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Kana Phonetic Alphabet: Difference between revisions

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The following charts show how to write single consonants. To write [m] for example, <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> is always used, never <ruby><rb>マ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>, <ruby><rb>ミ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>, <ruby><rb>メ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> or <ruby><rb>モ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>.
The following charts show how to write single consonants. To write [m] for example, <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> is always used, never <ruby><rb>マ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>, <ruby><rb>ミ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>, <ruby><rb>メ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> or <ruby><rb>モ</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>.
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=== Pulmonic Consonants ===
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">


{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
{| style="text-align: center; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1pt solid #c0c0c0;"
!colspan=17 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Consonants
!colspan=27 style="text-align:center; background: #efefef;"| Pulmonic Consonants
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em"
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-alv. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Glottal
| ||colspan=2| Bilabial ||colspan=2| Labiod. ||colspan=2| Dental ||colspan=2| Alveolar ||colspan=2| Post-Alv. ||colspan=2| Retroflex ||colspan=2| Alv.-Pal. ||colspan=2| Palatal ||colspan=2| Velar ||colspan=2| Uvular ||colspan=2| Pharyngeal ||colspan=2| Epiglottal ||colspan=2| Glottal
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Nasal || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ム</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵☓</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>凵</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ン゜ || ン || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>幺</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>厂</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>シ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ユ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>゜ || <ruby><rb>ン</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ク</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> || ん゜ || ん
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | {{IPA|m̥}} || {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|ɱ̊}} || {{IPA|ɱ}} || {{IPA|n̪̊}} || {{IPA|n̪}} || {{IPA|n̥}} || {{IPA|n}} || {{IPA|n̠̊}} || {{IPA|n̠}} || {{IPA|ɳ̊}} || {{IPA|ɳ}} || {{IPA|n̠̊ʲ}} || {{IPA|n̠ʲ}} || {{IPA|ɲ̊}} || {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ̊}} || {{IPA|ŋ}} || {{IPA|ɴ̥}} || {{IPA|ɴ}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Sibilant Fric. || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Non-Sibilant Fric. || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Fric. || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|h}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Approximant || || {{IPA|w}} || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | || {{IPA|w}} || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Nasal || || {{IPA|m}} || || || || || || {{IPA|n}} || || || || {{IPA|ɲ}} || || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Appr. || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Plosive || {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|b}} || || || || || {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|d}} || || || || || {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|g}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Fricative || || || {{IPA|f}} || {{IPA|v}} || {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|s}} || {{IPA|z}} || {{IPA|ʃ}} || {{IPA|ʒ}} || || || {{IPA|x}} || {{IPA|ɣ}} || {{IPA|h}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Flap or Tap ||
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Affricate || || || || || {{IPA|ts}} || {{IPA|dz}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | ||
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Approximants || || {{IPA|w}} || || || || || || || || || || {{IPA|j}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Lateral Flap or Tap ||
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | ||
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" rowspan=2 | Trill || || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;" | || || || || || || || {{IPA|r}}
|-
|-
|style="text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"| Lateral Approximant || || || || || || || || {{IPA|l}}
|}
|}


</div>
</div>
=== Pulmonic Consonants ===

Revision as of 11:29, 10 August 2013

The Kana Phonetic Alphabet (KPA) is a phonetic transcription method using primarily katakana. Hiragana, kanji or kanji radicals, and other symbols are also used.

Structure

In KPA, consonant characters, with the exception of coronal and dorsal nasals, come with a following vowel. For example ト stands for [to̝]. To write a consonant without a following vowel, a batsu (☓) is written atop the consonant letter to suppress the following vowel. So ト(☓) stands for [t]. These single consonant are used either for coda consonants, or consonants that are not followed by a vowel because they are in a cluster.

Consonants

The following charts show how to write single consonants. To write [m] for example, ム(☓) is always used, never マ(☓), ミ(☓), メ(☓) or モ(☓).

Pulmonic Consonants

Pulmonic Consonants
Bilabial Labiod. Dental Alveolar Post-Alv. Retroflex Alv.-Pal. Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Epiglottal Glottal
Nasal ム(☓)゜ ム(☓) ム(凵☓)゜ ム(凵☓) ン(凵)゜ ン(凵) ン゜ ン ン(幺)゜ ン(幺) ン(厂)゜ ン(厂) ン(シ)゜ ン(シ) ン(ユ)゜ ン(ユ) ン(ク)゜ ン(ク) ん゜ ん
m̥ m ɱ̊ ɱ n̪̊ n̪ n̥ n n̠̊ n̠ ɳ̊ ɳ n̠̊ʲ n̠ʲ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ
Plosive p b t d k g
p b t d k g
Affricate ts dz
ts dz
Sibilant Fric. f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ h
f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ h
Non-Sibilant Fric. f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ h
f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ h
Lateral Fric. f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ h
f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ h
Approximant w j
w j
Lateral Appr. l
l
Flap or Tap
Lateral Flap or Tap
Trill r
r
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