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| = Introduction and Morphology =
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| * '''Ilya''' is an agglutinative language.
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| * Suffixes predominate '''Ilya''' morphology, though there is a small number of prefixes. Verbs can express tense and aspect, and they agree with the subject in person and number. There is no grammatical gender in '''Ilya''', nor are pronouns marked for natural gender.
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| * ''See also'': [[Ilya/lexicon|Ilya dictionary]] | | * ''See also'': [[Ilya/lexicon|Ilya dictionary]] |
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| = Phonology =
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| === consonants ===
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| |+Ilya consonants
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| !
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| ! colspan=2 Width=13% | '''Labial'''
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| ! colspan=2 Width=13% | '''Alveolar'''
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| ! colspan=2 Width=13% | '''Post-<br>alveolar'''
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| ! colspan=2 Width=13% | '''Palatal'''
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| ! colspan=2 Width=13% | '''Velar'''
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| ! colspan=2 Width=13% | '''Glottal'''
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| |-
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| ! '''Nasal'''
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| |style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|m
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| |style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|n
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| | colspan=2 |
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| | colspan=2 |
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| | colspan=2 |
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| | colspan=2 |
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| |-
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| ! '''Stop'''
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| |style="border-right: 0;"|p||style="border-left: 0;"|b
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| |style="border-right: 0;"|t||style="border-left: 0;"|d
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| | colspan=2 |
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| | colspan=2 |
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| |style="border-right: 0;"|k||style="border-left: 0;"|ɡ
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| | colspan=2 |
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| |-
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| ! '''Affricate'''
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| | colspan=2 |
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| |style="border-right: 0;"|t͡s||style="border-left: 0;"|
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| |style="border-right: 0;"|t͡ʃ||style="border-left: 0;"|
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| | colspan=2 |
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| | colspan=2 |
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| | colspan=2 |
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| |-
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| ! '''Fricative'''
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| |style="border-right: 0;"|f||style="border-left: 0;"|v
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| |style="border-right: 0;"|s||style="border-left: 0;"|z
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| |style="border-right: 0;"|ʃ||style="border-left: 0;"|ʒ
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| | colspan=2 |
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| | colspan=2 |
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| |style="border-right: 0;"|h||style="border-left: 0;"|
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| |-
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| ! '''Approximant'''
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| | colspan=2 |
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| |style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|l
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| | colspan=2 |
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| |style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|j
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| |style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|w
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| | colspan=2 |
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| |-
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| ! '''Flap'''
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| | colspan=2 |
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| |style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|ɾ
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| | colspan=2 |
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| | colspan=2 |
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| | colspan=2 |
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| | colspan=2 |
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| |}
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| === vowels ===
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |-
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| !
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| !'''Front'''
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| !'''Central'''
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| !'''Back
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| |- style="text-align:center;"
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| !'''Close'''
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| |i~ɪ || || u~ʊ
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| |- style="text-align:center;"
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| !'''Mid'''
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| |e~ɛ || || o~ɔ
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| |- style="text-align:center;"
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| !'''Open'''
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| | || a~ə ||
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| |}
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| * '''ai''' - /aɪ/
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| == Orthography & Allophony ==
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| '''Ilya''' uses 23 of the 26 letters in the English alphabet; ''q'', ''w'', and ''x'' are unused.
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| ::
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| * '''c''' - /ʃ/; /t͡ʃ/ when followed by a front vowel; /t͡s/ when word final
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| * '''g''' - always /g/
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| * '''h''' - can be /ɦ/ when followed by a front vowel
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| * '''j''' - /ʒ/ in all cases; can be /dʒ/ in proper names
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| * '''u''' - /u/ but /w/ when followed by another vowel
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| * '''y''' - always /j/
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| === Accents ===
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| The acute accent '''◌́''' is used to mark stressed syllables in words that deviate from the standardized stress patterns. It is also used to distinguish minimal pairs.
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| * '''á é í ó ú''' | | * '''á é í ó ú''' |
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| = Syntax =
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| '''Ilya''' has a strict word order. The general word order is:
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| :''subject noun phrase'' — ''verb phrase'' (— ''object noun phrase'')
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| ::''Jahan haca'' — "John runs"
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| ::''Marya cema Jahaná'' — "Maria hears John"
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| A noun phrase has this order:
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| <font color="red">: (''determiners'' —) (''quantifiers'' —) ''noun'' (— ''adjectives'')
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| ::''La tre omes grande...'' — "The three large men..."
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| ::''La multe femes peti...'' — "The many small women..."
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| A [[verb phrase]] has this order:
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| : (''tense/mood'' —) (''leading verb'' —) ''verb'' (— ''adverb'')
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| ::''...ia nesesa come rapida'' — "...needed to eat quickly..."
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| ::''...va debe come lente'' — "...will have to eat slowly..."
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| A [[Adpositional phrase|prepositional phrase]] generally follows what it modifies, and has this order:
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| : ''preposition'' — ''noun phrase''
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| ::''...en la cosina'' — "...in the kitchen"
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| ::''...pos medianote'' — "...after midnight"</font>
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| = Nouns =
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| Nouns are commonly preceded by determiners. Plural nouns are formed by appending '''''-m''''' to nouns ending in vowels or '''''-im''''' to nouns ending in consonants. This does not alter the stress:
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| *''doma > doma'''m''''' — house > houses
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| *''ajen > ajen'''im''''' — woman > women
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| Adjectives modifying a noun do not change when the noun is plural. But when an adjective is used as a noun, it can be pluralized:
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| *''dobrá > dobrá'''m''''' — the good > the goods
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| *''guzá > cok guzá'''m''''' — a beauty > many beauties
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| Mass nouns include liquids, powders, and substances, such as ''usu'' (water), ''uramla'' (sand), and ''heta'' (wood). They do not normally require determiners or the plural. However, one may add these to indicate specific examples or different types:
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| *''usu'' — the water (e.g. in the cup)
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| *''hetam'' — woods (e.g. various kinds)
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| Gender is typically not indicated. If necessary, nouns may be modified by '''-uj-''' for masculine, and '''-en-''' for feminine:
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| * ''kavla'' - horse
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| : ''kavl'''uj'''a'' - stallion
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| : ''kavl'''en'''a'' - mare
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| == Case ==
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| {| class="wikitable" align=center style="width: 500px;"
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| !rowspan="2"|Case
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| !rowspan="2"|Ending
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| !colspan="2"|Examples
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| !rowspan="2"|Meaning
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| |-
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| !''karya''<br>"village"
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| !''sac''<br>"tree"
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| |-
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| |'''Nominative'''<br>''cuka''
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| |Ø (none)
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| |''karya''
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| |''sac''
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| |(the) village/tree
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| |-
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| |'''Genitive'''<br>''idafa''
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| |''-ín''
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| |''karyín''
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| |''sacín''
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| |the village's/tree's<br />of the village/tree
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| |-
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| |'''Dative'''
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| |''-é''
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| |''karyé''
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| |''sacé''
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| |to the village/tree
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| |-
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| |'''Accusative'''
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| |''-í/-yí/-á''
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| |''karyá''
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| |''sacá''
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| |the village/tree
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| |'''Ablative'''
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| |''-(e)cí''
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| |''karyací''
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| |''sacecí''
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| |from the village/tree
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| |'''Locative'''
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| |''-(e)dá''
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| |''karyadá''
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| |''sacedá''
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| |in the village/on the tree
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| |}
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| * <small>NOTE: If a noun ends in a vowel, that vowel is replaced by the appropriate case ending.</small>
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| * <small>NOTE: The accusative case has a bit of vowel harmony in that stems with front vowels receive the '''-í''' or '''-yí''' ending whereas all others receive the '''-á'''.</small>
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| = Determiners =
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| = Pronouns =
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| * '''Ilya''' is a null-subject, or pro-drop, language, so personal pronouns (e.g. I, he, she) are optional. Pronouns generally are the same for all cases.
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| {| class="wikitable" align=center
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| |+Pronouns
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| ! Person !! Singular !! Plural
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| ! 1st
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| | na || nuk
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| |-
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| ! 2nd
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| | te || tum
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| |-
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| ! 3rd
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| | il || hum
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| |}
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| = Verbs =
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| == Tense ==
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| === Future ===
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| The future tense is marked with -'''ar'''- (or -'''ur'''- if the stem has a back vowel) to which the personal suffixes are attached.
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| * '''gayaran aglá'''
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| : <small>buy-FUT-1SG.NOM bicycle.ACC</small>
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| : ''I will buy a bicycle.''
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| * '''ne kujuruk'''
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| : <small>NEG come-FUT-1PL.NOM</small>
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| : ''We will not come.''
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| === Past ===
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| The past tense is marked with -'''ec'''- to which the personal suffixes are attached.
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| * '''edecana'''
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| : <small>make-PST-1SG-3SG</small>
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| : ''I made it.''
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| * '''ne rayecumuk'''
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| : <small>NEG see-PST-3PL-1PL</small>
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| : ''They did not see us.''
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| == Aspect ==
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| == Mood ==
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| = Adjectives =
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| = Adverbs =
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| = Adpositions =
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| = Conunctions =
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| = Questions =
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| = Clauses =
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| = Numbers =
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