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| Proposed Changes
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| ==Vowel Dominance==
| | In the causative construction with an imperfective verb, Siye puts the subject of the internal clause in the instrumental case if inanimate and in the genitive (or possessive? not sure which would be more natural) case plus a postpositional noun in the instrumental case if animate: |
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| The 3rd person animate subject prefix of the verb is -i- and therefore vanishes most of the time after the object prefixes. It is, however, present in /yi-/ and /umhi-/ CHANGE: and /tumhi-/.
| | Le ine eki liyo elelipunama. |
| | le-0 i-ne e-ki liyo-0 e-le-li-pu-sum-na-ma |
| | 1-NOM 3-GEN 4-INS food-ABS 4-1-eat.IMPFV-SG-CAUS-DIR.UP-IMPFV.POS.REALIS |
| | I will feed him (=I will cause him to eat the food) |
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| =Nominal Morphology=
| | Could this evolve into an animate instrumental -neki (-meki)? The dative-benefactive -tu and dative-allative -su already exhibit that split between animate and inanimate. The various locative postpositions - emsum, emkim, emtu - could coalesce with the preceding -ne to form elative -nemsum, inessive -nemkim, and illative -nemtu, contrasting with ablative -sum, locative -kem, and allative -su. I've already been thinking of adding an infix -(e)mtu- 'into' to change the intransitive sentence 'um siline emtu ituputuna' 'The man went into the house' into 'um sili itupumtuna' but the possibility of expanding the case system seems more organic, especially since I'm not sure how far I can expand the directional slot. In this were the case, -ne, the genitive suffix, (or maybe the possessive suffix -me) has become -ne- (-me-?), the base for forming oblique stems. |
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| ==Cases==
| | In the causative construction with an perfective verb: |
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| Cases:
| | Le liyosu ya liyo ileyopunana. |
| | | le-0 liyo-su ya i-le-yo-pu-sum-na-na |
| 1. NOMINATIVE (NOM): -0 NOM: Pronouns, Personal Names
| | 1-NOM food-ALL 3.ACC 3-1-eat.PFV-SG-CAUS-DIR.UP-PFV.POS.REALIS |
| | | I fed him (=I caused him to eat the food) |
| The Nominative Case is used for the subject of an intransitive clause and the subject of a transitive clause, provided that the noun is either a pronoun or a personal name. CHANGE: Where a Siye dialect divides between Nominative/Accusative and Absolutive/Ergative, in other words, where the split of the split-ergative occurs, is the primary isogloss between Siye dialects.
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| CHANGE:
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| 3. ACCUSATIVE (ACC): -a, -0, -ha
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| The Accusative Case is used for the object of a transitive clause, provided that the noun is either a pronoun or personal name. -ha occurs after syllables containing a nasal vowel. The Accusative Case is vulnerable to the depredations of vowel dominance, and therefore has a -0 surface form. See the section on complex cases to understand the interactions of this case with others that may precede it.
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| 4. ERGATIVE (ERG): -ya, -na
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| The Ergative Case is used for the subject of a transitive clause, provided that the noun is not a pronoun or a personal name. -na follows a nasal syllable; -ya follows otherwise. CHANGE: Some have suggested that this is a relic of the days when the Lake-dwellers were the primary speakers of Siye.
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| CHANGE:
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| 11. INSTRUMENTAL (INS): -ki
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| The Instrumental Case is used to describe the means by which something is done. This case is only used with Inanimate nouns CHANGE: in Standard Siye; therefore it is rude to use the Instrumental Case with an Animate nouns.
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| CHANGE:
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| 13. EQUATIVE (EQ): -pu
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| The Equative Case is used to describe the second noun or adjective in a predicate statement. It is also used a vocative exterior to the core arguments of the clause.
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| CHANGE:NEW CATEGORY
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| =Complex cases=
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| Complex cases occur when Suffixaufnahme place an Accusative -a after another case suffix which ends in a vowel.
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| 5. ACCUSI-GENITIVE (AGEN): -na (<-ne-a)
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| 6. ACCUSI-POSSESSIVE (APOSS): -ma(< -me-a)
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| 7. ACCUSI-ABLATIVE (AABL): -sumha (< -sum-a)
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| 8. ACCUSI-LOCATIVE (ALOC): -kemha (< -kem-a)
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| 9. ACCUSI-(AL)LATIVE/DATIVE (AALL): -su (< -su-a)
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| 10. ACCUSI-DATIVE (ADAT): -tu (<-tu-a)
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| 11. ACCUSI-INSTRUMENTAL (AINS): -ka (<-ki-a)
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| 12. ACCUSI-ADVERBIAL (AADV): -ku (<-ku-a)
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| 13. ACCUSI-EQUATIVE (AEQ): -pu (<-pu-a)
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| 14. ACCUSI-COMITATIVE (COM): -na (<-ni-a)
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| ==Grammatical Number==
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| Grammatical Numbers:
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| CHANGE:
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| DUAL (DU): -so, -s
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| The Dual Number is used to refer to exactly two things. Although pairs of items, such as eyes, are in the Dual Number, the Dual Number does not inherently indicate a pair. CHANGE: The second form -s- only occurs before the continuative affix -u-.
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| CHANGE:
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| PLURAL (PL): -lo, -l
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| The Plural Number refers to a group, larger than that of Paucal Number. This is the generic plural in Siye. CHANGE: The second form -l- only occurs before the continuative affix -u-.
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| ==Pronouns==
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| CHANGE:
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| mu: 3rd person indefinite
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| tum: 3rd person indefinite (before subject prefix (h)i-)
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| m-: 3rd person indefinite (before verb root beginning with a vowel)
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| The second form is exclusively Accusative; all other case suffixes attach to the Nominative form.
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| =Verb and Participle Structure=
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| ==Verb Structure==
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| Verb Structure
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| 2. Subject
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| CHANGE:
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| -mu-, -m-: 3rd person indefinite
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| 3. Root
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| Many basic Siye roots are suppletive and correspond with a particular aspect. CHANGE: Others, such as /-im-/, have irregular object and subject prefixes. Most verbs, however, have the same form for both perfective and imperfective verbal forms.
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| CHANGE:
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| 4. Grammatical Number
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| -ku: null number
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| -pu: singular number (also indefinite)
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| -so, -s-: dual number
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| -ke: paucal number
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| -lo, -l-: plural number
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| -ka: pantic number (i.e., all); sometimes ethnic (tupikasum lupatekemkasum - from all the birds in the sky)
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| -pi: exclusive marker (replaces dual, paucal, plural)
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| The exclusive marker -pi- may replace the dual, paucal, or plural number if and only if the dual, paucal, or plural number is marked on the noun with which the verb agrees in number.
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| CHANGE:
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| 6. Derivatives
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| This is a semiproductive category and Terrestrial researchers are discovering new ones
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| -hi, -nam: 'begin to X'. -hi- occurs after -sum-; -nam occurs everywhere else.
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| -(h)u-,-tam: 'continue to X'. -u occurs after -s- and -l-; -hu occurs after -sum-; -tam occurs everywhere else.
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| -ka: 'intend to X'
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| -neme: 'stop X-ing'
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| -te: 'want to X'
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| -teka- 'should/must X' (+me, +meku)
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| -to: negative imperative 'do not X'
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| -ulu: strong future tense
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| -wi: positive imperative 'do X'
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| -yam: 'able to X'
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| 7.
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| NEW DIRECTIONALS?
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| -(h)(e)msum: exessive
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| -(h)(e)mkim: inessive
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| -(h)(e)m-tu: illative
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| 8.
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| -ma-: imperfective positive realis
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| -na-: perfective positive realis | |
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| -me-: imperfective positive subjunctive | |
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| -meku-: imperfective negative subjunctive
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| -ne-: perfective positive contrafactual
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| -neku-: perfective negative contrafactual
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| -mu-, -mew-: imperfective negative realis. -mew- occurs before the coordinative suffix -am.
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| -nu-, -new-: imperfective negative realis. -new- occurs before the coordinative suffix -am.
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| 10.
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| -umo: positive interrogative (dial. -(a)mo)
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| -ukumo: negative interrogative (dial. -(a)mo)
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| CHANGE: These suffixes and the coordinative are clause final, rather than verb-final. A sentence with OVS word order, i.e., one in which the subject is the final word, will take these suffixes even though the nouns retains its original case.
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| CHANGE:
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| 11. Coordinative
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| -(h)(a)m: 'and'. The coordinative suffix is -ham after a syllable containing a nasal consonant; -am after a syllable ending in the vowels -i or -e; -m after a syllable containing ending in vowel -u. The expected form -sum 'then and' is homophonous with -sum 'if', so the Standard Siye form of 'then and' is -sunam (< -su-ni-am).
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| =Syntax=
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| ==Complex Clause Order==
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| NP → N Adj Gen Relative-Clause Possessive Numeral Case
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| /tupi tuki lupate tupikelo yiyokakanamesokani/
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| tupi tuki lupate tupike-lo i-i-yo-ka-ka-ne-a-ame-me-so-ka-ni
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| bird white mountain bird.DIM-PL
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| 3.AN-3.AN-eat.PFV-PN-intend.to-PFV-POS.REALIS-POSS-DU-PN-COM
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| With all the white birds of the two mountains who intended to eat the many small birds.
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| POSSIBLE CHANGE:
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| tupi tukikani lupatemesokani tupikelo yiyolokananamekani
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| tupi tuki-ka-ni lupate-me-so-ka-ni tupike-lo-a i-i-yo-lo-ka-na-ne-a-ame-ka-ni
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| bird white-PN-COM mountain-POSS-DU-PN-COM bird-DIM-LOC-ACC
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| 3.AN-3.AN-to.eat.PFV-PL-intend.to-DIR.up-ASP.PFV-POS.REALIS-REL-PN-COM | |
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| with all the white birds of the two mountains which intend to eat the (many) small birds.
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| =Babel Text=
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| 11:1 Luka ukakem tum siye yenakikeni ekimpikina.
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| 11:2 Umlo lupomisum itulosumakem, ilo luponu lukem Sinalamekem eyuluwepunam ilo lu mekem itampusumkakina.
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| 11:3 Ilo ilotu eyekena: lelo yetampake elenupinam lelo a nimuku elepapisumname. Ilotu yetampake yetamkem isaki tumsumtumakikem ekimsokina.
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| 11:4 Ilo eyekena: lelo lusili sili nukepu lupatesu esupunamameni elenupinam lelo lelotu mele lelo mu ponukem luka uka mekem lamusupusumsumuki.
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| 11:5 Kumayam i lusili sili nukepuni umlo yaso ekesona ekopumaki itupuna.
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| CHANGE:
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| 11:6 Kumayam eyekena: kolowima! Ilo tum yokonopu ikimlokisumham ilotu tum siye ekimpukinasum, eki me ilo anulonammasum, ilo [uka] ilo ekekakana enulomema.
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| 11:7 Lelo lesupinumam lelo siye ilome ilo siye umsane epilomuki epilosumnume.
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| 11:8 Kumayam ponukem luka ukakem yalo etulosumsunam ilo lusili enupu-neme-nanu.
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| 11:9 Samku mele lume Papale ekimpukima, Kumayam lu mekem siye lu ukane emupusumnunayam Kumayam lumesum ponukem luka ukakem yalo etulosumsunaya.
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Possible Changes
In the causative construction with an imperfective verb, Siye puts the subject of the internal clause in the instrumental case if inanimate and in the genitive (or possessive? not sure which would be more natural) case plus a postpositional noun in the instrumental case if animate:
Le ine eki liyo elelipunama.
le-0 i-ne e-ki liyo-0 e-le-li-pu-sum-na-ma
1-NOM 3-GEN 4-INS food-ABS 4-1-eat.IMPFV-SG-CAUS-DIR.UP-IMPFV.POS.REALIS
I will feed him (=I will cause him to eat the food)
Could this evolve into an animate instrumental -neki (-meki)? The dative-benefactive -tu and dative-allative -su already exhibit that split between animate and inanimate. The various locative postpositions - emsum, emkim, emtu - could coalesce with the preceding -ne to form elative -nemsum, inessive -nemkim, and illative -nemtu, contrasting with ablative -sum, locative -kem, and allative -su. I've already been thinking of adding an infix -(e)mtu- 'into' to change the intransitive sentence 'um siline emtu ituputuna' 'The man went into the house' into 'um sili itupumtuna' but the possibility of expanding the case system seems more organic, especially since I'm not sure how far I can expand the directional slot. In this were the case, -ne, the genitive suffix, (or maybe the possessive suffix -me) has become -ne- (-me-?), the base for forming oblique stems.
In the causative construction with an perfective verb:
Le liyosu ya liyo ileyopunana.
le-0 liyo-su ya i-le-yo-pu-sum-na-na
1-NOM food-ALL 3.ACC 3-1-eat.PFV-SG-CAUS-DIR.UP-PFV.POS.REALIS
I fed him (=I caused him to eat the food)
