Amal: Difference between revisions

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= Verbal Morphology =
= Verbal Morphology =
The verbal inflection of Amal is quite simple. There are only three tenses (present, past future), plus the conditional and the imperative, each marked by person and number. There are two aspects (perfective, continuous) and various moods that are also marked on the verb (usually between the verb root and the person).
== conjugation ==
There is only one regular paradigm or conjugation. There are a few irregular verbs, covered later. The personal endings are uniform within each conjugation:
* '''-an''' - 1sg - ''I''
* '''-at''' - 2sg - ''you''
* '''-a''' - 3sg - ''he / she''
* '''-uk''' - 1pl - ''we''
* '''-ut''' - 2pl - ''you''
* '''-um''' - 3pl - ''they''


== infinitive ==
== infinitive ==
Verbs are listed in the [[Amal/lexicon|lexicon]] in the infinitive: [[Amal/lexicon#t|tenek]], [[Amal/lexicon#a|amek]], [[Amal/lexicon#h|hamak]].
The verb root, the basis of most of the tenses, is formed by removing the endings [[Amal/lexicon#e|-ek]] or [[Amal/lexicon#m|-mak]].


== present tense ==
== present tense ==
The present is formed by adding the personal endings to the verb root.
{| align="center" class="gridtable"
|
| || '''halek'''<br>to walk || '''savek'''<br>to know || '''tenek'''<br>to have
|-
| ''1sg''
| '''halan'''
| '''savan'''
| '''tenan'''
|-
| ''2sg''
| '''halat'''
| '''savat'''
| '''tenat'''
|-
| ''3sg''
| '''hala'''
| '''sava'''
| '''tena'''
|-
| ''1pl''
| '''haluk'''
| '''savuk'''
| '''tenuk'''
|-
| ''2pl''
| '''halut'''
| '''savut'''
| '''tenut'''
|-
| ''3pl''
| '''halum'''
| '''savum'''
| '''tenum'''
|}


== past tense ==
== past tense ==

Revision as of 06:12, 2 April 2015

See also:

Introduction

Amal is meant to be a personal conlang and despite appearances and structure is not intended as an IAL.

Vocabulary and grammatical features are inspired by or taken directly from:

Phonology

23 of the 26 Latin letters are used, leaving q, w and x unused. All letters are pronounced like their IPA equivalents with a few exceptions.

  • c - /ʃ/, /t͡ʃ/ or /t͡s/ without confusion
  • e - /e/ or /ɛ/ without confusion
  • j - /ʒ/
  • ny - /ɲ/ (rare)
  • u - /w/ when followed by another vowel
  • y - /j/
  • ' - /ʔ/ the glottal stop separates non-diphthonged vowels.

buffer letters

  • Amal makes use of two buffer letters -y- and -o- mainly to keep vowels apart when adding suffixes, or consonants apart that form bulky clusters.

Numbers

cardinal ordinal fraction English
nul 0; zero
ua meua uaji 1; one
ni meni niji 2; two
uc meyuc ucoji 3; three
yon meyon yonji 4; four
go mego goji 5; five
ca meca caji 6; six
seb meseb sebji 7; seven
ok meyok okoji 8; eight
nen menen nenji 9; nine
da meda daji 10; ten
sad mesad sadoji 100; hundred

Verbal Morphology

The verbal inflection of Amal is quite simple. There are only three tenses (present, past future), plus the conditional and the imperative, each marked by person and number. There are two aspects (perfective, continuous) and various moods that are also marked on the verb (usually between the verb root and the person).

conjugation

There is only one regular paradigm or conjugation. There are a few irregular verbs, covered later. The personal endings are uniform within each conjugation:

  • -an - 1sg - I
  • -at - 2sg - you
  • -a - 3sg - he / she
  • -uk - 1pl - we
  • -ut - 2pl - you
  • -um - 3pl - they

infinitive

Verbs are listed in the lexicon in the infinitive: tenek, amek, hamak.

The verb root, the basis of most of the tenses, is formed by removing the endings -ek or -mak.

present tense

The present is formed by adding the personal endings to the verb root.

halek
to walk		 savek
to know		 tenek
to have
1sg halan savan tenan
2sg halat savat tenat
3sg hala sava tena
1pl haluk savuk tenuk
2pl halut savut tenut
3pl halum savum tenum

past tense

future tense

Word Order

Word order in Amal is generally subject-object-verb.

  • I want a book. - ketab-un has-an - book-OBL want-1sg


  • Adjectives and nouns in the genitive case go after the nouns which they modify, post-positions go after the nouns or clauses that they modify, and modals go after the verbs that they modify and subsequently take all agglutinative suffixes. However, adverbs go before their verbs.

Nouns

morphology

case

case infix example English
Nominative - bet house
Oblique -un betun to the house; in the house
Genitive -in betin the house's; of the house
Vocative -ya betoya Oh house!
Instrumental -ec betec using the house; with the house; via the house

Pronouns

Pronouns in Amal are marked for number, person, and case. There are three persons. The stand-alone personal pronouns are not used widely as the person is evident from the personal verb ending. They are used for emphasis only in their simple form as the verb form itself already points to the person. This is similar to Spanish where a person will say comprendo - I understand instead of Yo comprendo - I understand.


Pronoun Declension
NOM ACC DAT GEN
1sg an ahan eyan anai
2sg at ahat eyat atai
3sg a / al ahal eya(l) alai
1pl uk ahuk eyuk ukai
2pl ut ahut eyut utai
3pl um ahum eyum umai



  • He does not know us. - ah-uk sab-a-la - acc-1pl know-3sg-neg

Verbs

tense

Three tenses, two aspects, several moods...

  • - | i | u
  • r | sh
  • ...
tense infix example English
Simple Present Tense - ish-an I drink
Present Perfect Tense -ar ish-ar-at you have drank
Simple Past Tense -iy ish-iy-um they drank
Immediate Past Tense -il ish-il-an I just drank
Past Perfect Tense -ir ish-ir-an I had drunk
Simple Future Tense -uy ish-uy-uk we will drink
Future Possible Tense -ush ish-ush-a he may drink
Future Perfect Tense -ur ish-ur-an I will have drunk
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