First things: Difference between revisions

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(→‎Polite phrases: New material.)
(New material.)
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==1. Polite phrases==
==1. Polite phrases==
{|class="wikitable
{|class="wikitable
| align=center |Yes
| align=center |Yes
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{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! align=center | ítu
! align=center | ítu
! align=center | nítu
! align=center | n-ítu
! align=center | t-um sǫ̋r-a
! align=center | t-um sǫ̋r-a
! align=center |(me̋ƶa) vų̋m-a vų̋l-a:
! align=center |(me̋ƶa) vų̋m-a vų̋l-a:
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| align=center |thus
| align=center |thus
| align=center |not-thus
| align=center |not-thus
| align=center |2-MOT.SG beseech-IND
| align=center |2s-MOT beseech-IND
| align=center |(large) debt-NOM.SG there.be-IND
| align=center |(large) debt-NOMs there.be-IND
| align=center |not-thus (you-NOM.SG) too kind (be-IND)
| align=center |not-thus (2sNOM) too kind (be-IND)
| align=center |debt-NOM.SG there.be-IND ne
| align=center |debt-NOM.SG there.be-IND ne
|}
|}
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| align=center |Welcome!
| align=center |Welcome!
|-
|-
! align=center |šǫ̋ðome<sup>1</sup>:
! align=center |šǫ̋ðome1:
! align=center |no sűo e̋sa:
! align=center |no sűo e̋sa:
! align=center |kı̋nos dą̋a:
! align=center |kı̋nos dą̋a:
! align=center |e-tę̋ua<sup>2</sup> ne:
! align=center |e-tę̋ua2 ne:
! align=center |sųmǫ̋daþu
! align=center |sųmǫ̋daþu
! align=center |sųǧe̋raþu
! align=center |sųǧe̋raþu
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! align=center |sų-ǧe̋r-a-þu
! align=center |sų-ǧe̋r-a-þu
|-
|-
| align=center |pass-SUBJ-Q
| align=center |pass-SBJV-Q
| align=center |that-NOM.SG well-NOM.SG be-IND
| align=center |that-NOM.SG well-NOM.SG be-IND
| align=center |tear-NOM.PL flow-IND
| align=center |tear-NOM.PL flow-IND
| align=center |PST=pay.attention-IND not
| align=center |PST=pay.attention-IND not
| align=center |well-meet-IND-PPTCP
| align=center |well-meet-IND-PPTCP
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*Notes:
*Notes:
:<sup>1</sup>The imperative is formed with the suffix '''-e''', but it is more polite to use the subjuntive form which ends in '''-o'''.
:<sup>1</sup>The imperative is formed with the suffix '''-e''', but it is more polite to use the subjunctive form which ends in '''-o'''.
:<sup>2</sup>The prefix '''e-''' marks the past tense.
:<sup>2</sup>The prefix '''e-''' marks the past tense.


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! align=center |... xótu þı̋fo e̋sa:
! align=center |... xótu þı̋fo e̋sa:
! align=center |xo so e̋sa:
! align=center |xo so e̋sa:
! align=center |tu xom ɱe̋ca<sup>3</sup>
! align=center |tu xom ɱe̋ca<sup>3</sup>:
|}
|}


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| align=center |... how.much-ADV far-NOM.SG be-IND
| align=center |... how.much-ADV far-NOM.SG be-IND
| align=center |what-NOM.SG this-NOM.SG be-IND
| align=center |what-NOM.SG this-NOM.SG be-IND
| align=center |you-NOM.SG what-MOT.SG want-IND
| align=center |2s-NOM what-MOT.SG want-IND
|}
|}


*Notes:
*Notes:
:<sup>1</sup>When a questioning word is used, the interrogatory suffix '''-me''' is omitted.
:<sup>1</sup>When a questioning word is used, the interrogatory suffix '''-me''' is omitted.
:<sup>2</sup>There are two words for "to be". '''e̋sa''' indicates a permanent condition, '''vų̋a''' a temporary one.
:<sup>2</sup>There are two words for ''to be''. '''e̋sa''' indicates a permanent condition, '''vų̋a''' a temporary one.
:<sup>3</sup>Note that the verb is placed at the end of the sentence.
:<sup>3</sup>Note that the verb is placed at the end of the sentence.
{|class="wikitable
| align=center |What must I do?
| align=center |Have you...? Do you sell...?
| align=center |Is there...?
| align=center |Have you seen...?
| align=center |I would like ....
| align=center |I do not want ...
|-
! align=center |mu xom kı̋u<sup>1</sup> ke̋la:
! align=center |tu ... fą̋rame:
! align=center |... vų̋lame:
! align=center |tu ... nına̋kame<sup>2</sup>:
! align=center |mu ... łę̋la<sup>3</sup>:
! align=center |mu ... ɱe̋ca ne:
|}
{|class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! align=center |m-u x-om kı̋-u ke̋l-a
! align=center |t-u ... fą̋r-a-me
! align=center |... vų̋l-a-me
! align=center |t-u ... nı~na̋k-a-me
! align=center |m-u ... łę̋l-a
! align=center |m-u ... ɱe̋c-a ne
|-
| align=center |1s-NOM what-MOT.SG do-SUP must-IND
| align=center |2s-NOM ... sell-IND-Q
| align=center |... there.be-IND-Q
| align=center |2s-NOM ... PRSPF~see-IND-Q
| align=center |1s-NOM ... prefer-IND
| align=center |1s-NOM ...want-IND not
|}
*Notes:
:<sup>1</sup>A verb dependent on another verb ends in '''-u'''. It is called the supine.
:<sup>2</sup>The present perfect tense is formed by reduplicating the first consonant and prefixing it to the verb with a weak vowel. If the verb's vowel is "i", "e", or "a", the weak vowel is "ı". If the verb's vowel is "ɔ", "o", or "u", the weak vowel is "y".
:<sup>3</sup>''' łę̋la''', ''prefer'' or ''would like'', is preferable to '''ɱe̋ca''', ''want''.

Revision as of 09:58, 25 January 2016

  Bilabial Dental Alveolar Palatal
Plosives p /p/

b /b/

t /t/

d /d/

c /ʦ/

ƶ /ʣ/

k /c~k/

g /ɟ~g/

Spirants f /ɸ/

v /β/

þ /θ/

ð /ð/

s /s/

z /z/

x /ç~x/

ᵹ /ç~ʝ

Sonorants ɱ /m̥/

m /m/

ł /l̥/

l /l/

r /ɾ̥/

n /n/

h /ȷ̊/

ȝ /j/


  Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i /i/ u /u/
Near-close ı /ɪ/ y /ʊ/
Mid ɘ /ə/
Close-mid e /e/ o /o/
Open a /a/ ɔ /ɑ/


1. Polite phrases

Yes No Please Thank you (very much) No, thank you You're welcome
ítu nítu tum sǫ̋ra1 (me̋ƶa) vų̋ma vų̋la:2 nítu.3 (t-u) kétu fa̋cu (e̋sa): vų̋ma vų̋la ne:
ítu n-ítu t-um sǫ̋r-a (me̋ƶa) vų̋m-a vų̋l-a: n-ítu. (t-u) kétu fa̋c-u (e̋s-a): vų̋m-a vų̋l-a ne:
thus not-thus 2s-MOT beseech-IND (large) debt-NOMs there.be-IND not-thus (2sNOM) too kind (be-IND) debt-NOM.SG there.be-IND ne
  • Notes:
1If understood from the context, the subject personal pronoun is omitted.
2A colon is used to mark the end of a sentence.
3A period is used instead of a comma.
Excuse me. That's all right. I'm sorry. What did you say? Well-met! Welcome!
šǫ̋ðome1: no sűo e̋sa: kı̋nos dą̋a: e-tę̋ua2 ne: sųmǫ̋daþu sųǧe̋raþu
šǫ̋ð-o-me: n-o sű-o e̋s-a: kı̋n-os dą̋-a: e=tę̋u-a ne: sų-mǫ̋d-a-þu sų-ǧe̋r-a-þu
pass-SBJV-Q that-NOM.SG well-NOM.SG be-IND tear-NOM.PL flow-IND PST=pay.attention-IND not well-meet-IND-PPTCP well-receive-IND-PPTCP
  • Notes:
1The imperative is formed with the suffix -e, but it is more polite to use the subjunctive form which ends in -o.
2The prefix e- marks the past tense.

2. Questions and requests

Where/When is/are...? How much is/are...? How far is...? What is this? What do you want?
... náru/ᵹálu e̋sa1: ... xőto vų̋a2: ... xótu þı̋fo e̋sa: xo so e̋sa: tu xom ɱe̋ca3:
... náru/ᵹálu e̋s-a ... xőt-o vų̋-a ... xót-u þı̋f-o e̋s-a x-o s-o e̋s-a t-u x-om ɱe̋c-a
... where/when be-IND ... how.much-NOM.SG be-IND ... how.much-ADV far-NOM.SG be-IND what-NOM.SG this-NOM.SG be-IND 2s-NOM what-MOT.SG want-IND
  • Notes:
1When a questioning word is used, the interrogatory suffix -me is omitted.
2There are two words for to be. e̋sa indicates a permanent condition, vų̋a a temporary one.
3Note that the verb is placed at the end of the sentence.
What must I do? Have you...? Do you sell...? Is there...? Have you seen...? I would like .... I do not want ...
mu xom kı̋u1 ke̋la: tu ... fą̋rame: ... vų̋lame: tu ... nına̋kame2: mu ... łę̋la3: mu ... ɱe̋ca ne:
m-u x-om kı̋-u ke̋l-a t-u ... fą̋r-a-me ... vų̋l-a-me t-u ... nı~na̋k-a-me m-u ... łę̋l-a m-u ... ɱe̋c-a ne
1s-NOM what-MOT.SG do-SUP must-IND 2s-NOM ... sell-IND-Q ... there.be-IND-Q 2s-NOM ... PRSPF~see-IND-Q 1s-NOM ... prefer-IND 1s-NOM ...want-IND not
  • Notes:
1A verb dependent on another verb ends in -u. It is called the supine.
2The present perfect tense is formed by reduplicating the first consonant and prefixing it to the verb with a weak vowel. If the verb's vowel is "i", "e", or "a", the weak vowel is "ı". If the verb's vowel is "ɔ", "o", or "u", the weak vowel is "y".
3 łę̋la, prefer or would like, is preferable to ɱe̋ca, want.
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