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| =Part IV - Word Formation - nemos IV - ṁeṙméṙvas=
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| *258. Senjecas has a well-developed system of word formation in which roots are modified by various prefixes and suffixes to form new words. For example, the root ed- may give éda, eat; édos, food; éḑis, edible; eðdémos, restaurant; néḑis, inedible; and édus, eater.
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| ==Word Structure ṁeṙdémas==
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| *259. A root is that part of a word which remains after its formative elements are removed. It gives the meaning or abstract idea apart from its relations. It is not necessarily a monosyllable.
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| *260. A simple word is formed from a single root. A compound word is formed by combining two or more roots.
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| *261. The verb is the most important part of speech in Senjecas. A major part of the Senjecan vocabulary is derived from verbs. To the verbal root are added prefixes and suffixes to form other words, such as nouns and adjectives, e.g., némva, steam; némvos, steam; némvəmis, steamy. In many modern languages, including English, this example would seem to be that of a noun which has given rise to a verb. It is not understood that way in Senjecas. Words that are not derived from verbs are known as non-derivative words.
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| *262. Other parts of speech formed from a verbal root are called deverbatives, e.g., ṙezṙéṁas, principality, from réƶa, rule.
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| *263. There are eight categories of words in Senjecas.
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| **a. The verb with its derivatives, e.g., tííṙs-a, defy; tííṙs-as, defiance; tííṙs-is, defiant; tììṙs-u, nevertheless; tììṙs-a, despite; tììṙs-i, although.
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| **b. The non-derivative noun with its derivatives, e.g., rúðs-os, metal; ruðsáágus, metalworker; rúðsis, metallic.
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| **c. The non-derivative adjective with its derivatives, e.g., máánis, wet; máántas, wetness. Any non-derivative adjective can be used as a verb, mus máána, I am wet.
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| **d. The non-derivative adverb with its derivatives, e.g., ààṙ-u, so, thus; ààṙ-i, therefore.
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| **e. The non-derivative pronoun, e.g., mus, I.
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| **f. The non-derivative postposition, e.g., èna, in.
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| **g. The non-derivative conjunction, e.g., ṁo, or.
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| **h. The non-derivative interjection, e.g., ṁaí, woe.
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| *264. The basic form of the Senjecan verb is called the triphonetic root. In its simplest form, it consists of a vowel (V, o-); a consonant, a vowel(s), and a consonant (CVC, кup-); or a null, a vowel(s), and a consonant (ØVC, em-).
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| *265. A lengthened triphonetic root can be formed by inserting a non-plosive consonant (N) before the last consonant (CVNC, cemb-; ØVNC, oln-).
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| *266. Compound verbs may be formed by adding a proclitic element to the triphonetic root, e.g., pu-áta, return. These proclitic elements may be any part of speech. As with enclitics, the proclitic element is intoned on the basal pitch.
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| *267. To this triphonetic root are added the various prefixes and suffixes to form compound words, e.g., nouns from verbs.
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| *268. Pronouns, e.g., mus; non-derivative adverbs and postpositions, e.g., ànta; and non-derivative nouns and adjectives, e.g., vólnos, have their own forms independent of any triphonetic root. To these also may be added the various prefixes and suffixes to form other parts of speech, e.g., v-ƶémvis, toothless.
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| ==Compounding Rules meìsṙeeȝóes==
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| *269. If the first element in the compound word ends in a single consonant and the initial letter of the second element is a vowel, the second element is added to the root of the first element, e.g., tííṙ-a, scrape, + óndos, stone, = tiiṙóndos, scouring stone; óóc-is, swift, + óṙes, hawk = oocóṙes, goshawk.
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| *270. If the first element in the compound word ends in a single consonant and the initial letter of the second element is a consonant, the second element is added to the root, e.g., abél-os, apple + ȝ̇éélos, wine = àbelȝ̇éélos, cider. But remember lenition, e.g., éd-a, to eat + léépos, plane = eðléépos, table.
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| *271. If the root of the first element ends in a double consonant and the second element begins with a consonant, an epenthetic ə is added for euphony, e.g., ṙúqm-os, cream + qéṙḑos, cheese = ṙùqməqéṙḑos, creamed cheese.
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| *272. If the root of the first element ends in a double consonant and the second element begins with a vowel, the second is added to the root, e.g., áṙm-os, arm, + ósþos, bone = aṙmósþos, humerus.
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| *273. If the first element in the compound word ends with a palatalized consonant, the palatal indicator is changed into the short vowel known as pépi (weak i), e.g., ȝ̇ólv̧-es, swan + ȝ̇ááḷes, chick = ȝ̇òlvıȝ̇ááḷes, cygnet.
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| *274. If the first element in the compound word ends with a labialized consonant and the second element begins with a consonant the labial indicator is changed into the short vowel known as pépu (weak u), e.g., míň-is, little + símes, owl = mììnysímes, little owl.
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| ===Denominatives nòmnəbaḑóes===
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| *275. Denominative words are compound words built on the root of a noun.
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| ====Denominative nouns from simple nouns====
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| *276. Most of the names of animals have only one word for both sexes; these are known as [[Wikipedia:Epicene|epicene words]], e.g., ólces, moose. In order to designate the sex of epicene words, a prefix is added.
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| **a. To designate a male animal, the prefix is uṙ-, e.g., éčes, horse; uṙéčes, stallion.
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| **b. To designate a female animal, the prefix is ii-, e.g., éčes, horse; iiéčes, mare.
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| *277. The noun suffix -áágus when added to the root denotes one who works with or is concerned with what is named in the noun root or one who makes or composes what is named in the noun root, e.g. ṁoínos, wine; ṁòináágus, vintner.
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| *278. The noun suffix -áƶes when added to the root denotes various kinds of small ungulates, e.g., qooṙétos, ridge of a mountain; qòòṙetáƶes, chamois.
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| *279. The noun suffix -cééṁas when added to the root denotes an inflammation of the body part named in the noun root, e.g., qelóndos, stomach; qelòndəcééṁas, gastritis.
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| *280. The noun suffix -démos when added to the root denotes the residence of that which is named in the noun root or a building pertaining to that which is named in the noun root, e.g., áṁes, bird; aṁdémos, aviary.
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| *281. The noun suffix -éðlos when added to the root denotes a place frequented by what is named in the noun root, e.g., aṙóódes, heron; àṙoodéðlos, heronry.
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| *282. The noun suffix -es when added to the root denotes animals that are characterized by what is named in the verb, noun or adjective root, e.g., lácis, speckled; láces, salmon.
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| *283. The noun suffix -íȝos when added to the root denotes a collective noun, e.g., ȝ̇élnos, glass; ȝ̇elníȝos, glassware.
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| *284. The noun suffixes -l- and -ĸ- when added to the root denote diminutives of or terms of endearment for what is named in the noun base. Because these suffixes are enclitics, the primary intonation remains on the original syllable of the root word. When both are added to the noun base, -l- precedes -ĸ-, e.g., símes, eagle owl; símles, Scops owl; símləĸes, pygmy owl.
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| *285. The noun suffix -ļes when added to the noun root denotes the young of mammals, e.g., čénes, dog; čénļes, puppy.
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| *286. The noun suffix -meeúṙos when added to the noun root denotes the instrument that measures what is named in the noun root, e.g., ténas, time; tènmeeúṙos, clock.
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| *287. The noun suffix -áṙ̨us when added to the noun root denotes the person in charge of what is named in the noun root, e.g., áþlos, family; aþláṙ̨us, head of the family.
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| *288. The noun suffix -ṙus when added to the noun root denotes a person connected with, belonging to, a resident of, or of the nationality of the place named in the noun root, e.g., ǧóṙos, mountain; ǧóṙəṙus, mountaineer.
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| *289. The noun suffix -témus when added to the noun root denotes a person who works with the metal named in the noun root, e.g., ȝ̇alos, gold; ȝ̇altémus, goldsmith.
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| *290. The noun suffix -tas when added to the noun root denotes the state, quality, or condition of being what is named in the noun root, -ty, -ness, -tude, -hood, etc., e.g., ámas, mother; ámtas, motherhood.
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| *291. The noun suffix -íímos when added to the noun root denotes a solution of what is named in the noun base, e.g., sálos, salt; salíímos, salt water, brine.
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| *292. The noun suffix -ṁeídas when added to the noun root denotes the science, theory or study of what is named in the noun root, e.g., béȝus, human; bèȝṁeídas, anthropology.
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| *293. The patronymic is formed by prefixing ƶoon- to the noun or name, e.g., ƶoontémus, son/daughter of the smith.
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| *294. The noun suffix palatalization + -as denotes a country named from its inhabitants or some other source, e.g., geṙmánus, German; geṙmáņas, Germany. If the noun ends in a vowel, -ņas is added, e.g., sefdááes, seven-river; sefdááņas, Sefdaania.
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| ====Denominative nouns from simple adjectives====
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| *295. The noun suffix -íȝos when added to cardinal numerals denotes inanimate nouns of quantity, e.g., sá, six; saíȝos, hexad.
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| *296. The noun suffix -íȝus when added to cardinal numerals denotes animate nouns of quantity, e.g., sá, six; saíȝus, sextet.
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| *297. The noun suffix -os when added to the adjective root denotes a concrete noun related to the adjective root, e.g., ṙéṁis, extensive; ṙéṁos, country.
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| *298. The noun suffix -tas when added to the adjective root denotes the state, quality, or condition of being what is named in the adjective root, -ty, -ness, -tude, e.g., reúðis, red; reúðtas, redness.
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| *299. The noun suffix -us when added to the adjective root denotes a person possessing the quality named in the adjective root, e.g., máqis, young; máqus, youth.
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| ====Denominative adjectives from nouns====
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| *300. The adjectival suffix -mis when added to the noun root denotes the existence of, possession of, or a relationship to what is named in the noun root, -(e)y, -(e)d, e.g., élos, stripe; élmis, striped.
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| *301. The adjectival suffix –méṙvis when added to the noun root denotes having the shape or form of what is named in the noun root, e.g., ṁéȝ̇os, wedge; ṁeȝ̇méṙvis, wedge-shaped.
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| *302. The adjectival suffix -ṁis when added to the noun root denotes pertaining to, connected with, belonging to, of the nature of, or characteristic of what is named in the noun root, e.g., čénes, dog; čénṁis, canine, doggish. (Cf. 303)
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| *303. The adjectival suffix -nis when added to the noun root denotes similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, e.g., čénes, dog; čén(ən)is, doggish, resembling a dog. (Cf. 302)
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| *304. The adjectival suffix -onis when added to the palatalized root of the noun, denotes made of the material named in the noun, e.g., ṁólnos, tin; ṁolņónis, made of tin, tinny, stannic.
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| *305. The adjectival suffix -pástis when added to the noun root denotes imperviousness to or the ability to resist or withstand what is named in the noun root, -proof, -tight, e.g., áṁdes, water; àṁdəpástis, waterproof, watertight.
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| *306. The adjectival suffix -ṙis when added to the noun root denotes being full of what is named in the noun root, -ful, e.g., véṙtas, (good) luck, fortune; véṙtəṙis, lucky, fortunate.
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| ====Denominative adjectives from adjectives====
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| *307. The adjectival suffix -əstis when added to the adjective root denotes somewhat or rather like what is named in the adjective root, e.g., vlááṁis, blue; vlááṁəstis, bluish.
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| ===Deverbatives ufṁèṙbaḑóes===
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| *308. Deverbative words are compound words built on the root of a verb.
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| ====Deverbative nouns from verbs====
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| *309. The noun suffix -as when added to the verb root denotes an abstract noun derived from the verb, -ment, -ness, -tion, -tude, -ty, e.g., mṙéta, betray; mṙétas, betrayal.
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| *310. The noun suffix -dáṙos when added to the verb root denotes the place where the action of the verb occurs, e.g., méṙкa, buy; mèṙĸədáṙos, marketplace.
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| *311. The noun suffix -démos when added to the verb root denotes a building where the action of the verb occurs, e.g., ál̬a, brew; àlydémos, brewery.
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| *312. The noun suffix -es when added to the verb root denotes an animal that is characterized by the action of the verb, e.g., gáṁa, to caw; gáṁes, crow.
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| *313. The noun suffix -os when added to the verb root forms a concrete noun related to the action of the verb, e.g., laaúa, to earn; laaúos, wages.
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| *314. The noun suffix -t̬is when added to the verb root names a medicine or other substance used to perform the action expressed by the verb, e.g., láṁa, to wash; láṁt̬is, soap.
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| *315. The noun suffix -aþus when added to the verb root denotes the recipient of the action expressed in the verb, e.g., кóla, imprison; кólaþus, prisoner. Note that the primary pitch remains on the root vowel. This is, in fact, the patient participle used as a noun.
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| *316. The noun suffix –úṙos when added to the verb root denotes the device used to accomplish the work expressed by the verb, e.g., leúĸa, to light; lèuĸúṙos, lamp.
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| *317. The noun suffix -us when added to the verb root denotes the agent of the action of the verb, e.g., déma, build; démus, builder.
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| ====Deverbative adjectives from verbs====
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| *318. The adjectival suffix -əstis when added to the verb root denotes having a tendency toward or inclination to perform the action expressed in the verb, e.g., déṙga, attract; déṙgəstis, attractive. Note that the primary pitch remains on the root vowel.
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| *319. The adjectival suffix -is, added to the palatalized root of the verb, indicates the capability of the action expressed in the verb to be performed, e.g., aíða, to burn; aíð̧is, combustible. Note that this forms a "passive" adjective: "able to BE burned", not "able to burn”.
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| ===Adjectives from postpositions===
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| *320. The adjectival suffix -ṙis is used to form an adjective from a postposition. This adjective may then, in turn, be used to form other parts of speech, e.g., be, outside; béṙis, outer; béṙus, foreigner.
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| ==Prefix formations==
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| *321. The prefix ðees- gives to words a spiritual or religious meaning, e.g., ámas, mother, ðeesámas, abbess.
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| *322. The prefix ĸaal- is affixed to words for color to indicate a darker shade, e.g., ðális, green; ĸaalðális, dark green.
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| *323. The prefix ḷiið- is affixed to words for color to indicate a lighter shade, e.g., véélṙis, orange, ḷiiðvéélṙis, light orange.
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| *324. The prefix mel- is affixed to words for color to indicate a darker shade, darker than ĸaal-, e.g., ðális, green; melðális, dark green.
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| *325. The prefix ṁi- (ṁ̧ before a vowel) is the prefix for the conversive, e.g., ȝúga, harness; ṁiȝúga, unharness; oúta, dress; ṁ̧oúta, undress
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| *326. The prefix ṁit- (ṁiþ-) indicates the frequentative aspect, e.g., óma, torment; ṁitóma, keep on tormenting; vááa, discuss; ṁiþvááa, continue to discuss.
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| *327. The prefix n- negates a word, e.g., áçis, movable; náçis, immobile.
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| *328. The prefix pel- is affixed to words of color to indicate a lighter shade, lighter than ḷiið-, e.g., bádis, yellow; pelbádis, pale yellow.
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| *329. The prefix v- affixed to nouns or adjectives indicates without, not having, e.g., déřis, tree; vdéřis, treeless; ílĸas, hope; vílĸas, despair. If the word begins with v-, the prefix is joined by a weak vowel, considering vowel harmony, e.g., váṙðos, beard; vıváṙðis, beardless. If the word begins with a voiceless consonant the prefix is f-, e.g., ĸábas, guile; fĸábis, guileless.
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| *330. The prefix ƶ- is affixed to a verb to express to an excessive degree, e.g., ƶıȝéĸa, talk too much.
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