Kana Phonetic Alphabet: Difference between revisions

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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Nasal || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ン゜ || ン || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ん゜ || ん
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Nasal || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ン゜ || ン || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ん゜ || ん
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|style="font-size: 95%;" | {{IPA|m̥}} || {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|ɱ̊}} || {{IPA|ɱ}} || {{IPA|n̪̊}} || {{IPA|n̪}} || {{IPA|n̥}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|n̠̊}} || {{IPA|n̠}} || {{IPA|ɳ̊}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || {{IPA|n̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|n̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɲ̊}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ̊}} || {{IPA|ŋ}} || {{IPA|ɴ̥}} || {{IPA|ɴ}}
| {{IPA|m̥}} || {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|ɱ̊}} || {{IPA|ɱ}} || {{IPA|n̪̊}} || {{IPA|n̪}} || {{IPA|n̥}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|n̠̊}} || {{IPA|n̠}} || {{IPA|ɳ̊}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || {{IPA|n̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|n̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɲ̊}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ̊}} || {{IPA|ŋ}} || {{IPA|ɴ̥}} || {{IPA|ɴ}}
|-
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Plosive || <ruby><rb>プ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ブ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>プ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ブ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ヨ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ヨ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>グ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>グ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>グ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || colspan=2 | <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ッ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>・</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Plosive || <ruby><rb>プ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ブ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>プ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ブ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ヨ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ヨ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>グ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>グ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>グ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || colspan=2 | <ruby><rb>ク</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ッ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>・</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>
|-
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|style="font-size: 95%;" | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|p̪}} || {{IPA|b̪}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|t̠}} || {{IPA|d̠}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|t̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|d̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|ɟ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|ɡ}} || {{IPA|q}} || {{IPA|ɢ}} || {{IPA|q̠}} || {{IPA|ɢ̠}} || colspan=2 | {{IPA|ʡ}} || {{IPA|ʔ}}
| {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|p̪}} || {{IPA|b̪}} || {{IPA|t̪}} || {{IPA|d̪}} || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || {{IPA|t̠}} || {{IPA|d̠}} || {{IPA|ʈ}} || {{IPA|ɖ}} || {{IPA|t̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|d̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|ɟ}} || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|ɡ}} || {{IPA|q}} || {{IPA|ɢ}} || {{IPA|q̠}} || {{IPA|ɢ̠}} || colspan=2 | {{IPA|ʡ}} || {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}}
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | {{IPA|p͡ɸ}} || {{IPA|b͡β}} || p̪͡f || b̪͡v || {{IPA|t͡s̪}} || {{IPA|d͡z̪}} || {{IPA|t͡s}} || {{IPA|d͡z}} || {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} || {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}} || {{IPA|ɖ͡ʐ}} || {{IPA|t͡ɕ}} || {{IPA|d͡ʑ}} || {{IPA|c͡ç}} || {{IPA|ɟ͡ʝ}} ||​ {{IPA|k͡x}} || {{IPA|ɡ͡ɣ}} || {{IPA|q͡χ}} || {{IPA|ɢ͡ʁ}} || {{IPA|q̠͡ħ}} || {{IPA|ɢ̠͡ʕ}} || {{IPA|ʡ͡ʜ}} || {{IPA|ʡ͡ʢ}} || {{IPA|ʔ͡h}}
| {{IPA|p͡ɸ}} || {{IPA|b͡β}} || p̪͡f || b̪͡v || {{IPA|t͡s̪}} || {{IPA|d͡z̪}} || {{IPA|t͡s}} || {{IPA|d͡z}} || {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} || {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} || {{IPA|ʈ͡ʂ}} || {{IPA|ɖ͡ʐ}} || {{IPA|t͡ɕ}} || {{IPA|d͡ʑ}} || {{IPA|c͡ç}} || {{IPA|ɟ͡ʝ}} ||​ {{IPA|k͡x}} || {{IPA|ɡ͡ɣ}} || {{IPA|q͡χ}} || {{IPA|ɢ͡ʁ}} || {{IPA|q̠͡ħ}} || {{IPA|ɢ̠͡ʕ}} || {{IPA|ʡ͡ʜ}} || {{IPA|ʡ͡ʢ}} || {{IPA|ʔ͡h}}
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Affr. || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Affr. || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}}
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | || || || || {{IPA|t̪͡ɬ̪}} || {{IPA|d̪͡ɮ̪}} || {{IPA|t͡ɬ}} || {{IPA|d͡ɮ}} || {{IPA|t̠͡ɬ̠}} || {{IPA|d̠͡ɮ̠}} || {{IPA|ʈ͡ɭ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɖ͡ɭ̝}} || {{IPA|t͡ɬ̝ʲ}} || {{IPA|d͡ɮ̝ʲ}} || {{IPA|c͡ʎ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɟ͡ʎ̝}} || {{IPA|k͡ʟ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɡ͡ʟ̝}} || {{IPA|q͡ʟ̠̊˔}} || {{IPA|ɢ͡ʟ̠˔}}
| || || || || {{IPA|t̪͡ɬ̪}} || {{IPA|d̪͡ɮ̪}} || {{IPA|t͡ɬ}} || {{IPA|d͡ɮ}} || {{IPA|t̠͡ɬ̠}} || {{IPA|d̠͡ɮ̠}} || {{IPA|ʈ͡ɭ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɖ͡ɭ̝}} || {{IPA|t͡ɬ̝ʲ}} || {{IPA|d͡ɮ̝ʲ}} || {{IPA|c͡ʎ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɟ͡ʎ̝}} || {{IPA|k͡ʟ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɡ͡ʟ̝}} || {{IPA|q͡ʟ̠̊˔}} || {{IPA|ɢ͡ʟ̠˔}}
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Sibilant Fric. || || || || || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>シ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ジ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Sibilant Fric. || || || || || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ス</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ズ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>シ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ジ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>
|-
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | || || || || {{IPA|s̪}} || {{IPA|z̪}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || {{IPA|ɕ}} || {{IPA|ʑ}}
| || || || || {{IPA|s̪}} || {{IPA|z̪}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || {{IPA|ʂ}} || {{IPA|ʐ}} || {{IPA|ɕ}} || {{IPA|ʑ}}
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Non-Sibilant Fric. || <ruby><rb>ふ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ぶ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ヴ || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>自☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Non-Sibilant Fric. || <ruby><rb>ふ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ぶ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ヴ || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ト</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ド</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>自手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>
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| {{IPA|ɸ}} || {{IPA|β}} || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|θ̠}} || {{IPA|ð̠}} || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|}} || || || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|ç}} || {{IPA|ʝ}} || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|χ}} || {{IPA|ʁ̝}} || {{IPA|ħ}} || {{IPA|ʕ̝}} || {{IPA|ʜ}} || {{IPA|ʢ̝}} || {{IPA|h}} || {{IPA|ɦ}}
| {{IPA|ɸ}} || {{IPA|β}} || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|θ̠}} || {{IPA|ð̠}} || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|}} || || || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|}} || {{IPA|ç}} || {{IPA|ʝ}} || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|χ}} || {{IPA|ʁ̝}} || {{IPA|ħ}} || {{IPA|ʕ̝}} || {{IPA|ʜ}} || {{IPA|ʢ̝}} || {{IPA|h}} || {{IPA|ɦ}}
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Fric. || || || || || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Fric. || || || || || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん手☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | || || || || {{IPA|ɬ̪}} || {{IPA|ɮ̪}} || {{IPA|ɬ}} || {{IPA|ɮ}} || {{IPA|ɬ̠}} || {{IPA|ɮ̠}} || {{IPA|ɭ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɭ̝}} || {{IPA|ɬ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɮ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ʎ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ʎ̝}} || {{IPA|ʟ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ʟ̝}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̊˔}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠˔}}
| || || || || {{IPA|ɬ̪}} || {{IPA|ɮ̪}} || {{IPA|ɬ}} || {{IPA|ɮ}} || {{IPA|ɬ̠}} || {{IPA|ɮ̠}} || {{IPA|ɭ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ɭ̝}} || {{IPA|ɬ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɮ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ʎ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ʎ̝}} || {{IPA|ʟ̝̊}} || {{IPA|ʟ̝}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̊˔}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠˔}}
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Approximant || || {{IPA|w}} || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Approximant || <ruby><rb>ふ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>斤☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ぶ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>斤☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>フ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>斤☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヴ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>斤</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ル</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ中☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ユ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>Ⓧ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>Ⓧ☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ん☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>口☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ヲ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>皿☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ホ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>自☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | {{IPA|ɸ̞}} || {{IPA|β̞}} || {{IPA|ʋ̥}} || {{IPA|ʋ}} || {{IPA|θ̞}} || {{IPA|ð̞}} || {{IPA|ɹ̥}} || {{IPA|ɹ}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠}} || {{IPA|ɻ̊}} || {{IPA|ɻ}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|j̊}} || {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|ɰ̊}} || {{IPA|ɰ}} || {{IPA|ɰ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ʁ̞}} || {{IPA|ʕ̞̊}} || {{IPA|ʕ̞}} || {{IPA|ʢ̞̊}} || {{IPA|ʢ̞}} || {{IPA|h}} || {{IPA|ɦ}}
| {{IPA|ɸ̞}} || {{IPA|β̞}} || {{IPA|ʋ̥}} || {{IPA|ʋ}} || {{IPA|θ̞}} || {{IPA|ð̞}} || {{IPA|ɹ̥}} || {{IPA|ɹ}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠}} || {{IPA|ɻ̊}} || {{IPA|ɻ}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɹ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|j̊}} || {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|ɰ̊}} || {{IPA|ɰ}} || {{IPA|ɰ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ʁ̞}} || {{IPA|ʕ̞̊}} || {{IPA|ʕ̞}} || {{IPA|ʢ̞̊}} || {{IPA|ʢ̞}} || {{IPA|h}} || {{IPA|ɦ}}
|-
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Appr. || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Appr. || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | || || || || {{IPA|l̪̊}} || {{IPA|l̪}} || {{IPA|l̥}} || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|l̠̊}} || {{IPA|l̠}} || {{IPA|ɭ̊}} || {{IPA|ɭ}} || {{IPA|l̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|l̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ʎ̥}} || {{IPA|ʎ}} || {{IPA|ʟ̥}} || {{IPA|ʟ}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠}}
| || || || || {{IPA|l̪̊}} || {{IPA|l̪}} || {{IPA|l̥}} || {{IPA|l}} || {{IPA|l̠̊}} || {{IPA|l̠}} || {{IPA|ɭ̊}} || {{IPA|ɭ}} || {{IPA|l̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|l̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ʎ̥}} || {{IPA|ʎ}} || {{IPA|ʟ̥}} || {{IPA|ʟ}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠}}
|-
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Flap or Tap ||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Flap or Tap ||
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | {{IPA|ⱱ̟̊}} || {{IPA|ⱱ̟}} || {{IPA|ⱱ̥}} || {{IPA|ⱱ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̪̊}} || {{IPA|ɾ̪}} || {{IPA|ɾ̥}} || {{IPA|ɾ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠}} || {{IPA|ɽ̊}} || {{IPA|ɽ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠ʲ}} || || || || || {{IPA|q̆}} || {{IPA|ɢ̆}} || || || {{IPA|ʡ̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʡ̆}}
| {{IPA|ⱱ̟̊}} || {{IPA|ⱱ̟}} || {{IPA|ⱱ̥}} || {{IPA|ⱱ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̪̊}} || {{IPA|ɾ̪}} || {{IPA|ɾ̥}} || {{IPA|ɾ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠}} || {{IPA|ɽ̊}} || {{IPA|ɽ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɾ̠ʲ}} || || || || || {{IPA|q̆}} || {{IPA|ɢ̆}} || || || {{IPA|ʡ̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʡ̆}}
|-
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Flap or Tap ||
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Flap or Tap ||
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|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | || || || || {{IPA|ɺ̪̊}} || {{IPA|ɺ̪}} || {{IPA|ɺ̥}} || {{IPA|ɺ}} || {{IPA|ɺ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ɺ̠}} || {{IPA|}} || || {{IPA|ɺ̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɺ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ʎ̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʎ̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̆}}
| || || || || {{IPA|ɺ̪̊}} || {{IPA|ɺ̪}} || {{IPA|ɺ̥}} || {{IPA|ɺ}} || {{IPA|ɺ̠̊}} || {{IPA|ɺ̠}} || {{IPA|}} || || {{IPA|ɺ̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɺ̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ʎ̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʎ̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̥̆}} || {{IPA|ʟ̠̆}}
|-
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
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|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | {{IPA|ʙ̥}} || {{IPA|ʙ}} || {{IPA|ʙ̪̊}} || {{IPA|ʙ̪}} || {{IPA|r̪̊}} || {{IPA|r̪}} || {{IPA|r̥}} || {{IPA|r}} || {{IPA|r̠̊}} || {{IPA|r̠}} || {{IPA|ɽ̊͡r̥}} || {{IPA|ɽ͡r}} || {{IPA|r̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|r̠ʲ}} || || || || || {{IPA|ʀ̥}} || {{IPA|ʀ}} || || || {{IPA|}} ||
| {{IPA|ʙ̥}} || {{IPA|ʙ}} || {{IPA|ʙ̪̊}} || {{IPA|ʙ̪}} || {{IPA|r̪̊}} || {{IPA|r̪}} || {{IPA|r̥}} || {{IPA|r}} || {{IPA|r̠̊}} || {{IPA|r̠}} || {{IPA|ɽ̊͡r̥}} || {{IPA|ɽ͡r}} || {{IPA|r̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|r̠ʲ}} || || || || || {{IPA|ʀ̥}} || {{IPA|ʀ}} || || || {{IPA|}} ||
|}
|}


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Revision as of 03:46, 14 September 2013

The Kana Phonetic Alphabet (KPA) is a phonetic transcription method using primarily katakana. Hiragana, kanji or kanji radicals, and other symbols are also used.

Structure

In KPA, consonant characters, with the exception of coronal and dorsal nasals, come with a following vowel. For example ト stands for [to̝]. To write a consonant without a following vowel, a batsu (cross) (☓) is written atop the consonant letter to suppress the following vowel. So () stands for [t]. These single consonant are used either for coda consonants, or consonants that are not followed by a vowel because they are in a cluster.

Brackets

For phonemic transcription, sumitsukikakko (lenticular brackets) 【】 are used; and for phonetic transcription sumitsukikakko shiro (white lenticular brackets) 〖〗. Kakukakko (square brackets) [] are used for showing that two or more characters make an affricate or a co-articulated consonant. The kakukakko are thus used similarly to the tiebar ◌͡◌ in IPA. Orthography may be inclosed in kagikakko (corner brackets) 「」. But this is only useful for orthographies that use kana.

Consonants

The following charts show how to write single consonants. To write [m] for example, () is always used, never (), (), () or ().

Pulmonic Consonants
Bilabial Labiod. Dental Alveolar Post-Alv. Retroflex Alv.-Pal. Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Epiglottal Glottal
Nasal () () (凵☓) (凵☓) () () ン゜ () () () () () () () () () () ん゜
m ɱ̊ ɱ n̪̊ n n̠̊ ɳ̊ ɳ n̠̊ʲ n̠ʲ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ
Plosive () () (凵☓) (凵☓) (凵☓) (凵☓) () () (幺☓) (幺☓) (厂☓) (厂☓) (シ☓) (シ☓) (ヨ☓) (ヨ☓) () () (ん☓) (ん☓) (口☓) (口☓) (皿☓) ()
p b t d ʈ ɖ t̠ʲ d̠ʲ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ɢ̠ ʡ ʔ
Affricate ts dz
p͡ɸ b͡β p̪͡f b̪͡v t͡s̪ d͡z̪ t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ t͡ɕ d͡ʑ c͡ç ɟ͡ʝ k͡x ɡ͡ɣ q͡χ ɢ͡ʁ q̠͡ħ ɢ̠͡ʕ ʡ͡ʜ ʡ͡ʢ ʔ͡h
Lateral Affr. ts dz
t̪͡ɬ̪ d̪͡ɮ̪ t͡ɬ d͡ɮ t̠͡ɬ̠ d̠͡ɮ̠ ʈ͡ɭ̝̊ ɖ͡ɭ̝ t͡ɬ̝ʲ d͡ɮ̝ʲ c͡ʎ̝̊ ɟ͡ʎ̝ k͡ʟ̝̊ ɡ͡ʟ̝ q͡ʟ̠̊˔ ɢ͡ʟ̠˔
Sibilant Fric. (凵☓) (凵☓) () () (幺☓) (幺☓) (厂☓) (厂☓) () (手☓)
s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ
Non-Sibilant Fric. () (手☓) () (凵手☓) (凵手☓) (手☓) (手☓) (幺手☓) (幺手☓) (厂手☓) (厂手☓) (シ手☓) (シ手☓) (手☓) (手☓) (ク☓) () (ん☓) () (口☓) () (皿☓) () (手☓) (自手☓)
ɸ β f v θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ̝ ħ ʕ̝ ʜ ʢ̝ h ɦ
Lateral Fric. (凵手☓) (凵手☓) (手☓) (手☓) (幺手☓) (幺手☓) (厂手☓) (厂手☓) (シ手☓) (シ手☓) (ユ手☓) (ユ手☓) (ク手☓) (ク手☓) (ん手☓) (ん手☓)
ɬ̪ ɮ̪ ɬ ɮ ɬ̠ ɮ̠ ɭ̝̊ ɭ̝ ɬ̠ʲ ɮ̠ʲ ʎ̝̊ ʎ̝ ʟ̝̊ ʟ̝ ʟ̠̊˔ ʟ̠˔
Approximant (斤☓) (斤☓) (斤☓) () (凵中☓) (凵中☓) (中☓) (中☓) (幺中☓) (幺中☓) (厂中☓) (厂中☓) (シ中☓) (シ中☓) () () (Ⓧ☓) (Ⓧ☓) (ん☓) (ん☓) (口☓) (口☓) (皿☓) (皿☓) () (自☓)
ɸ̞ β̞ ʋ̥ ʋ θ̞ ð̞ ɹ̥ ɹ ɹ̠̊ ɹ̠ ɻ̊ ɻ ɹ̠̊ʲ ɹ̠ʲ j ɰ̊ ɰ ɰ̠̊ ʁ̞ ʕ̞̊ ʕ̞ ʢ̞̊ ʢ̞ h ɦ
Lateral Appr. l
l̪̊ l l̠̊ ɭ̊ ɭ l̠̊ʲ l̠ʲ ʎ̥ ʎ ʟ̥ ʟ ʟ̠̊ ʟ̠
Flap or Tap
ⱱ̟̊ ⱱ̟ ⱱ̥ ɾ̪̊ ɾ̪ ɾ̥ ɾ ɾ̠̊ ɾ̠ ɽ̊ ɽ ɾ̠̊ʲ ɾ̠ʲ ɢ̆ ʡ̥̆ ʡ̆
Lateral Flap or Tap
ɺ̪̊ ɺ̪ ɺ̥ ɺ ɺ̠̊ ɺ̠ ɺ̠̊ʲ ɺ̠ʲ ʎ̥̆ ʎ̆ ʟ̥̆ ʟ̆ ʟ̠̥̆ ʟ̠̆
Trill r
ʙ̥ ʙ ʙ̪̊ ʙ̪ r̪̊ r r̠̊ ɽ̊͡r̥ ɽ͡r r̠̊ʲ r̠ʲ ʀ̥ ʀ