Proto-Uralic/A

The many and varied cognates of Finno-Mordvinic *a.

Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.

Standard PU *a_a

By default: F&Mo *a, S. *ō, P. *uu, Ms *uu, Smy *å

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoyedic	Comments
*a_ə (forking; formerly under *oo, *o_a)
"thru"	F. pahki	-	Mk. pačk	-	K. pɨšji	-	*puuš	-	Se. pooč	check Se.
"twig"	-	*tōrkɤ	-	Me. tor	-	-	-	*tuu₁ɣər	-
"wolf"	-	*čōrmɤ	-	*šʊrmə	*śör	-	-	*ćuu₁rəm	*sårmå	Ma. "lynx", P. "marten" may not belong
"ground"	F. tanner	*tōntɤr	-	-	-	-	-	-	*tåntə-
"birch bark"	-	-	-	-	*tooj	-	-	-	#taj	P, Smy. palzn; due to nominality?
"to bild"	F. rakenta-	-	-	-	-	rak-	-	-	-	Or F. rather ← Gmc *rakjan
*a₁_a: Ma. *a, H. a, Ms. & Kh. *uu
"bit"	F. pala	*pōlē	pal	*pultəš	-	fal	*puul	*puu₁ɭ	*pålä	Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
"pot"	F. pata	-	-	*pat	-	fazeek	*puut	*puu₁t	*patə-	Smy *a → *a between stops?
"to open"	-	*pōncō "naked"	*panžə-	*pača-	K. pudž-	-	*puunš-	*puu₁ɳč-	-
"young deer"	-	-	Mk. śarda	*šarðə	-	-	*surtə	*suu₁rtə	Ne. siraj ?
"to scoop"	*ammɜ--	-	*amuĺa-	-	-	-	*uum-	*uu₁m-	-
"marsh"	F. aro	-	-	-	-	-	*uuraj	*uu₂rə	-
"mountain"	-	*vārē	-	-	-	-	*wur	*wuur	*wårå	Ms. *wuu → *(w)u. Cf. *warə.
"berry"	-	-	-	-	*oozɨ	-	-	*uu₂ɬ	*ota
"to step"	-	-	Mk. šašto-	-	-	-	*šuuš-	*čooč-	*čåčä-	Kh. *oo after *č?
"to hit"	-	*cāŋmē-	*čavə-	*čaŋe-	-	-	*šɤɤŋkʷ-	*čooŋk-	*čåŋå-	Ms. cheshirization? Kh. *oo after *č?
"village"	F. palva-	-	-	-	-	falu	*pɤɤwəl	*puu₁kəɬ	-	Ms. cheshirization?
"wet sno"	-	*vōnčē	-	-	-	-	-	*uu(n)ť-kəɬ	-	*anśa
"sun"	F. kaja-	NS guoje	Er. kaje-	*kaja-	-	haj(-)	*kuuj ?	-	*kåjå	H/Ms. "dawn", fits better here than with F. koi
"in heat"	F. suota	*čōðē-	-	-	K. ćulal-	salad-	-	-	*såjä	F. ← S? Smy palatal assimilation? *-å → *-ä after *l/*ðʲ
"fork"	-	-	*užə	*waž	K. vož	-	-	-	*wåtå	Or *woša with Ma. irregular
"to peel"	-	*vōtkē-	*vatka-	*watka-	-	-	-	-	Ne. waataa-
"to present"	-	-	Mk. kaźe-	*kužək	*koodźim	hason	-	-	*kåsɯ ?	P. palzn.
"to dig"	F. kaiva-	*koajvō-	*kaja-	*koe-	*kooj-	hajiit-	-	-	*kajwå-	P, Smy. palzn. Hi. /u/ per hiatus.
"to thro"	-	-	kaja-	-	*kooj-	hajiit-	-	-	-	Homophonic with the prev.
"foot"	F. jalka	*jōlkē	jalgo	*jal	-	ɟalog	-	-	-
"to grasp"	F. tarttu-	-	-	-	-	tart-	-	-	-
"roof"	F. lakka	-	-	-	-	lak-	-	-	-	H. "to dwell"
"brain"	F. aivo	*vōjŋē	-	-	-	aɟ	-	-	-	Mk. uj rather ← *ojwa?
"hard"	-	*čārēs	-	-	*ćoorɨd	-	-	-	*sårə
"to shoot"	F. ampa-	-	-	-	U. ɨb-	-	-	-	-	S. *ámpó- ← F?
"to roast"	F. paahta-	-	-	-	*pɤɤž-	-	-	-	-	F. 2ndary length?
"smell"	Võ. katsk	-	kačam(o)	-	K. kočɨs	-	-	-	-	Cf. "bitter"
"hole"	-	-	-	*raž	K. roź	rees	-	-	-	P. palzn.
"currant"	-	-	-	*šaptər	U. suter ~ K. setɤr	-	-	-	-	Cf. Gmc *sap ??
"rotten"	-	-	-	*kaškə, *kaška-	*kuuź	-	-	-	-
"to gro"	-	-	-	*paše-	*puušjɨ-	-	-	-	-
"to ask"	-	-	-	*jaða-	*juual-	-	-	-	-	P. ← *-uuða- ?
"groove"	NF *latu	-	-	*laðo	K. lu	-	-	-	-	← Baltic?
"rake"	*hara, *harkki	*sōrē	*čar-kəďə-	*šar	-	-	-	-	-
"opposite"	*vasta	*vōstē	Mk. vasta	*waštareš	-	-	-	-	-
"wet"	F. nahka "leather"	*ńōskē	Mk. načka	*načkə	-	-	-	(*ńašak)	-	Khanty "raw" may not belong
"to grind"	F. jauha-	-	jaža-	*jaŋəže-	-	-	-	-	-
"fishing net"	F. vata	-	-	*wat	-	-	-	-	-	← Gmc?
"harrow"	*hara	-	-	*šar(əm)	-	-	-	-	-	not loan; Gmc ← F
*a₂_a: Ma. *o, H. aa, Kh. *aa
"to steal, thief"	F. sala-	*sōl-ɤk	sala-	*šolə	-	-	*tuulmant- *tuulmak	*ɬaaɬəm- *ɬaaɬmaak	*tålä-	+ EKh *ɬɯɯləɣ "stolen". Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
"crust"	*kamara	-	-	*kom	*koomVĺ	haaml-	*käämtol	-	Ne. såw	U. also kɤm
"net"	F. kalin	-	-	-	K. kulɤm	haalo	*kuuləp	*kaaləp	-	Cf. "fish"
"flood, lake"	F. sarajas	-		-	*šoor	aar	*tuur	*ɬaar	-	← II *sáras; separately in P.?
"to spend a night"	-	-	-	-	U. kɤl ~ K. kol	haal-	*kuul-	*kaal-	-
"to bark"	-	-	-	*opte-	*uut-	-	*uut-	*aapət-	-
"low ground"	-	-	-	-	U. śum	-	*suujəm	*saajəm	-
"wild; animal"	-	-	-	-	K. vɤj	-	*wuj	*waajəɣ	-	P. *waR → *vɤɤR- ? Ms *wuu → *wu
"to conjure"	-	-	Er. al(s)ta-	*ulte-	-	aald-	-	*aaləɬ-	-
"white"	*hahka	-	Mk. akša	*oš	-	-	-	*aaš	-
"rodent"	-	-	Mk. maksa-	-	-	-	-	*maaɣ	-	Weak. Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver"
"to beat soft"	*vanu-	-	-	-	-	vaańol-	-	-	-
"to sit"	-	-	-	-	-	-	*uunl/t-	*aaməs/t-	*åmtə-
"to stand"	Liv. saiso-	*čōnčō-	-	*šɪnće-	K. sidź-	-	*tuunć-	W *ɬaanć-, E *ɬɯɯnć-	*tänsə-	CF seiso-. Ma. & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
Mari, Hungarian and Khanty disagree
"to carry"	*kanta-	*kōntē-	*kandə-	*kande-	-	-	*kuunt	*kaant	*kån-
"to leave"	*katoda-	*kōðē-	*kadə-	*koðe-	*kooĺ-	haɟ-	*kuuĺ-	*kaaj-	*kåjä-	+Ma *koða- "stay". P. palzn. Smy. *-å → *-ä after *ðʲ
"fish"	*kala	*kōlē	*kal	*kol	-	hal	*kuul	*kuu₁ɬ	*kålä	Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
"to thro"	*vatkada-	-	*vačka-	vačka- ?	-	-	-	*waaškalt-
"to burst"	*pakkahta-	-	-	-	-	fakad-	-	*paaɣ-	-
"to stand"	-	-	-	*šalɣ-	*sul-	aall-	-	-	-
Indistinct *a_a
"to drive"	F. aja-	vōjē-	aj-	-	*ooj-	-	*wujt-	-	-	← IE *aɟe- ? P. palzn, Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
"to sink"	*vaja-	*vōjō-	vaja-	-	*vɤɤj(ɨ)-	vaaj-, vejse-	*(w)uj-	-	-	P. *waR → *wɤɤR?, Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
"death"	*kalma	*kōlmē	kalma- "to bury"		-	-	-	-	*kålm-	*kaxl-ma? Cf. "to die"
"word"	F. vala	*vōlē	val	-	-	-	-	-	*wålä	Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
"to stick; fork"	Võ. tsank	*čōŋkō-	*śaŋgə	-	-	-	-	-	*såŋkə-
"in-law"	F. nato	*nōtō	-	*nuðə	-	-	-	-	*nåto
"knot"	F. pahka	-	Mk. pakškä	-	-	-	-	-	*påktV
"branch"	NF *sarka	*sōrkē	-	-	-	-	-	-	*tårkå
"skin"	F. talja	*tōljē	-	-	-	-	-	-	*tåjå	if not F & S. ← B.
"to rain"	*sata-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*sårå-
"left"	*vasen	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*wåtä ?
"behind"	*taka-	*tuokē-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*takə	Smy *a → *a between stops?
"to want"	-	-	*karma-	-	-	-	-	-	*kərmå- ?
"to rain"	F. sata-	*čāðē-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*sårå-	S. also *čōcē- "to hit" (won't go with Smy.)
"gruel"	-	-	Mk. jam	-	-	-	-	-	*jamä	Smy. palzn after *j? Distribution bad
"thru"	-	-	Mk. šačk	-	-	-	-	-	Se. sačk	Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?
"aunt, older sister"	-	-	-	-	K. ob	-	*uup	*opə	*åpå
"rotten"	-	*cōmcē	-	Me. šać	*žoodź	-	-	-	-	P. palzn.
"series"	F. sarja	-	-	-	*śoor	-	-	-	-	P. palzn. (*-rj-)
"with"	F. kanssa	-	-	-	*gooz	-	-	-	-	← Gmc *xansa? P. palzn. also before plain sibilants?
"rump"	-	-	Er. kaśke ~ Mk. kaska	-	*koos	-	-	-	-	P. palzn. also before plain sibilants?
""

Standard PU *ë

→ F. *a, S. *ō, Mo. *a as well

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoyedic	Comments
Ma. ö/ü, P. *uu, Ms. *ɤɤ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (std. PU *ëCC, *ëCi)
"tree stump"	*kanto	-	*kandə	-	(K. gɨd)	-	*kɤɤnt	*kaant	-	S. *kōntōj, *kāntē ← F. K. "bend, bottom", may not belong.
"land"	*maa	-	-	*mü, *mu	*muu	-	*mɤɤ(ɣ-)	*meɣ	-	*mëxə
"hair"	F. hapsi	*vōptɤ	-	*üp	-	-	*ɤɤt	*aapət	*ɤptə
"sore; groin"	F. naarmu	TS ńaarme	-	-	-	-	*ńɤɤrəm	*ńaarəm		Cf. also F. näärvä, S. *nárá- ibid.
"swede; pine seed"	*nakris	-	-	-	-	-	*nɤɤr	*naakər	-
"cartilage"	-	*ńōr-kēs	*nar	*nör-ɣə	-	ńiir	*ńɤɤr-əɣ	*ńaarək	*ńɤr	*ńërə-ka (per Mo, no ObU metath.)
"gills"	-	*ńōkčɤm	-	*našmə	K. ńokćim	-	*ńɤɤkśəm	*ńaa(ŋ)kśəm	Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni ?
"crane"	-	-	-	-	*tuuri	-	*tɤɤrəɣ	*taarəɣ	-	*tërə-ka? Cf. abov.
"limb"	-	-	-	-	-	loll	*lɤɤɣəl	*ɭaakəɭ	-
"to split"	F. sali-	*čōlɤ-	-	-	-	sil	-	-	-	Cf. F. säle "splinter"
"straight"	-	*ńōlkɤ-	-	-	-	ńilv	-	-	-
"to live"	*ase-	-	*eźə-	-	*uźɨ-	-	-	-	#ɤsV-	Cf. IE *h₁es-
"child, cradle"	F. lapsi		lavś	*lɤpš	-	-	-	-	*j/lɤpsə
"to get wet"	-	*lōccɤ-	-	*löčä-	-	-	-	-	-
"to bury"	-	-	-	*müde-	*muudɨ-	-	-	-	-	*mëxə-ta-, cf. "land"
"to drink"	*joo-	*jūkɤ-	-	*jüä-	*juu-	iv-	*äj-		*ɤ-	← IA *ǵuǵʰew-?
"loon"	-	*toktɤ-kɤ	-	*toktə	K. toktɨ	-	*tɤɤɣ~kt	*taaktəŋ	-
Similar except F. *oo, P. *ɤ (std. PU *ëx_i, may be presonorant lengthening)
"vein"	*sooni	*sōnɤ	san	*šün	*sɤn	iin	*tɤɤn	*ɬaan	*čɤn
"arrow"	*nooli	*ńōlɤ	nal	*nölö	U. ńil ~ K. ńɨl	ńiil	*ńɤɤl	*ńaaɬ	*ńɤj
"fish skin"	*soomu	*čōmɤ	śav	*šüm	*śɤm	-	*sɤɤm	*saam	-	Ne. śaam ← PS *kamə
"bird cherry"	*toomi	*ðōmɤ	Er. ĺom ~ Mk. lajm	*lom	*ĺɤm	-	*ĺɤɤm	*jååm	*jɤm
"year"	*vooci	-	-	-	*wåå	vaĺ	-	*aal	*ɤrö	Smy. "autumn". S. *-vōtɤ may not belong. Cf. IA *vataḥ?
"wet place"	*noori	*ńōrɤ	nar	*nöre- *nörɣə "sprout"	*ńuur *ńɤr "sprout"	ńirok	*ńɤɤr	-	*ńɤr	F ."young", S. "weak". F. *noro ← Gmc.
"duck"	-	SS sjotsjo	(Er. šenže)	-	*čɤž	-	*šɤɤš	*čaač	-	Er. w/ š- may not belong? Cf. F. hanhi "goose" ← B.
"mitten"	-	-	-	*piž	*pɤź	-	*pɤɤsɣə	*paas	-
"stale (bread)"	*kalteda	-	-	-	*kɤldi	-	-	-	-
"to produce"	-	*čōltē-	-	-	*ćɤlt-	-	-	-	-	F. suolta- rather ← *sooli
IE loans: West *a_a, H. aa, Ms. *ɤɤ, Kh. *aa, not in Smy
"100"	*sata	*čōtē	*śadə	*šüðə	*śoo	saaz	*šɤɤt	*saat	-	← II *śata; separately in P. ?
"calf"	*vasa	*vōsē	*vaz	-	-	(üsöö)	*wɤɤsəɣ	-	-	← II
"pole"	NF *salko	*čōlkōj	*śalkə	-	*śuul	saal	*sɤɤɣlaa	*saakəl	-	← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa. K. dźal probably later
"mushroom"	-	-	*paŋgə	*poŋɣɤ	-	-	*pɤɤŋk	*paaŋk	-	← II; Skr. paŋka "swamp" (~ L. fungus, G. spongos)
"grass"	*tarna	-	-	-	*tuurɨm	-	-	-	-	← II *trna
"streak"	juoni	*jōnɤ	jan	-	-	-	-	-	-	← IA *jaana, F. VV / _Rə. Also F. jana
Ma. o/ü, P. *u, Ms. *a/*ɤɤ, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (std. PU *ëCa - note open syllables in Smy!)
"down"	F. ala-	*vōlē-	alə	*ül	*uul	al-	*jal	*ɯɯɬ	*ɯlə	Ma. from *ël-i??
"to divide"	F. jaka-	*jōkē-	*javə-	-	*juuk	-	*jaɣtit ?	*jɯɯkəɬ	*jəkə-	Ms. East only.
"land"	*lanci	*lōmtē	*lanďa-	Hi. landaka	*luud	-	-	-	*ləmtu-	← IE at least in Ma?
"to leave"	*valka-(ma)	*vōlkē-	*valgə-	*wale-	-	vaal-	*wɤɤɣəl	*wɯɯkəl	-	Ms. per original closed syllable?
"sembra"	-	-	-	-	*suus	-	*tɤɤt	*ɬɯɯkəɬ	*tɯtə(k)	Ms. per original closed syllable?
"liver"	F. maksa	*mōksē	*maksə	*mokš	*muusk	maaj	*mɤɤjət	*muu₁kəɬ	*mɯtə	Ms. per original closed syllable? Kh. *ɯɯ → *uu after a labial?
"mother-in-law"	F. anoppi	*vōnēm	-	-	-	-	*aanəp	*oonəp	*ɯnå	ObU *Onəp < *onə-pV?
"to put"	*akta-	*vōktē-	Mk. aftə-	*optə-	K. oktɨ-	-	-	*ɯɯkət	*ɯtå-
"rested"	-	*vōŋēs	-	*üŋəšə	-	-	-	-	-
Indistinct between *ë_i and *a2_i
"thick"	*sakeda, sakka-	*sōkɤtē	-	*šukɤ "much"	K. suk	-	-	-	-	-k- / -kk- ? Could be *o_i with F. irregular?
"stalk, axle"	-	-	E. sad	*šüðər	*zoo	-	-	-	-	Ma. points to *ë, P. possibly to *a
Indistinct between *ë_a and *a2_a
"to stretch"	-	NS ńuoddzi-		-	*ńuuž-	-	*ńuunš-	*ńɯɯnč	-	Argues against Ms. delabzn
"to giv"	*anta-	*vōmtē-	*andə-	-	*uud-	ad-	-	-	-
"to dry"	-	-	-	-	*šuupal-	apa--	-	-	-	*o_a also possible
"to take off; to be able"	F. jaksa-	-	jukśe-	-	*juuskɨ-	-	-	-	-	*o_a also possible
"bitter"	F. karvas	-	-	-	*kuurɨd	-	-	*koorəɣ ?	-
"handle"	F. vanka	-	-	-	*vuug	-	-	-	-
"hoop"	*vanneh	-	-	-	*vuudž	-	-	-	-	Or BF ← Gmc *wandi/uz (cf. JKl '76)
"tassel"	-	*tōŋkē	-	-	*tuug	-	-	-	-
"to accuse"	-	NS guoccot	-	-	U. kušɨ	-	-	-	-	No other words! Could even be *a₁_a
"to chop"	-	-	*lakśə-	*lokšə-nća-	U. lusjɨ- ~ K. lɤsjɨ-	-	-	-	-	U. ← K? Jz lʉsji- !!
"to reach"	-	-	Er. saźu-	-	*suudź-	-	-	-	-
"stiff"	-	-	Er. tarďe	-	K. tur-	-	-	-		K. "to freeze"
"ash; heat; flame"	-	-	-	*lom(p)ɤž	*luum-	laaŋg	-	-	-
"hard sno"	-	(*jɤsɤ)	-	*jož	*juuž	-	-	-	-	S. "remaining sno" may not belong
"stallion"	-	-	-	*ožə	*uuž	-	-	-	-
""

All the rest

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoy.	Comments
More II loans
"value"	*arvo	-	-	-	K. arta-	aar	-	-	-	Mo. *aŕ-ćə- "think" may not belong
"lord"	-	-	*azər	-	*oozɨr	-	N. uutər, E. aatər	-	-	Komi ozɨr without /v/- ?
"good"	*paras	*pōrē	*parə	*pooro	*buur	-	-	-	-	Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
"shelter"	*sooja	*sōjē	-	*šaj	*saj	-	-	-	-	← Ir. *scāja
Unclear correspondence 1: FM *a, P. *a, H. a (with palatals)
"meadow"	Es. aas	-	-	-	*adź	asoo	-	-	-
"back; belly"	-	-	-	-	U. gač	has	-	-	-	Dubious semantics
"to tred"	F. talla-	-	-	-	K. taĺ-	-	-	-	-	Loan from F. → K?
"willow"	F. paju	*poajōi	-	*poj(əv)	*baď	faɟal	-	-	*päwə	Cf. *poji "aspen"
"to hit"	-	*čōppē-	*ćapa-	*čuča-	*ćapkɨ-	čap-	*čopam?	-	-	Onomatopoetic? Cf. "to chop"
Unclear correspondence 2: Ma *a, P. *a, H. o (with palatals)
"to fall"	-	*vōčē-	-	*waza-	U. vaź-	-	-	-	-	Note Ma. *z
"to look"	-	-	-	*anče-	*addź-	-	-	-	-
"to take out"	-	-	-	*tara-	K. taral-	-	taar	-	-	Ma. "far", H. "open"
"to unravel"	-	*rūč-	-	*ranće-	K. radź-	ronɟ	-	*ratə-	-	Note Ma. *ć
"to stomp"	*tappa-	-	*tapa-	-	*tap-	top-	-	-	*təpər-	F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic? EU *tuppa-
"net"	-	-	-	-	*ka(d)ź	-	-	*koťəp	-
Unclear correspondence 3: FM *a, P. front, Ms. *a (substrate?)
"understanding"	-	-	Er. važov	-	K. vežɤr	-	*aš	*oč	-
"to (let) go"	laske-	*lōštē-	*laśka-	-	*ledź-	-	CMs *loośke- ?	*lååskə-	-	*-ə / *-a?
"membrane"	*kalvo	*kālɤ ?	-	-	*kiĺ	haaĺog	*kaĺəp	*kaĺi	-	Note *ĺ
Unclear correspondence 4: FM *a, Ma. *o, P. *ɨ, OU *uu ?
"2"	*kakci	*kōktē	*kavtə	*kok	*kɨk	keet	*kit	*kiit, käät	*kêtä	*kêkt- in eastern branches (incl. Permic?)
"ax"	*tahko	-	-	*toš	*tɨš(k-)	-	-	-	-	F. "grindstone"
"to fall apart"	-	-	-	-	K. gɨlal-	-	*kuul-	*kuul-	-
Unclear correspondence 5: F. *a, S. *ā, Ms. *ää (from *ä?)
Unclear correspondence 6: FM *a, Ms. *uu, Kh. *o
"to be able"	*mahta-	-	*maštə-	*mɤšte-	-	-	*muust-	*moštə-	-
"birch bark"	*tano	-	-	-	-	-	*tuunt	*tontə	-
"staff"	*sauva	*čāvŋē	-	-	-	-	*suuw	*söɣ	-
"river bend"	-	-	-	-	K. voĺ	völɟ	*wuuĺ	*woɣəĺ	Ne. wäej	Note *ĺ
Unclear correspondence 7: Ma. *a, P. *u (shibilants?)
"to go carefully"	-	*vāncē-	-	*wanče-	*vuž-	-	*wuunč-	*uunč-	*wånč-
"root"	-	-	-	*waž	*vuž	-	-	-	*wånčå	Homophonic with the prev.
"to be born"	-	-	*šačə-	*šača-	U. čɨžɨ- ~ K. ćuž-	-	*šašə	*čačə	Sk. *čaačə
"to stand"	-	-	-	*ša(l)ɣ	*sul-	aall-	-	-
Unclear correspondence 8: FM *a, Ma. *a, P. *åå, ObU *a
"flat"	*lappe-	(*lāppɤ)	Er. lapuža ~ Mk. lapš	Hi. lap ~ Me. lap	*lååp	lap	-	E. lapsək	-	S. "aside". Cf. "flat side"
"this"	*ta	-	-	Hi. ta ~ Me. ta	K. to	-	-	*tamə	*tå	Kh. & Smy. from *to "that"?
"to press"	*paina-	*pājnē-	*pańə-	-	*pååńV-	-	*pańəɣt	-	Ka. paŋdə-	S. ← F, -jn- ← *-ń-? Mo. "drive"
"shine"	*valkeda, *vale-	*vēlkē	*valdə	*walɣə	*vååĺk	(vilaag)	*waĺk	*waĺ-	-	Note *ĺ. Cf. IE
"stomach"	F. vatsa	-	-	-	-	-	N. vaś	-	-	*wïćća possible? F. → S. *vāttē. Mo. *vaćə "dirt" semantically bad
"early"	-	-	-	*ažno	*våådź	-	-	-	-
Unclear correspodence 9: FP *a(p) ~ Ugric *o(ɣ)
"to freeze"	*palëlë-	*pōlɤš	*palə-	-	-	faɟ	*paaĺ-	*poojət-		Cf. FSM *pala- "to burn". Note also *-l- ~ *-ĺ- (*-lji?)
"wall"	NF *pato	*pōðō	-	-	-	fal	-	*pal	-	Check Kh.
"sour"	*happami	-	*čapamə; *čapaks "dough"	*šabə	-	sava-, sooska-	*šɤɤɣ-	*čoɣ- ?	-
"to rise"	F. kapua-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*kåɣaaɣəl	-	F. "climb"; Kh. "to float"
Unclear correspodence 10: FM *a ~ Permic *ɤ (note *k_C!)
"to put"	*pane-	-	*pańə-	*pańəža-	*pɤn-	-	*pɯn-	*pan-	*pɯn-	close to *ë_ə
"bitter"	-	*kōccɤk	-	*kačə	U. kɤš	-	*kɤɤšɣə	*kɯɯčə-	-	*këččə-; F. katkera better ~ kitkerä.
"to bite"	-	*kāckē-	-	*kačka-	K. gɤčkɨ-	-	-	-	-
"across"	-	-	-	*kač	K. kɤččɤb	-	-	-	-
under other vowels
"clay"	*savi	-	*śovəń	*šun	K. śun	-	*suwĺ	*saɣə	-	Looks like *u + F. savi
"gold, copper"	-	-	-	-	-	arań	*tarəń	*ɬoorńə		*o_a. ← II *zarna
"to scrape"	-	-	-	-	*vuušt-	vaas-	*ašk-	*woočəɣ-	-	*o_a
"piece"	F. sukku	-	-	-	-	sak	-	*sak	-	*u_i??
"ski"	-	*čōjkɤ	-	-	-	-	*taj-	-	*tåj(-kə)	*o_i?
"to breik"	*kacket-	-	-	*kʊčkeða-	U. kwačkal-	-	-	-	-	Better *o_i
"shit"	*paska	*pɤškɤ	*pəśkiźə-	*pʊškeda-	-	fos	*paaś	*poś	-	*ô? S. → F?
to be sorted
"tree spec."	*sarni	-	-	*šäärtńi, šartńi	*śir	-	-	-	-	F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
"to tell"	*sarna-	*sārnē	-	-	K. śorni-	-	-	*sarna-	-	S. ← F?
"ice crust"		*čōkē			-	zaj	*såj	*ťooɣ	-
"berry"	F. marja	*mōrjē	*maŕ	*mör	-	-	*maar-	*muur- ?	-
"to shade"	-	-	-	*šöšte-	K. saśtɨ-	-	-	-	-	"to darken" vs. "to hide"
"arch"	F. kaari	*kōŋɤr	-	-	-	-	-	*kooŋkar	-	Might be *o?
"instrument"	-	-	Mk. kaŕźi	*kerəš	U. kɨre(d)ź	-	-	-	-
"tame"	-	*vōńɤs	-	-	-	-	-	*ońɯ	*ɯńə
"to touch"	F. kajoa-	*kājō-	-		-	-	*kaaj-	*kaaj-	-
"light"	F. salama	-	-	-	-	-	*sɤɤl	*sal-	*sålə
"to open"	*ava-	-	*aŋ-kśəma	-	-	old-, ood-	*ɤɤŋkʷ-	*ääŋ-? aa~ee	-
"to dig"	-	-	*kara-	*kare-	K. kɨr-	-	-	*kiir- ?	-	P. *kɨr- in general "to wash"
"pale"	-	-	-	*šapa-	-	saapad-	-	-	-
"dry place"	*kaŋka-	-	-	*kaŋga	-	-	*kuŋkʷə ?	-	-
"father-in-law"	F. appi	vōppɤ		*owo	-	ipa	*up	*uup	*əpə
"sleigh"	*ahk-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*ååɣəɬ	Ne. ŋuutuuʔ	Cf. Sw. ackja?
"valley"	*lakso	leakšɤ	-	Hi. laksa	U. los(k)	-	-	-	-
"woman"	F. nainen	-	-	-	-	naas	*näji	*nääj ?	-	split with *nej-?
"to chop"		*cāpɤ-	Er. čapo-	-	*čuup-	-	-	*čopam?	-	Onomatopoetic? Cf. "to hit"
"close"	F. rakas	-	-	-	-	rokon	*raaw	*raɣ	-
"to tear"	-	-	-	-	*oor-	aar(t)-	*aart-	*aarə-	-
"to hurry"	-	-	-	-	-	sorog-	#surəkt	*saarək
"to bend"	F. taipu-	*toajē-	-	-	K. tuj-	-	*tääjəp-	*tɯɯj-	*tɯj- ?	Check Smy.
"to sink"	-	-	-	-	-	maart-	*muur-	*marət-
"pond"	F. lampi	*lōmpɤl	-	Me. lop	-	-	-	-	*lɯmpå
"aunt"	-	*vōńē-	*ańa-	-	*aań	aanɟ, ańa	*aań(-iikʷa)	*anəkə	*ɤńä
"flat side"	F. lapa	*lōpē	-	-	-	-	N. lop?	-	*ləpä	Cf. "flat"
"crane"	*kurki	*kōrkɤ	*kargə	-	-	-	-	-	*kərö
"to hang"	F. takertu-	-		-	-	-	-	*taɣər-	Se. tokua- ?
"resin"	F. kata	NS kaččē	-	-	-	-	-	-	*kåCə	S. *kássé ← Gmc.
"snot"	F. natta	IS ńetti		-	-	-	-	-	*nåwtə ?
"old"	*vanha	-	-	-	U. vuž ~ K. važ	-	-	-	-
"to shame"		-	Mo. viźďe	*wažəla-	U. vodźɨt-	-	-	-	-
"sister"		-	Mk. sazor	*šʊžar	*soozər					F. sisar (and Ma?) ← B.
"blueberry"	-	-	-	*moodə	-	-	-	-	Ka. modo
"horn; edge"	-	-	-	-	-	-	*ɤɤńt	W *aaŋət	*amtə, *aŋtə
"brother's wife"		*vōńē	Mk. ańa	-	K. ɤńe, ońa, uńe, ań	aanɟ, ańa	*aańi	*ańəkə	*Vńä	Separate P. *ań "mother-in-law"
"many; big"	-	-	-	-	*uuna	-	-	*onə	Ng. Aniʔe	*u?
"long-tailed duck"	-	*hɤ/īŋɤ	-	-	-	-	*ɤɤŋkə	*ɯɯŋk	*åŋå
"bed, platform"	-	-	-	-	U. džɨdžol ~ K.džodž(-ul)	-	-	*čuuč	-
"to shake"	-	-	-	*pačke-	K. pɨškɨ-	-	-	-	-
"to dig"	-	-	-	-	K. kundɨ-	haań-	*kuun-	*kɯɯɳ-, O xaan-	-	*a₂, Kh. umlaut?
"bag"	-	-	-	-	#kuuda	-	*kuunt	*kɯɯnt	-	(F. kontti)
"basket"	-	-	-	*kʊrəkš	U. kor	-	*kuurəɣ	*kɯɯr(əɣ)	*kor--	*u-ish?
"eight"	-	-	-	-	-	ńolc	*ńalaa	*ńɯɯləɣ	-	*ńëla/*ńula?
""	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
""	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Rejectable

Lexeme	Finnic	Samic	Mordv.	Mari	Permic	Hung.	Mansi	Khanty	Samoyedic	Comments
Irregularities explainable by loan etymologies for some branches
"woven band"	*vakla	*vōvlē	-	-	-	-	*waaɣlap	-	-	F & S. ← Gmc.
"bay"	*lakci	*lōktɤ	-	-	-	-	*laak	*lok	-	F & S. ← Baltic
"much"	*paljo	-	-	Hi. pülä	-	-	*paal	-	*påj	F. possibly ← Gmc, East *polə
"door bolt"	F. sarana	-	-	-	U. dźɨrɨ ~ K. dźir	čir	-	-	-	F. may be ← Baltic
"to stop"	*taukot-	*tōvkō-	-	-	*duugdɨ-	-	-	-	-	F. & S. ← Gmc.
"hut"	*talo, *talas	*tālo	-	-	U. tɨlɨs	-	*tul	-	-	Ms. "pole". F. & S. may be ← Baltic *tala-
"far, long"	*kauka(lo)	*kukkē	*kuvaka	-	-	-	-	*kooɣ	-	F ← Gmc, S. *kāwkɤ- "stare" ← F, rest *kowVkka
"to look"	*katso-	*keaččɤ-	-	-	K. kaźal-	-	-	-	-	F, S. ← Gmc *gātijan-
"lot"	*arpa	*vōrpē	-	-	-	orvo	-	-	-	F. & S. ← Gmc *arba
"flat"	*latta--	-	-	Hi. laptɤ- ~ Me. lapte	-	-	-	*ɬaaptək	*ləptå	F. may be ← Gmc.
"board"	*lauta	*lōvtē	-	-	-	-	-	-	*låtå	F & S. ← Baltic?
"coarse"	*karkeda	-	-	-	*gɨr-	-	-	-	-	S. *kārkkē ← F. ← Gmc *hargaz
"asp"	*haapa	*sūpē	-	*šapke	-	-	-	-	-	← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
"branch"	*hanka	-	-	-	-	aag	*tɤɤɣ	*ɬaɣɯɯ	-	F. ← Gmc.
"river; mud"	-	-	*rav(ə) "Volga"-->	-	-	-	-	*roɣə	-	(F. rapa ← Gmc *draba)
"dead; dry (of cow)"	*mardas	-	-	-	*muur	-	-	-	-	F. ← II
"stiff"	*tankeda	-	Mk. taŋgəda	*tʏŋe-	-	-	-	-	-	Also NWS toaŋkē (!). Mari may be ← Turkic
"cheap"	*halpa	-	-	*šulðɤ	-	-	-	-	-	F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
"to gro"	F. kasva-	-	*kasə-	*kuška-	-	-	-	-	-	F. & Mo. ← IE *h₂awks-? H. hason "use, advantage" rather from "to present"
"metal"	F. vaski	veaškē	*uśkä, Er viśkä	*waž	U. -veś ~ K. -ɨś	vaš	*wüš	*waɣ	*wasa	Messy Wanderwort
"shaft"	*varci	-	-	*wu/ʊrðə	-	-	-	-	-	← B?
Messy crap
"beginning"	F. alka-	*vōlkē-	-	-	-	-	*aawəl	*aaləŋ	*olə-	Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
"armpit"	*kainalɜ	kājŋēl	Mk. kaval	*koŋla	*kuun	hoon	Tv. kalnaa ~ CMs *kanəl	*konəŋ	*kali ? (En. seeri)	Veps kaimal
"nits"	F. saivar; Es. saere	čīvrōs	*śarkə	*šarkeń(ć)e	*śerel	-	N. seeri ?	E. sɯr ?	Ka. šurijar ?	might be two items?
"to flay"	-	*ńōvɤ-	-	-	*ńij-	ńuuz-	Tv ńooj-, N nuj-, C *ńij-	-	-	Rather looks like *o. Medials messy
"gull"	*kajaka	kājēkē	-	-	K. gaďa	-	*kajik	-	Ne. ho	Substrate word? Cf. "beaver"
"crow"	*vari/eks	*vōrččē	*varś/ćəj	-	-	varjuu	*uurin	*uurŋ- ~ warŋ-	*wər-	Unreconstructible consonantism, onomatopoetic?
"goose"	-	-	-	-	-	-	*ɤɤŋk	*ɯɯŋk	*åŋå	Sami *hɤŋā prob substratal
"painted"	-	-	-	Me. pač	U. pužɨ	-	-	-	*påtå
"fly"	*kärpänen	-	*karvə	Me. karme	-	-	-	-	-
"soul; stillborn"	-	-	*pača	-	-	-	-	*pačaak	-
"gnarled"	F. jaari-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*jäər- ?	Very bad distribution; Finnish, Nenets & Selkup only
"skis"	-	SS. laabje	-	-	-	-	-	E. lump	Ne. lampa	No other words.
"fishing gear"	-	-	-	mača ?	-	-	-	-	Se. maaše-	Coincidental?
"to graze"	-	*kōtō-	-	-	-	-	-	-	*kətå-
"woods"	-	E *mōjðē		-	-	-	-	-	Se. mačče	Weak. IS "hunt"
"vessel"	F. saima	-	*śuma, Er. śima	-	U. śumɨk	-	-	*sooma ?	Se. somma ?	Semantics all over the place.
"sturgeon"	*sampi	-	-	-	-	*šupəɣ	-	-	Very bad