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Vrkhazhi (YŠKK YT-VṚḴẔKM ''Yaškik Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam'') is a Northern Hašakaṃ language of the Athimošiye language family. The earliest form of this language, Ancient Vrkhazhi was spoken around 10 000 years ago.
Vrkhazhian (YŠDD YT-VṚḴẔKM, ''Yašdod Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam'') is a Northern Hašakaṃ language that was spoken in the region known as Anrqhal. The earliest form of this language, known as Ancient Vrkhazhi, was spoken around 10 000 years ago.
= Phonology =
==History and writing==
===Vowels===
==Phonetics and phonology==
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+Normal Vowel Phonemes
|-
!
! style="width: 40px; " |Front
! style="width: 40px; " |Central
! style="width: 40px; " |Back
|-
!Close
| '''ī''' [i]
| '''i''' [ɨ]
| '''ū''' [u]
|-
!Close-mid
| '''ē''' [e]
|
| '''ō''' [o]
|-
!Mid
|
| '''u''' [ə]
|
|-
!Open-mid
| '''e''' [ɛ]
|
| '''o''' [ɔ]
|-
!Open
|colspan="3"| '''a''' [a]
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Orthography of Vowel Phonemes
  ! IPA
  ! Letter
  ! Example
  |-
  | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Monopthongs'''
  |-
  | a
  | a
  | br'''a''',f'''a'''ther, c'''o'''t, b'''a'''d
  |-
  | ɛ
  | e
  | b'''e'''t
  |-
  | e
  | ē
  | b'''a'''y, f'''a'''ce
  |-
  | ɔ
  | o
  | '''o'''r, f'''o'''r, c'''o'''t
  |-
  | o
  | ō
  | r'''oa'''d
  |-
  | ə 
  | u
  | '''u'''nder 
  |-
  | u
  | ū
  | z'''oo'''
  |-
  | ɨ
  | i
  | ros'''e'''s
  |-
  | i
  | ī
  | b'''ee'''
  |-
  | colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Dipthongs'''
  |-
  |-
  | ae̯
  | aẏ
  | like '''eye''' 
  |-
  |-
  | oe̯
  | oẏ
  | like b'''oy''' 
  |-
  |-
  | ao̯
  | aẇ
  | like c'''ow''' 
  |-
  |}
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Followed by an R...'''
! IPA
! letters
! Example
|-
| iər
| ir
| '''ear''', f'''ear''' 
|-
| eər
| er
| '''air''', f'''air'''
|-
| ɔər
| or
| f'''or''', p'''our'''
|-
| aər
| ar
| f'''ar''', c'''ar'''
|-
|}
 
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Consonant Phonemes
|+Vrkhazhian Consonantal Phonemes
|-
|-
! colspan=2|
! colspan=2|
Line 259: Line 140:
|
|
|-
|-
|}
===Vowels===
{|class="wikitable article-table" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vrkhazhian Vowel Phonemes
|-
!
! style="width: 40px; " |Front
! style="width: 40px; " |Central
! style="width: 40px; " |Back
|-
!Close
| '''ī''' [i]
| '''i''' [ɨ]
| '''ū''' [u]
|-
!Close-mid
| '''ē''' [e]
|
| '''ō''' [o]
|-
!Mid
|
| '''u''' [ə]
|
|-
!Open-mid
| '''e''' [ɛ]
|
| '''o''' [ɔ]
|-
!Open
|colspan="3"| '''a''' [a]
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Orthography of Consonant Phonemes
|+Vrkhazhian Diphthongs
! IPA
! Letter
! Example
|-
|-
  ! Letter
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | '''Dipthongs'''
  ! Phoneme
|-
  ! Example (in English)
|-
  |-
| ae̯
  | ʾ
| aẏ
  | ʔ
| like '''eye'''
  | uh'''-'''oh
|-
  |-
|-
  | Ḵ ḵ
| oe̯
  | x
| oẏ
  | Scottish lo'''ch'''
| like b'''oy'''
  |-
|-
  | V v
|-
  | β
| ao̯
  | '''v'''et
| aẇ
  |-
| like c'''ow'''
  | H h
|-
  | h
|}
  | '''h'''all
 
  |-
===Stress===
  | D d
Stress in Vrkhazhian is generally placed on the last or second-to-last syllable.
  | d
 
  | '''d'''og
==Grammar==
  |-
  | Ḏ ḏ
  | ʦ
  | be'''ds''' or be'''ts'''
  |-
  | B b
  | b
  | '''b'''all
  |-
  | S s
  | s
  | '''s'''un
  |-
  | Ẕ ẕ
  | ʒ
  | plea'''s'''ure
  |-
  | Y y
  | j
  | '''y'''es
  |-
  | K k
  | k
  | '''k'''ick
  |-
  | G g
  | g
  | '''g'''ame
  |-
  | L l
  | l
  | '''l'''ose
  |-
  | M m
  | m
  | '''m'''all
  |-
  | N n
  | n
  | '''n'''o
  |-
  | Ğ ğ
  | ɣ
  | like /x/ but voiced
  |-
  | P p
  | p
  | '''b'''all
  |-
  | J j
  | ʤ
  | '''j'''udge
  |-
  | R r
  | ɹ~ɾ
  | '''r'''un
  |-
  | Rr rr
  | r
  | trilled /ɹ/
  |-
  | F f
  | ɸ
  | '''f'''un
  |-
  | Š š
  | ʃ
  | '''sh'''un
  |-
  | W w
  | w
  | '''w'''ater
  |-
  | T t
  | t
  | '''t'''all
  |-
  | Č č
  | ʧ
  | '''ch'''eese
  |-
  | Z z
  | z
  | '''z'''oo
  |-
  | Ḻ ḻ
  | ɬ
  | no English equivalent
  |-
  | Ḫ ḫ
  | χ
  | no English equivalent
  |-
  | Q q
  | q
  | no English equivalent
  |-
  | Ṟ ṟ
  | ʀ
  | French t'''r'''ois
  |-
  | Ṉ ṉ
  | ɴ
  | no English equivalent 
  |-
  | Ṛ ṛ
  | r̩~ɹ̩
  | ladd'''er'''
  |-
  |}

Revision as of 01:40, 8 June 2014

Vrkhazhian (YŠDD YT-VṚḴẔKM, Yašdod Yat-Vṛḵaẕīkam) is a Northern Hašakaṃ language that was spoken in the region known as Anrqhal. The earliest form of this language, known as Ancient Vrkhazhi, was spoken around 10 000 years ago.

History and writing

Phonetics and phonology

Consonants

Vrkhazhian Consonantal Phonemes
Bilabial Alveolar (Alveolo)-

Palatal

Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal Light hn [ʰn~n̥]
Plain m [m] n [n] ṉ [ɴ]
Stop Light hp [ʰp] ht [ʰt] hk [ʰk] hq [ʰq]
Plain p [p] b [b] t [t] d [d] k [k] g [g] q [q] ʾ [ʔ]
Dark ṗ [pʶ~pˤ] ḅ [bʶ~bˤ] ṭ [tʶ~tˤ] ḍ [dʶ~dˤ]
Affricate ḏ [ʦ] č [ʧ~ʨ] j [ʤ~ʥ]
Fricative Plain f [ɸ] v [β] s [s] z [z] š [ʃ~ɕ] ẕ [ʒ~ʑ] ḵ [x] ğ [ɣ] ḫ [χ~ħ] h [h]
Dark ṣ [sʶ~sˤ] ẓ [zʶ~zˤ]
Approximant Light hr [ʰɹ~ʰɾ~ɹ̥̥]
Plain r [ɹ~ɾ] y [j] w [w]
Trill rr [r] ṟ [ʀ]
Lateral Approximant Light hl [ʰl~l̥]
Plain l [l]
Dark ḷ [lʶ~lˤ]
Lateral Fricative ḻ [ɬ~ɬʲ]

Vowels

Vrkhazhian Vowel Phonemes
Front Central Back
Close ī [i] i [ɨ] ū [u]
Close-mid ē [e] ō [o]
Mid u [ə]
Open-mid e [ɛ] o [ɔ]
Open a [a]
Vrkhazhian Diphthongs
IPA Letter Example
Dipthongs
ae̯ aẏ like eye
oe̯ oẏ like boy
ao̯ aẇ like cow

Stress

Stress in Vrkhazhian is generally placed on the last or second-to-last syllable.

Grammar

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