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| {{Kala 2}}
| | * |
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| =Nouns=
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| * Nouns include [[Wikipedia:Pronoun|pronouns]], [[Wikipedia:Adjective|adjectives]] (nouns of quality), and [[Wikipedia:Determiner_(linguistics)|determiners]]. | |
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| = plurality =
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| * A countable noun (or "count noun") can be modified by a number, and can accept the plural. Typical countable nouns represent objects that are clearly individual entities, such as houses, cats, and thoughts. For example:
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:400px;"
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| ! || root || usage || example
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| | '''-m''' || '''ma''' || general plural || '''tsakam'''<br>houses
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| |-
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| | '''-mha''' || '''ma''' + '''-ha''' || indefinite abundance || '''tsakamha'''<br>many/a lot houses
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| |-
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| | '''-mi''' || '''ma''' + '''-hi''' || indefinite insufficiency || '''tsakami'''<br>few houses
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| |-
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| | '''tli-''' || '''tatli''' || collective plural || '''tlikuma'''<br>sleuth of bears
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| | '''-lo''' || '''ma''' || alternative to '''-m''' || '''yamalo'''<br>mountains
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| |}
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| * When modified by a number, general plurals need not be marked. Example:
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| : '''tsaka ta'o''' - Two houses.
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| == Affect / Degree ==
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| * The diminutive is formed with '''-hi''', and the augmentative with '''-ha'''.
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| These are respectively realized as '''-ki''' and '''-ka''' when attached to a word that has a final syllable onset is /h/.
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| :Example : '''ina''' - food, meal | '''inahi''' - snack, morsel | '''inaha''' - feast, banquet
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| :Example : '''tsaka''' - house, home, dwelling | '''tsakahi''' - shack, hut, cabin | '''tsakaha''' - palace, mansion
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| * These are also used to differentiate hue, or shade.
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| :Example : '''yanahi''' - light yellow, '''kuyaha''' - dark green
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| * In [[Kala]] the concepts of comparative and superlative degree of an adjective are merged into a single form, the elative.
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| :How this form is understood or translated depends upon context and definiteness. In the absence of comparison, the elative conveys the notion of “greatest”, “supreme.”
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| :Example : '''tahaka''' - bigger/biggest
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| ::'''tsaka hayo ke nayo tahaka''' - His house is bigger than mine.
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| :Example : '''yanaha''' - more yellow/most yellow
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| ::'''ke mauam tayo yanaha''' - Your flowers are the most yellow.
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| == gender ==
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| * Nouns do not normally indicate their gender. To distinguish the sexes, the suffixes '''-ta''' and '''-na''' are used:
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| * '''uma''' - horse
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| : '''umata''' - a male horse, a stallion
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| : '''umana''' - a female horse, a mare
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| ==Pronouns==
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| * [[Kala]] generally distinguishes four persons, the fourth person indicating abstract and inanimate nouns – both in the singular and plural numbers.
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| There is also a distinction between inclusive (I/we and you) and exclusive (we but not you) forms of the first person plural.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:500px;"
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| ! || Agent || Patient || Possessive || Reflexive || Reciprocal
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| | {{sc|1sg}}
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| || [[Kala_lexicon#na|'''na''']] || '''ena''' || '''nayo''' || '''na'i''' || ''' '''
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| |-
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| | {{sc|2sg}}
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| || [[Kala_lexicon#ta|'''ta''']] || '''eta''' || '''tayo''' || '''ta'i''' || ''' '''
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| |-
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| | {{sc|3sg}}
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| || [[Kala_lexicon#ha|'''ha''']] || '''eha''' || '''hayo''' || '''ha'i''' || ''' '''
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| |-
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| | {{sc|4sg}}
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| || [[Kala_lexicon#tla|'''tla''']] || '''etla''' || '''tlayo''' || '''tla'i''' || ''' '''
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| |-
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| | {{sc|1pl}}
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| || '''nam''' || '''enam''' || '''namyo''' || '''nami''' || '''nanku'''
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| | {{sc|1pl.excl}}
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| || [[Kala_lexicon#na|'''na'am''']] || '''ena'am''' || '''na'amyo''' || '''na'ami''' || '''na'anku'''
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| |-
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| | {{sc|2pl}}
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| || '''tam''' || '''etam''' || '''tamyo''' || '''tami''' || '''tanku'''
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| |-
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| | {{sc|3pl}}
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| || [[Kala_lexicon#ka|'''kam''']] || '''ekam''' || '''kamyo''' || '''kami''' || '''kanku'''
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| |-
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| | {{sc|4pl}}
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| || '''tlam''' || '''etlam''' || '''tlamyo''' || '''tlami''' || '''tlanku'''
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| |-
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| |}
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| == Correlative Pronouns ==
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:900px;"
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| ! || query || this<br>''proximal'' || that<br>''medial'' || that (over there)<br>''distal'' || some || none || any || every || whichever
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| | ''adjective'' || '''ke...ka'''<br>which || '''itla'''<br>this || '''uatla'''<br>that || '''yetla'''<br>that (over there) || '''iha'''<br>some || '''ok'''<br>none || '''ula'''<br>any || '''kua'''<br>every, all || '''ote'''<br>whichever
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| | ''person'' || '''ko...ka'''<br>who || '''iko'''<br>this person || '''uako'''<br>that person || '''yeko'''<br>that person (over there) || '''hyako'''<br>someone || '''tlok'''<br>no one || '''kola'''<br>anyone || '''tlokua'''<br>everyone || '''teko'''<br>whoever
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| | ''thing'' || '''ke...ka'''<br>what || '''itla'''<br>this || '''uatla'''<br>that || '''yetla'''<br>that (over there) || '''hyano'''<br>something || '''nok'''<br>nothing || '''nola'''<br>anything || '''nokua'''<br>everything || '''teno'''<br>whatever
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| | ''time'' || '''ama...ka'''<br>when || '''ima'''<br>now || '''uama'''<br>then || '''yeme'''<br>then || '''hyamo'''<br>sometime || '''amak'''<br>never, at no time || '''tlama'''<br>anytime || '''kuama'''<br>always || '''tema'''<br>whenever
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| | ''place'' || '''mo...ka'''<br>where || '''hina'''<br>here || '''uana'''<br>there (near you) || '''yemo'''<br>there (away from us) || '''hyamo'''<br>somewhere || '''mok'''<br>nowhere || '''mola'''<br>anywhere || '''mokua'''<br>everywhere || '''temo'''<br>wherever
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| | ''way'' || '''to...ka'''<br>how || '''yoto'''<br>thus || || || '''hyato'''<br>somehow || || || || '''heto'''<br>however
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| | ''amount'' || '''uku...ka'''<br>how much || || || || || '''ok'''<br>none || || || '''teku'''<br>however much
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| | ''reason'' || '''nye...ka'''<br>why || || || || || || || || '''tenye'''<br>why ever
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| |}
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| == Index ==
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| {{Kala index}}
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| [[Category:Kala]]
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