Poma paplompi.
- I whistled at you.
- Poma paplompidabi.
- I didn't whistle at you.
Like other affixes beginning with -p-, it changes to beginning with -b- after a verb ending in a vowel:
- Poma pipsibi.
- I spied on you.
- Poma pipsibidabi.
- I didn't spy on you.
Auxiliary negative verbs
In many cases, a Pabappa speaker will want to emphasize before the verb is spoken that the meaning of the sentence is negative instead of using an infix in the middle. After all, Pabappa sentences often place the verb at the end of the sentence, and some sentences can be quite long. Generally, the auxiliary verb will be placed after the personal pronouns and before the verb. The different auxiliaries have different shades of meaning:
- Poma pubi pipsibi.
- No, I didn't spy on you.
- Poma pabubi pipsibi.
- I didn't spy on you. (It was someone else!)
- Poma pubebi pipsibi.
- I didn't spy on you. (I did something worse!)
- Poma puppibi pipsibi.
- I avoided spying on you.
Also, since they are grammatically considered intransitive verbs, the auxiliaries change to accomodate different tense markers:
- Poma puba pipsiba.
- I'm not spying on you.
Double negatives
It is possible, for emphasis, to use both the infix -pida- and a fronted auxiliary, but it is not nearly as common as it is in Poswa. People who overuse double negatives are often assumed to be Poswobs who haven't learned fully the differences between the two languages.
Pida as a standalone verb
The infix -pida- used above can function as a standalone verb, and is considered to be a suppletive negative form of the verb pu "to do", because it replaces the stem of that verb instead of attaching to it:
- Pidabi!
- I didn't do it!
Interjections
Interjections can be considered to be either a subset of the nouns or a subset of the verbs. However, going far enough back in the history of the language, the "verb" analysis is shown to be the only correct one, as the nouns that resemble interjections were themselves originally verbs.
Many interjections are used to express pain and unpleasant emotions. Interjections have a lesser role in Pabappa than they do in Poswa, and the Pabaps consider the Poswobs' frequent use of interjections to be a prime example of their cultural impoliteness.
Some interjections have been borrowed from Poswa. For example, young Pabap children can say
- Bebo!
- I have to go to the bathroom!
This is a recent loanword from Poswa's bevo. However, while Poswobs will keep on interrupting each other's conversations to say "Bevo!" at the most seemingly inappropriate times even as adults, Pabaps learn to break themselves of this habit in early childhood. A Pabap would be more likely to use a softer phrase such as
- Pom liplempa.
- I'm uncomfortable.
Notes
- ↑ Historically pis.
- ↑ Previously wrote It behaves like a normal verb except that it can contract at the end of another word and lose the -i- vowel, thus becoming a suffix that would in isolation be impossible under the phonological rules of modern Pabappa. (Although words beginning with ps- were common in earlier stages of Pabappa, these were gone before the sound shift that removed the -i- of pis took place, so it did not follow the further sound changes that the ps- words had.).
- ↑ Earlier, I wrote: The C₁VC₂C₂ ---> C₁C₂ rule creates the contracted forms, and thus it is not just the -i-, but the -is- in the middle of the verb that drops out when the stress is removed. Normally, this change would not have taken place, because modern Pabappa's -ss- is generally derived from an earlier -sp-, but the copula was analogized from alternate forms in which an extra -i- had been inserted, thus leading to a different proto-form. It might actually be the other way around: the stressed forms would have a single s, and the compressed form would be from the originally transitive "piss" form. That is to say, CVCC compresses but CVC doesnt.
