Proto-Uralic/A: Difference between revisions

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(→‎Rejectable: +Mo clm)
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|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
|- style="background:#FFA0A0"
! Lexeme
! Lexeme
! FM example !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Finnic !! [[Proto-Samic|Samic]] !! [[Mordvinic|Mordv.]] !! [[Mari]] !! [[Permic]] !! [[Hungarian|Hung.]] !! [[Mansi]] !! [[Khanty]] !! [[Proto-Samoyedic|Samoyedic]]
! Comments
! Comments
<!--
<!--
|-
|-
| ""
| ""
| || || || || || || ||
| || || || || || || || ||


muista: *kar- vs. *kärki "tikka"
muista: *kar- vs. *kärki "tikka"
-->
-->
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Irregularities explainable by loan etymologies for some branches
! colspan="10"| Irregularities explainable by loan etymologies for some branches
|-
|-
| "woven band"
| "woven band"
| F. vaula || *vōvlē || - || - || - || *waaɣlap || - || -
| *vakla || *vōvlē || - || - || - || - || *waaɣlap || - || -
| F & S. ← Gmc.
| F & S. ← Gmc.
|-
|-
| "bay"
| "bay"
| F. lahti || *lōktɤ || - || - || - || *laak || *lok || -
| *lakci || *lōktɤ || - || - || - || - || *laak || *lok || -
| F & S. ← Baltic
| F & S. ← Baltic
|-
|-
| "much"
| "much"
| F. paljo || - || Hi. pülä || - || - || *paal || - || *påj
| *paljo || - || - || Hi. pülä || - || - || *paal || - || *påj
| F. possibly ← Gmc, East *poli
| F. possibly ← Gmc, East *polə
|-
|-
| "door bolt"
| "door bolt"
| F. sarana || - || || U. dźɨrɨ ~ K. dźir || čir || - || - || -
| F. sarana || - || - || - || U. dźɨrɨ ~ K. dźir || čir || - || - || -
| F. may be ← Baltic
| F. may be ← Baltic
|-
|-
| "to stop"
| "to stop"
| F. tauko- || *tōvkō- || - || style="color:red"| *duugdɨ- || - || - || - || -
| *taukot- || *tōvkō- || - || - || style="color:red"| *duugdɨ- || - || - || - || -
| F. & S. ← Gmc.
| F. & S. ← Gmc.
|-
|-
| "hut"
| "hut"
| F. talas || '''*tālo''' || - || U. '''tɨlɨs''' || - || *tuul || - || -
| *talo,<br/>*talas || '''*tālo''' || - || - || U. '''tɨlɨs''' || - || *tul || - || -
| Ms = "pole". F. & S. may be ← Baltic *tala-
| Ms. "pole". F. & S. may be ← Baltic *tala-
|-
|-
| "far"
| "far, long"
| F. kauka(lo) || || - || - || - || - || *kooɣ? || -
| *kauka(lo) || *kukkē || *kuvaka || - || - || - || - || *kooɣ || -
| Mk. '''kuvaka''', '''kovil'''. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV-
| F ← Gmc, S. *kāwkɤ- "stare" ← F, rest *kowVkka
|-
|-
| "to look"
| "to look"
| F. katso- || '''keaččɤ-''' || - || U. kaźal- || - || - || - || -
| *katso- || '''*keaččɤ-''' || - || - || K. kaźal- || - || - || - || -
| F. may be ← Gmc.
| F, S. ← Gmc *gātijan-
|-
|-
| "lot"
| "lot"
| F. arpa || *vōrpē || - || - || '''orvo''' || - || - || -
| *arpa || *vōrpē || - || - || - || '''orvo''' || - || - || -
| F. & S. ← Gmc *arba
| F. & S. ← Gmc *arba
|-
|-
| "flat"
| "flat"
| style="color:red"| F. lattea || || Hi. laptɤ- ~ Me. '''lapte''' || - || - || - || *laaptək || *lApta ?
| style="color:red"| *latta-- || - || - || Hi. laptɤ- ~ Me. '''lapte''' || - || - || - || *ɬaaptək || '''*ləptå'''
| F. may be ← Gmc.
| F. may be ← Gmc.
|-
|-
| "board"
| "board"
| F. lauta || *lōvtē || - || - || - || - || - || *låtå
| *lauta || *lōvtē || - || - || - || - || - || - || *låtå
| F & S. ← Baltic?
| F & S. ← Baltic?
|-
|-
| "coarse"
| "coarse"
| *karkeda || - <!--||--> || - || *gɨr- || - || - || - || -
| *karkeda || - || - || - || *gɨr- || - || - || - || -
| S. *kārkkē ← F. ← Gmc *hargaz
| S. *kārkkē ← F. ← Gmc *hargaz
|-
|-
| "asp"
| "asp"
| F. '''haapa''' || '''*sūpē''' || *šapke || - || - || - || - || -
| '''*haapa''' || '''*sūpē''' || - || *šapke || - || - || - || - || -
| ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
| ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
|-
|-
| "branch"
| "branch"
| F. hanka || || - || - || aag || *tɤɤɣ || *ɬaɣə || -
| *hanka || - || - || - || - || aag || *tɤɤɣ || *ɬaɣɯɯ || -
| F. ← Gmc.
| F. ← Gmc.
|-
|-
| "mud"
| "river; mud"
| F. rapa || - <!--|| *Ravə "Volga"-->|| - || - || - || - || *roɣə || -
| - || - || *rav(ə) "Volga"-->|| - || - || - || - || *roɣə || -
| F. ← Gmc *draba
| (F. rapa ← Gmc *draba)
|-
|-
| "dead; dry (of cow)"
| "dead; dry (of cow)"
| F. marras || - || || *muur || - || - || - || -
| *mardas || - || - || - || *muur || - || - || - || -
| F. ← II
| F. ← II
|-
|-
| "stiff"
| "stiff"
| F. tankea || || *töŋɣe- || - || - || - || - || -
| *tankeda || - || Mk. taŋgəda || *tʏŋe- || - || - || - || - || -
| Mari may be ← Turkic
| Also NWS <span style="color:red">''toaŋkē''</span> (!). Mari may be ← Turkic
|-
|-
| "cheap"
| "cheap"
| style="color:red"| F. halpa || - || style="color:red"| '''*šulðɤ''' || - || - || - || - || -
| style="color:red"| *halpa || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*šulðɤ''' || - || - || - || - || -
| F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
| F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
|-
|-
| "to gro"
| "to gro"
| F. kasva- || - || style="color:red"| '''*kuška-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| F. kasva- || - || *kasə- || style="color:red"| '''*kuška-''' || - || - || - || - || -
| F. & Mo. ← IE *h₂awks-? H. hason "use, advantage" rather from "to present"
| F. & Mo. ← IE *h₂awks-? H. hason "use, advantage" rather from "to present"
|-
|-
| "metal"
| "metal"
| F. vaski || '''veaškē''' || *waž || U. vɨś ~ K. veś || vas || *vüš || *waɣ || *wäsä
| F. vaski || '''veaškē''' || *uśkä,<br/>Er ''viśkä'' || *waž || U. -veś ~ K. -ɨś || vaš || '''*wüš''' || *waɣ || *wasa
| Mo. '''*vəśkä'''. ← Toch.?
| Messy Wanderwort
|-
| "maple"
| Es. vaher || - || *waštar || - || - || - || - || -
| Mo. '''ukštor'''. Possibly ← Toch.
|-
|-
| "shaft"
| "shaft"
| F. varsi || - || *wurðə || - || - || - || - || -
| *varci || - || - || *wu/ʊrðə || - || - || - || - || -
| ← B?
| ← B?
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
|- style="background:#A0FFA0"
! colspan="9"| Messy crap
! colspan="10"| Messy crap
|-
|-
| "beginning"
| "beginning"
| F. alka- || *vōlkē- || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || '''*olə-'''
| F. alka- || *vōlkē- || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *aawəl || style="color:red"| *aaləŋ || '''*olə-'''
| Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
| Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
|-
|-
| "armpit"
| "armpit"
| Mk. kaval || style="color:red"| '''kājŋēl''' || *koŋla || *kuun || hoon || *kanəl || style="color:red"| *konəŋ || *kali ? (En. seeri)
|style="color:red"| *kainalɜ ||style="color:red"| '''kājŋēl''' || Mk. <span style="color:red">kaval</span> || *koŋla || *kuun || hoon || Tv. kalnaa ~<br/>CMs *kanəl || style="color:red"| *konəŋ || *kali ? (En. seeri)
| F. <font color="red">kainalo</font>, Veps <font color="red">kaimal</font>
| Veps <span style="color:red">kaimal</span>
|-
|-
| "nits"
| "nits"
| Mk. śar̥ka || style="color:red"| '''čīvrōs''' || Hi. šarkeńe ~<br/> Me. '''šarkenćə''' || style="color:red"| '''*śerel''' || - || N. seeri ? || E. sɯr ? || Ka. šurijar ?
| F. <span style="color:red">saivar</span>;<br/> Es. saere || style="color:red"| '''čīvrōs''' ||style="color:red"| *śarkə || *šarkeń(ć)e || style="color:red"| '''*śerel''' || - || N. seeri ? || E. sɯr ? || Ka. šurijar ?
| F. <font color="red">'''saivar'''</font>
| might be two items?
|-
|-
| "to flay"
| "to flay"
| || *ńōvɤ- || || *ńij- || ńuuz- || *ńuuj- || - || -
| - || *ńōvɤ- || - || - || '''*ńij-''' || ńuuz- || Tv ńooj-,<br/> N nuj-, C *ńij- || - || -
| Rather looks like *o, medials messy
| Rather looks like *o. Medials messy
|-
|-
| "gull"
| "gull"
| F. kajava || '''kājēkē''' || || K. '''gaďa''' || - || ''*kaajik'' || - || Ne. ''ho''
| *kajaka || '''kājēkē''' || - || - || K. '''gaďa''' || - || ''*kajik'' || - || Ne. ''ho''
| Substrate word? Cf. "beaver"
| Substrate word? Cf. "beaver"
|-
|-
| "crow"
| "crow"
| F. varis || style="color:red"| *vōrččē || - || - || style="color:red"| varjuu || style="color:red"| *uurin || style="color:red"| *uurŋ- ~ '''warŋ-''' || '''*wər-'''
| *vari/eks || style="color:red"| *vōrččē || *varś/ćəj || - || - || style="color:red"| varjuu || style="color:red"| *uurin || style="color:red"| *uurŋ- ~ '''warŋ-''' || '''*wər-'''
| Unreconstructible consonantism, onomatopoetic?
| Unreconstructible consonantism, onomatopoetic?
|-
|-
| "goose"
| "goose"
| || '''*hɤŋā''' || || - || - || *ɯɯŋk || *ɯɯŋk || '''*åwå'''
| - || - || - || - || - || - || *ɤɤŋk || *ɯɯŋk || '''*åŋå'''
| Sami root shape not of Uralic form, medials messy
| Sami '''*hɤŋā''' prob substratal
|-
|-
| "painted"
| "painted"
| - || - || Me. '''pač''' || U. pužɨ || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *påtå
| - || - || - || Me. '''pač''' || U. pužɨ || - || - || - || style="color:red"| *påtå
|-
|-
| "fly"
| "fly"
| Mk. karvo || - || Me. <font color="red">'''karme'''</font> || - || - || - || - || -
| '''*kärpänen''' || - || *karvə || Me. <span style="color:red">'''karme'''</span> || - || - || - || - || -
| F. '''kärpänen'''
|-
| "to want"
| F. ''havi-'' || - || - || - || - || *taŋk- || *ɬaŋkaa- || -
| Ve. <font color="red">habi-</font>
|-
|-
| "dead"?
| "soul; stillborn"
| Mk. pača || - || - || - || - || - || *pačək || -
| - || - || *pač''a'' || - || - || - || - || *pačaak || -
| Mo. "soul", Kh. "stillborn"
|-
|-
| "gnarled"
| "gnarled"
| F. jaari- || - || - || - || - || - || - || *jäər- ?
| F. jaari- || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || *jäər- ?
| Very bad distribution; Finnish, Nenets & Selkup only
| Very bad distribution; Finnish, Nenets & Selkup only
|-
|-
| "skis"
| "skis"
| - || style="color:red"| SS. laabje || - || - || - || - || E. lump || Ne. lampa
| - || style="color:red"| SS. laabje || - || - || - || - || - || E. lump || Ne. lampa
| No other words.
| No other words.
|-
|-
| "fishing gear"
| "fishing gear"
| - || - || mača ? || - || - || - || - || Se. maaše-
| - || - || - || mača ? || - || - || - || - || Se. maaše-
| Coincidental?
| Coincidental?
|-
|-
| "to graze"
| "to graze"
| - || *kōtō- || - || - || - || - || - || '''*kətå-'''
| - || *kōtō- || - ||  - || - || - || - || - || '''*kətå-'''
|-
|-
| "woods"
| "woods"
| - || *mōjðē || - || - || - || - || - || Se. mačče
| - || E *mōjðē ||  || - || - || - || - || - || Se. mačče
| Weak. IS "hunt"
| Weak. IS "hunt"
|-
|-
| "vessel"
| "vessel"
| F. saima- || - || - || U. śumɨk || - || - || *sooma ? || Se. somma ?
| F. saima || - || *śuma,<br/>Er. śima || - || U. śumɨk || - || - || *sooma ? || Se. somma ?
| Mo. <font color="red">śuma, śima</font>. Semantics all over the place.
| Semantics all over the place.
|-
|-
| "sturgeon"
| "sturgeon"
| F. sampi || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*supəɣ''' || - || -
| *sampi || - || - || - || - || style="color:red"| '''*šupəɣ''' || - || -
| Very bad
| Very bad
|}
|}
<!--
==Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric==
Letters in parentheses are the relevant StarLing dialect codes.
===Mansi===
{|
|-
! Proto-Mansi !! North () !! East () !! South () !! West ()
|-
| *aa || åå || || ||
|-
| *ɯɯ || aa || || || ɤɤ
|-
| *uu || uu || || || uu
|}
===Khanty===
{|
|-
! Proto-Khanty !! North () !! East () !! South (DN)
|-
| *aa || ɔɔ || aa || aa <!--
|-
| *aa || aa || aa || oo <!--*s'oDka
|-
| *åå || || ɔɔ ||
|-
| *oo || uu || o || oo <!--*oNte--
|-
| *oo || oo || o || oo <!--*puNke--
|-
| *o || o || o || o <!--*kura
|-
| *ɯɯ || || ɯɯ ||
|-
| *uu || uu || uu ||
|}
-->

Revision as of 14:20, 24 April 2013

The many and varied cognates of Finno-Mordvinic *a.

Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.

Standard PU *a_a

By default: F&Mo *a, S. *ō, P. *uu, Ms *uu, Smy *å

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
*a_ə (forking; formerly under *oo, *o_a)
"thru" F. pahki - Mk. pačk - K. pɨšji - *puuš - Se. pooč check Se.
"twig" - *tōrkɤ - Me. tor - - - *tuu₁ɣər -
"wolf" - *čōrmɤ - *šʊrmə *śör - - *ćuu₁rəm *sårmå Ma. "lynx", P. "marten" may not belong
"ground" F. tanner *tōntɤr - - - - - - *tåntə-
"birch bark" - - - - *tooj - - - #taj P, Smy. palzn; due to nominality?
"to bild" F. rakenta- - - - - rak- - - - Or F. rather ← Gmc *rakjan
*a₁_a: Ma. *a, H. a, Ms. & Kh. *uu
"bit" F. pala *pōlē pal *pultəš - fal *puul *puu₁ɭ *pålä Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
"pot" F. pata - - *pat - fazeek *puut *puu₁t *patə- Smy *a → *a between stops?
"to open" - *pōncē Er. panžo- *pača- K. pudž- - *puunš *puu₁ɳč -
"young deer" - - Mk. śarda *šarðə - - *surtə *suu₁rtə Ne. siraj ?
"to scoop" F. amme- - Er. amuĺa- - - - *uum- *uu₁m- -
"marsh" F. aro - - - - - *uuraj *uu₂rə -
"mountain" - *vārē - - - - *wur *wuur *wårå Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
"berry" - - - - *oozɨ - - *uu₂ɬ *ota
"to step" - - Mk. šašto- - - - *šuuš- *čooč- *čåčä- Kh. *oo after *č?
"to hit" - *cāŋmē- Mk. šavo- *čaŋe- - - *šɤɤŋkʷ- *čooŋk- *čåŋå- Ms. labialization transfer? Kh. *oo after *č?
"village" F. palva- - - - - falu *pɤɤwəl *puu₁ɣəɬ - Ms. labialization transfer?
"wet sno" - *vōnčē - - - - - *uu(n)ť-kəɬ - *anśa
"sun" F. kaja- NS guoje Er. kaje- *kaja- - haj(-) *kuuj ? - *kåjå H/Ms. "dawn", fits better here than with F. koi
"in heat" F. suota *čōðē- - - K. ćulal- salad- - - *såjä F. ← S? Smy palatal assimilation? *-å → *-ä after *l/*ðʲ
"fork" - - *užə *waž K. vož - - - *wåtå Or *woša with Ma. irregular
"to peel" - *vōtkē- *vatka- *watka- - - - - Ne. waataa-
"to present" - - Mk. kaźe- *kužək *koodźim hason - - *kåsɯ ? P. palzn.
"to dig" F. kaiva- *koajvō- kaja- *kooe- *kooj- hajiit- - - *kajwå- P, Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-, S. *oa by 2nd onset *v
"to thro" - - kaja- - *kooj- hajiit- - - - Homophonic with the prev.
"foot" F. jalka *jōlkē jalgo *jal - ɟalog - - -
"to grasp" F. tarttu- - - - - tart- - - -
"roof" F. lakka - - - - lak- - - - H. "to dwell"
"brain" F. aivo *vōjŋē - - - aɟ - - - Mk. uj rather ← *ojwa?
"hard" - *čārēs - - *ćoorɨd - - - *sårə
"to shoot" F. ampa- - - - U. ɨb- - - - - S. *ámpó- ← F?
"to roast" F. paahta- - - - *pɤɤž- - - - - F. 2ndary length?
"smell" Võ. katsk - kačam(o) - K. kočɨs - - - - Cf. "bitter"
"hole" - - - *raž K. roź rees - - - P. palzn.
"currant" - - - *šaptər U. suter ~
K. setɤr		 - - - - Cf. Gmc *sap ??
"rotten" - - - *kaškə,
*kaška-		 *kuuź - - - -
"to gro" - - - *paše- *puušjɨ- - - - -
"to ask" - - - *jaða- *juual- - - - - P. ← *-uuða- ?
"groove" NF *latu - - *laðo K. lu - - - - ← Baltic?
"rake" F. hara, harkki *sōrē Er. čarkoďe- *šar - - - - -
"opposite" F. vasta *vōstē vasta- *wašta - - - - -
"wet" F. nahka "leather" *ńōskē Mk. načka *načkə - - - (*ńašak) - Khanty "raw" may not belong
"to grind" F. jauha- - jaža- *jaŋɤže- - - - - -
"fishing net" F. vata - - *wat - - - - - ← Gmc?
"harrow" *hara - - *šar(əm) - - - - - not loan; Gmc ← F
*a₂_a: Ma. *o, H. aa, Kh. *aa
"to steal, thief" F. sala- *sōl-ɤk sala- *šolə - - *tuul- *ɬaal- *tål- ?
"net" F. kalin - - - K. kulɤm haalo *kuuləp *kaaləp - Cf. "fish"
"flood, lake" F. sarajas - - *šoor aar *tuur *ɬaar - ← II *sáras; separately in P.?
"to spend a night" - - - - U. kɤl ~ K. kol haal- *kuul- *kaal- -
"to bark" - - - *opte- *uut- - *uut- *aapət- -
"low ground" - - - - U. śum - *suujəm *saajəm -
"wild; animal" - - - - K. vɤj - *wuj *waajəɣ - P. *waR → *vɤɤR- ? Ms *wuu → *wu
"to conjure" - - Er. al(s)ta- *ulte- - aald- - *aaləɬ- -
"white" *hahka - Mk. akša *oš - - - *aaš -
"rodent" - - Mk. maksa- - - - - *maaɣ - Weak. Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver"
"to beat soft" *vanu- - - - - vaańol- - - -
"to sit" - - - - - - *uunl/t- *aaməs/t- *åmtə-
"to stand" Liv. saiso- *čōnčō- - *šinće- K. sidź- - *tuunś *ɬaanć *tänsə- F. seiso-. Ma. & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?)
Mari, Hungarian and Khanty disagree
"to carry" *kanta- *kōntē- *kandə- *kande- - - *kuunt *kaant *kån-
"to leave" *kato- *kōðē- *kadə- *koðe- *kooĺ- haɟ- *kuuĺ- *kaaj- *kåjä- +Ma *koða- "stay". P. palzn. Smy. *-å → *-ä after *ðʲ
"fish" *kala *kōlē *kal *kol - hal *kuul *kuu₁ɬ *kålä Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
"crust" *kamara - - *kom *koomVĺ haaml- *käämtol - Ne. såw U. also kɤm
"to thro" *vatkat- - *vačka- vačka- ? - - - *waaškalt-
"to burst" *pakkahta- - - - - fakad- - *paaɣ- -
Indistinct *a_a
"to drive" F. aja- vōjē- aj- - *ooj- - *wujt- - - ← IE *aɟe- ? P. palzn, Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
"to sink" *vaja- *vōjō- vaja- - *vɤɤj(ɨ)- vaaj-,
vejse-		 *(w)uj- - - P. *waR → *wɤɤR?, Ms. *wuu → *(w)u
"death" *kalma *kōlmē kalma-
"to bury"		 - - - - *kålm- *kaxl-ma? Cf. "to die"
"word" F. vala *vōlē val - - - - - *wålä Smy. *-å → *-ä after *l
"in-law" F. nato *nōtō - *nuðə - - - - *nåto
"knot" F. pahka - Mk. pakškä - - - - - *påktV
"branch" F. sarka *sōrkē - - - - - - *tårkå
"skin" F. talja *tōljē - - - - - - *tåjå if not F & S. ← B.
"left" F. vasen - - - - - - - *wåtä ?
"back" F. taka - - - - - - - *takə Smy *a → *a between stops?
"to stick" - *čōŋkō- - - - - - - *såŋkə-
"to want" - - Mk. karma- - - - - - *kårmä ?
"to rain" F. sata- *čāðē- - - - - - - *sårå- S. also *čōcē- "to hit" (won't go with Smy.)
"gruel" - - Mk. jam - - - - - *jamä Smy. palzn after *j? Distribution bad
"thru" - - Mk. šačk - - - - - Se. sačk Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation?
"aunt, older sister" - - - - K. ob - *uup *opə *åpå
"rotten" - *cōmcē - Me. šać *žoodź - - - - P. palzn.
"series" F. sarja - - - *śoor - - - - P. palzn. (*-rj-)
"with" F. kanssa - - - *gooz - - - - ← Gmc *xansa? P. palzn. also before plain sibilants?
"rump" - - Er. kaśke
~ Mk. kaska		 - *koos - - - - P. palzn. also before plain sibilants?
""

Standard PU *ë

→ F. *a, S. *ō, Mo. *a as well

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
Ma. ö/ü, P. *uu, Ms. *ɤɤ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (std. PU *ëCC, *ëCi)
"tree stump" *kanto - *kandə - (K. gɨd) - *kɤɤnt *kaant - S. *kōntōj, *kāntē ← F. K. "bend, bottom", may not belong.
"land" *maa - - *mü, *mu *muu - *mɤɤ(ɣ-) *meɣ - *mëxə
"hair" F. hapsi *vōptɤ - *üp - - *ɤɤt *aapət *ɤptə
"sore; groin" F. naarmu TS ńaarme - - - - *ńɤɤrəm *ńaarəm Cf. also F. näärvä, S. *nárá- ibid.
"swede; pine seed" *nakris - - - - - *nɤɤr *naakər -
"cartilage" - *ńōr-kēs *nar *nör-ɣə - ńiir *ńɤɤr-əɣ *ńaarək *ńɤr *ńërə-ka (per Mo, no ObU metath.)
"gills" - *ńōkčɤm - *našmə K. ńokćim - *ńɤɤkśəm *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm Ne. ńińśku,
Ka. neeni ?
"crane" - - - - *tuuri - *tɤɤrəɣ *taarəɣ - *tërə-ka? Cf. abov.
"limb" - - - - - loll *lɤɤɣəl *ɭaakəɭ -
"to split" F. sali- *čōlɤ- - - - sil - - - Cf. F. säle "splinter"
"straight" - *ńōlkɤ- - - - ńilv - - -
"to live" *ase- - *eźə- - *uźɨ- - - - #ɤsV- Cf. IE *h₁es-
"child, cradle" F. lapsi lavś *lɤpš - - - - *j/lɤpsə
"to get wet" - *lōccɤ- - *löčä- - - - - -
"to bury" - - - *müde- *muudɨ- - - - - *mëxə-ta-, cf. "land"
"to drink" *joo- *jūkɤ- - *jüä- *juu- iv- *äj- *ɤ- ← IA *ǵuǵʰew-?
"loon" - *toktɤ-kɤ - *toktə K. toktɨ - *tɤɤɣ~kt *taaktəŋ -
Similar except F. *oo, P. *ɤ (std. PU *ëx_i, may be presonorant lengthening)
"vein" *sooni *sōnɤ san *šün *sɤn iin *tɤɤn *ɬaan *čɤn
"arrow" *nooli *ńōlɤ nal *nölö U. ńil ~ K. ńɨl ńiil *ńɤɤl *ńaaɬ *ńɤj
"fish skin" *soomu *čōmɤ śav *šüm *śɤm - *sɤɤm *saam - Ne. śaam ← PS *kamə
"bird cherry" *toomi *ðōmɤ Er. ĺom ~
Mk. lajm		 *lom *ĺɤm - *ĺɤɤm *jååm *jɤm
"year" *vooci - - - *wåå vaĺ - *aal *ɤrö Smy. "autumn". S. *-vōtɤ may not belong. Cf. IA *vataḥ?
"wet place" *noori *ńōrɤ nar *nöre-
*nörɣə "sprout"		 *ńuur
*ńɤr "sprout"		 ńirok *ńɤɤr - *ńɤr F ."young", S. "weak". F. *noro ← Gmc.
"duck" - SS sjotsjo (Er. šenže) - *čɤž - *šɤɤš *čaač - Er. w/ š- may not belong? Cf. F. hanhi "goose" ← B.
"mitten" - - - *piž *pɤź - *pɤɤsɣə *paas -
"stale (bread)" *kalteda - - - *kɤldi - - - -
"to produce" - *čōltē- - - *ćɤlt- - - - - F. suolta- rather ← *sooli
IE loans: West *a_a, H. aa, Ms. *ɤɤ, Kh. *aa, not in Smy
"100" *sata *čōtē *śadə *šüðə *śoo saaz *šɤɤt *saat - ← II *śata; separately in P. ?
"calf" *vasa *vōsē *vaz - - (üsöö) *wɤɤsəɣ - - ← II
"pole" NF *salko *čōlkōj *śalkə - *śuul saal *sɤɤɣlaa *saakəl - ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa. K. dźal probably later
"mushroom" - - *paŋgə *poŋɣɤ - - *pɤɤŋk *paaŋk - ← II; Skr. paŋka "swamp" (~ L. fungus, G. spongos)
"grass" *tarna - - - *tuurɨm - - - - ← II *trna
"streak" juoni *jōnɤ jan - - - - - - ← IA *jaana, F. VV / _Rə. Also F. jana
Ma. o/ü, P. *u, Ms. *a/*ɤɤ, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (std. PU *ëCa - note open syllables in Smy!)
"down" F. ala- *vōlē- alə *ül *uul al- *jal *ɯɯɬ *ɯlə Ma. from *ël-i??
"to divide" F. jaka- *jōkē- *javə- - *juuk - *jaɣtit ? *jɯɯkəɬ *jəkə- Ms. East only.
"land" *lanci *lōmtē *lanďa- Hi. landaka *luud - - - *ləmtu- ← IE at least in Ma?
"to leave" *valka-(ma) *vōlkē- *valgə- *wale- - vaal- *wɤɤɣəl *wɯɯkəl - Ms. per original closed syllable?
"sembra" - - - - *suus - *tɤɤt *ɬɯɯkəɬ *tɯtə(k) Ms. per original closed syllable?
"liver" F. maksa *mōksē *maksə *mokš *muusk maaj *mɤɤjət *muu₁kəɬ *mɯtə Ms. per original closed syllable? Kh. *ɯɯ → *uu after a labial?
"mother-in-law" F. anoppi *vōnēm - - - - *aanəp *oonəp *ɯnå ObU *Onəp < *onə-pV?
"to put" *akta- *vōktē- Mk. aftə- *optə- K. oktɨ- - - *ɯɯkət *ɯtå-
"rested" - *vōŋēs - *üŋəšə - - - - -
Indistinct between *ë_i and *a2_i
"thick" *sakeda, sakka- *sōkɤtē - *šukɤ "much" K. suk - - - - -k- / -kk- ? Could be *o_i with F. irregular?
"stalk, axle" - - E. sad *šüðər *zoo - - - - Ma. points to *ë, P. possibly to *a
Indistinct between *ë_a and *a2_a
"to stretch" - NS ńuoddzi- - *ńuuž- - *ńuunš- *ńɯɯnč - Argues against Ms. delabzn
"to giv" *anta- *vōmtē- *andə- - *uud- ad- - - -
"to dry" - - - - *šuupal- apa-- - - - *o_a also possible
"to take off; to be able" F. jaksa- - jukśe- - *juuskɨ- - - - - *o_a also possible
"bitter" F. karvas - - - *kuurɨd - - *koorəɣ ? -
"handle" F. vanka - - - *vuug - - - -
"hoop" *vanneh - - - *vuudž - - - - Or BF ← Gmc *wandi/uz (cf. JKl '76)
"tassel" - *tōŋkē - - *tuug - - - -
"to accuse" - NS guoccot - - U. kušɨ - - - - No other words! Could even be *a₁_a
"to chop" - - *lakśə- *lokšə-nća- U. lusjɨ-
~ K. lɤsjɨ-		 - - - - U. ← K? Jz lʉsji- !!
"to reach" - - Er. saźu- - *suudź- - - - -
"stiff" - - Er. tarďe - K. tur- - - - K. "to freeze"
"ash; heat; flame" - - - *lom(p)ɤž *luum- laaŋg - - -
"hard sno" - (*jɤsɤ) - *jož *juuž - - - - S. "remaining sno" may not belong
"stallion" - - - *ožə *uuž - - - -
""

All the rest

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoy. Comments
More II loans
"value" *arvo - - - K. arta- aar - - - Mo. *aŕ-ćə- "think" may not belong
"lord" - - *azər - *oozɨr - N. uutər, E. aatər - - Komi ozɨr without /v/- ?
"good" *paras *pōrē *parə *pooro *buur - - - - Ma. also *paarema- "to recover"
"shelter" *sooja *sōjē - *šaj *saj - - - - ← Ir. *scāja
Unclear correspondence 1: FM *a, P. *a, H. a (with palatals)
"meadow" Es. aas - - - *adź asoo - - -
"back; belly" - - - - U. gač has - - - Dubious semantics
"to tred" F. talla- - - - K. taĺ- - - - - Loan from F. → K?
"willow" F. paju *poajōi - *poj(əv) *baď faɟal - - *päwə Cf. *poji "aspen"
"to hit" - *čōppē- *ćapa- *čuča- *ćapkɨ- čap- *čopam? - - Onomatopoetic? Cf. "to chop"
Unclear correspondence 2: Ma *a, P. *a, H. o (with palatals)
"to fall" - *vōčē- - *waza- U. vaź- - - - - Note Ma. *z
"to look" - - - *anče- *addź- - - - -
"to take out" - - - *tara- K. taral- - taar - - Ma. "far", H. "open"
"to unravel" - *rūč- - *ranće- K. radź- ronɟ - *ratə- - Note Ma. *ć
"to stomp" *tappa- - *tapa- - *tap- top- - - *təpər- F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic? EU *tuppa-
"net" - - - - *ka(d)ź - - *koťəp -
Unclear correspondence 3: FM *a, P. front, Ms. *a (substrate?)
"understanding" - - Er. važov - K. vežɤr - *aš *oč -
"to (let) go" laske- *lōštē- *laśka- - *ledź- - CMs *loośke- ? *lååskə- - *-ə / *-a?
"membrane" *kalvo *kālɤ ? - - *kiĺ haaĺog *kaĺəp *kaĺi - Note *ĺ
Unclear correspondence 4: FM *a, Ma. *o, P. *ɨ, OU *uu ?
"2" *kakci *kōktē *kavtə *kok *kɨk keet *kit *kiit, käät *kêtä *kêkt- in eastern branches (incl. Permic?)
"ax" *tahko - - *toš *tɨš(k-) - - - - F. "grindstone"
"to fall apart" - - - - K. gɨlal- - *kuul- *kuul- -
Unclear correspondence 5: F. *a, S. *ā, Ms. *ää (from *ä?)
Unclear correspondence 6: FM *a, Ms. *uu, Kh. *o
"to be able" *mahta- - *maštə- *mɤšte- - - *muust- *moštə- -
"birch bark" *tano - - - - - *tuunt *tontə -
"staff" *sauva *čāvŋē - - - - *suuw *söɣ -
"river bend" - - - - K. voĺ völɟ *wuuĺ *woɣəĺ Ne. wäej Note *ĺ
Unclear correspondence 7: Ma. *a, P. *u (shibilants?)
"to go carefully" - *vāncē- - *wanče- *vuž- - *wuunč- *uunč- *wånč-
"root" - - - *waž *vuž - - - *wånčå Homophonic with the prev.
"to be born" - - *šačə- *šača- U. čɨžɨ- ~ K. ćuž- - *šašə *čačə Sk. *čaačə
"to stand" - - - *ša(l)ɣ *sul- aall- - -
Unclear correspondence 8: FM *a, Ma. *a, P. *åå, ObU *a
"flat" *lappe- (*lāppɤ) Er. lapuža
~ Mk. lapš		 Hi. lap ~ Me. lap *lååp lap - E. lapsək - S. "aside". Cf. "flat side"
"this" *ta - - Hi. ta ~ Me. ta K. to - - *tamə *tå Kh. & Smy. from *to "that"?
"to press" *paina- *pājnē- *pańə- - *pååńV- - *pańəɣt - Ka. paŋdə- S. ← F, -jn- ← *-ń-? Mo. "drive"
"shine" *valkeda, *vale- *vēlkē *valdə *walɣə *vååĺk (vilaag) *waĺk *waĺ- - Note *ĺ. Cf. IE
"stomach" F. vatsa - - - - - N. vaś - - *wïćća possible? F. → S. *vāttē. Mo. *vaćə "dirt" semantically bad
"early" - - - *ažno *våådź - - - -
Unclear correspodence 9: FP *a(p) ~ Ugric *o(ɣ)
"to freeze" *palëlë- *pōlɤš *palə- - - faɟ *paaĺ- *poojət- Cf. FSM *pala- "to burn". Note also *-l- ~ *-ĺ- (*-lji?)
"wall" NF *pato *pōðō - - - fal - *pal - Check Kh.
"sour" *happami - *čapamə;
*čapaks "dough"		 *šabə - sava-, sooska- *šɤɤɣ- *čoɣ- ? -
"to rise" F. kapua- - - - - - - *kåɣaaɣəl - F. "climb"; Kh. "to float"
Unclear correspodence 10: FM *a ~ Permic *ɤ (note *k_C!)
"to put" *pane- - *pańə- *pańəža- *pɤn- - *pɯn- *pan- *pɯn- close to *ë_ə
"bitter" - *kōccɤk - *kačə U. kɤš - *kɤɤšɣə *kɯɯčə- - *këččə-; F. katkera better ~ kitkerä.
"to bite" - *kāckē- - *kačka- K. gɤčkɨ- - - - -
"across" - - - *kač K. kɤččɤb - - - -
under other vowels
"clay" *savi - *śovəń *šun K. śun - *suwĺ *saɣə - Looks like *u + F. savi
"gold, copper" - - - - - arań *tarəń *ɬoorńə *o_a. ← II *zarna
"to scrape" - - - - *vuušt- vaas- *ašk- *woočəɣ- - *o_a
"piece" F. sukku - - - - sak - *sak - *u_i??
"ski" - *čōjkɤ - - - - *taj- - *tåj(-kə) *o_i?
"to breik" *kacket- - - *kʊčkeða- U. kwačkal- - - - - Better *o_i
"shit" *paska *pɤškɤ *pəśkiźə- *pʊškeda- - fos *paaś *poś - *ô? S. → F?
to be sorted
"tree spec." *sarni - - *šäärtńi, šartńi *śir - - - - F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm"
"to tell" *sarna- *sārnē - - K. śorni- - - *sarna- - S. ← F?
"ice crust" *čōkē - zaj *såj *ťooɣ -
"berry" F. marja *mōrjē *maŕ *mör - - *maar- *muur- ? -
"to shade" - - - *šöšte- K. saśtɨ- - - - - "to darken" vs. "to hide"
"arch" F. kaari *kōŋɤr - - - - - *kooŋkar - Might be *o?
"instrument" - - Mk. kaŕźi *kerəš U. kɨre(d)ź - - - -
"tame" - *vōńɤs - - - - - *ońɯ *ɯńə
"to touch" F. kajoa- *kājō- - - - *kaaj- *kaaj- -
"light" F. salama - - - - - *sɤɤl *sal- *sålə
"to open" *ava- - *aŋ-kśəma - - old-, ood- *ɤɤŋkʷ- *ääŋ-? aa~ee -
"to dig" - - *kara- *kare- K. kɨr- - - *kiir- ? - P. *kɨr- in general "to wash"
"pale" - - - *šapa- - saapad- - - -
"dry place" *kaŋka- - - *kaŋga - - *kuŋkʷə ? - -
"father-in-law" F. appi vōppɤ *owo - ipa *up *uup *əpə
"sleigh" *ahk- - - - - - - *ååɣəɬ Ne. ŋuutuuʔ Cf. Sw. ackja?
"valley" *lakso leakšɤ - Hi. laksa U. los(k) - - - -
"woman" F. nainen - - - - naas *näji *nääj ? - split with *nej-?
"to chop" *cāpɤ- Er. čapo- - *čuup- - - *čopam? - Onomatopoetic? Cf. "to hit"
"close" F. rakas - - - - rokon *raaw *raɣ -
"to tear" - - - - *oor- aar(t)- *aart- *aarə- -
"to hurry" - - - - - sorog- #surəkt *saarək
"to bend" F. taipu- *toajē- - - K. tuj- - *tääjəp- *tɯɯj- *tɯj- ? Check Smy.
"to sink" - - - - - maart- *muur- *marət-
"pond" F. lampi *lōmpɤl - Me. lop - - - - *lɯmpå
"aunt" - *vōńē- *ańa- - *aań aanɟ, ańa *aań(-iikʷa) *anəkə *ɤńä
"flat side" F. lapa *lōpē - - - - N. lop? - *ləpä Cf. "flat"
"crane" *kurki *kōrkɤ *kargə - - - - - *kərö
"to hang" F. takertu- - - - - - *taɣər- Se. tokua- ?
"resin" F. kata NS kaččē - - - - - - *kåCə S. *kássé ← Gmc.
"snot" F. natta IS ńetti - - - - - *nåwtə ?
"old" *vanha - - - U. vuž ~ K. važ - - - -
"to shame" - Mo. viźďe *wažəla- U. vodźɨt- - - - -
"sister" - Mk. sazor *šʊžar *soozər F. sisar (and Ma?) ← B.
"blueberry" - - - *moodə - - - - Ka. modo
"horn; edge" - - - - - - *ɤɤńt W *aaŋət *amtə, *aŋtə
"brother's wife" *vōńē Mk. ańa - K. ɤńe, ońa, uńe, ań aanɟ, ańa *aańi *ańəkə *Vńä Separate P. *ań "mother-in-law"
"many; big" - - - - *uuna - - *onə Ng. Aniʔe *u?
"long-tailed duck" - *hɤ/īŋɤ - - - - *ɤɤŋkə *ɯɯŋk *åŋå
"bed, platform" - - - - U. džɨdžol
~ K.džodž(-ul)		 - - *čuuč -
"to shake" - - - *pačke- K. pɨškɨ- - - - -
"to dig" - - - - K. kundɨ- haań- *kuun- *kɯɯɳ-,
O xaan-		 - *a₂, Kh. umlaut?
"bag" - - - - #kuuda - *kuunt *kɯɯnt - (F. kontti)
"basket" - - - *kʊrəkš U. kor - *kuurəɣ *kɯɯr(əɣ) *kor-- *u-ish?
"eight" - - - - - ńolc *ńalaa *ńɯɯləɣ - *ńëla/*ńula?
"" - - - - - - - - -
"" - - - - - - - - -

Rejectable

Lexeme Finnic Samic Mordv. Mari Permic Hung. Mansi Khanty Samoyedic Comments
Irregularities explainable by loan etymologies for some branches
"woven band" *vakla *vōvlē - - - - *waaɣlap - - F & S. ← Gmc.
"bay" *lakci *lōktɤ - - - - *laak *lok - F & S. ← Baltic
"much" *paljo - - Hi. pülä - - *paal - *påj F. possibly ← Gmc, East *polə
"door bolt" F. sarana - - - U. dźɨrɨ ~ K. dźir čir - - - F. may be ← Baltic
"to stop" *taukot- *tōvkō- - - *duugdɨ- - - - - F. & S. ← Gmc.
"hut" *talo,
*talas		 *tālo - - U. tɨlɨs - *tul - - Ms. "pole". F. & S. may be ← Baltic *tala-
"far, long" *kauka(lo) *kukkē *kuvaka - - - - *kooɣ - F ← Gmc, S. *kāwkɤ- "stare" ← F, rest *kowVkka
"to look" *katso- *keaččɤ- - - K. kaźal- - - - - F, S. ← Gmc *gātijan-
"lot" *arpa *vōrpē - - - orvo - - - F. & S. ← Gmc *arba
"flat" *latta-- - - Hi. laptɤ- ~ Me. lapte - - - *ɬaaptək *ləptå F. may be ← Gmc.
"board" *lauta *lōvtē - - - - - - *låtå F & S. ← Baltic?
"coarse" *karkeda - - - *gɨr- - - - - S. *kārkkē ← F. ← Gmc *hargaz
"asp" *haapa *sūpē - *šapke - - - - - ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?!
"branch" *hanka - - - - aag *tɤɤɣ *ɬaɣɯɯ - F. ← Gmc.
"river; mud" - - *rav(ə) "Volga"--> - - - - *roɣə - (F. rapa ← Gmc *draba)
"dead; dry (of cow)" *mardas - - - *muur - - - - F. ← II
"stiff" *tankeda - Mk. taŋgəda *tʏŋe- - - - - - Also NWS toaŋkē (!). Mari may be ← Turkic
"cheap" *halpa - - *šulðɤ - - - - - F. ← Gmc *salwa ?
"to gro" F. kasva- - *kasə- *kuška- - - - - - F. & Mo. ← IE *h₂awks-? H. hason "use, advantage" rather from "to present"
"metal" F. vaski veaškē *uśkä,
Er viśkä		 *waž U. -veś ~ K. -ɨś vaš *wüš *waɣ *wasa Messy Wanderwort
"shaft" *varci - - *wu/ʊrðə - - - - - ← B?
Messy crap
"beginning" F. alka- *vōlkē- - - - - *aawəl *aaləŋ *olə- Cf. *ole- "to be" ?
"armpit" *kainalɜ kājŋēl Mk. kaval *koŋla *kuun hoon Tv. kalnaa ~
CMs *kanəl		 *konəŋ *kali ? (En. seeri) Veps kaimal
"nits" F. saivar;
Es. saere		 čīvrōs *śarkə *šarkeń(ć)e *śerel - N. seeri ? E. sɯr ? Ka. šurijar ? might be two items?
"to flay" - *ńōvɤ- - - *ńij- ńuuz- Tv ńooj-,
N nuj-, C *ńij-		 - - Rather looks like *o. Medials messy
"gull" *kajaka kājēkē - - K. gaďa - *kajik - Ne. ho Substrate word? Cf. "beaver"
"crow" *vari/eks *vōrččē *varś/ćəj - - varjuu *uurin *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- *wər- Unreconstructible consonantism, onomatopoetic?
"goose" - - - - - - *ɤɤŋk *ɯɯŋk *åŋå Sami *hɤŋā prob substratal
"painted" - - - Me. pač U. pužɨ - - - *påtå
"fly" *kärpänen - *karvə Me. karme - - - - -
"soul; stillborn" - - *pača - - - - *pačaak -
"gnarled" F. jaari- - - - - - - - *jäər- ? Very bad distribution; Finnish, Nenets & Selkup only
"skis" - SS. laabje - - - - - E. lump Ne. lampa No other words.
"fishing gear" - - - mača ? - - - - Se. maaše- Coincidental?
"to graze" - *kōtō- - - - - - - *kətå-
"woods" - E *mōjðē - - - - - Se. mačče Weak. IS "hunt"
"vessel" F. saima - *śuma,
Er. śima		 - U. śumɨk - - *sooma ? Se. somma ? Semantics all over the place.
"sturgeon" *sampi - - - - *šupəɣ - - Very bad
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