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| <div class="toccolours" align="center">It has been suggested that this article or section be '''merged''' into ''[[Klingon]]''. </div>
| | #REDIRECT [[Klingon]] |
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| The '''Klingon language''' or '''Klingonese''' ('''''tlhIngan Hol''''' in Klingon) is a [[constructed language]] – an [[artistic language]] created by [[Marc Okrand]] for [[Paramount Pictures]] and spoken by [[Klingon]]s in the fictional [[Star Trek]] universe. He designed the language with [[Object Verb Subject]] (OVS) word order to give an alien feel to the language. Klingon is similar to [[Native American languages]] in several aspects. The basic sound (along with a very few words) was first devised by [[James Doohan]] for ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]''; the film marked the first time the language had been heard on screen, all previous appearances of the Klingons being in English.
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| Klingon is sometimes referred to as Klingonese (most notably in the ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' episode "[[The Trouble with Tribbles]]"), but among the Klingon-speaking community this is often understood to refer to another Klingon language that is described in [[John M. Ford]]'s Star Trek novels as [[Klingonaase]].
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| == Language ==
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| A description of the Klingon language can be found in Okrand's book <cite>The Klingon Dictionary</cite> (Published by Pocket Books, Simon & Schuster, 1985, second edition with new addendum 1992, ISBN 067174559X). Other notable works include <cite>The Klingon Way</cite> (with Klingon sayings and proverbs), <cite>Klingon for the Galactic Traveler</cite> and the two audio productions <cite>Conversational Klingon</cite> and <cite>Power Klingon</cite>. In the pilot episode of ''[[Star Trek: Enterprise]]'', "[[Broken Bow (Enterprise episode)|Broken Bow]]" (2001), the Klingon language is described as having eighty [[articulatory phonetics|polyguttural]] [[dialect]]s constructed on an adaptive [[syntax]] ''(for more, see [[#Phonology|Phonology]])''.
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| Three books have also been published in the tongue: <cite>[[ghIlghameS]]</cite> (<cite>[[Gilgamesh]]</cite>), ''Hamlet'' (<cite>[[Hamlet]]</cite>), and <cite>paghmo' tIn mIS</cite> (<cite>[[Much Ado About Nothing]]</cite>). These last two choices were inspired by a remark by a Klingon chancellor in ''[[Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country]]'' that [[Shakespeare]] is best read in the original Klingon.
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| Some [[Trekkies]] take the time to learn it and at some Star Trek [[convention]]s one can hear enthusiasts use it amongst themselves. They often greet each other with the Klingon word ''nuqneH'' (literally: "What do you want?"), which is said to be the closest thing to a greeting that exists in the language. Another phrase commonly heard among Star Trek fans is "''<nowiki>Qapla' </nowiki>''", the Klingon word for "success".
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| [[D'Armond Speers]] and his wife began raising a child bilingually in English and Klingon; Speers spoke in Klingon and his wife in [[English language|English]]. A few years into his life, the child began rejecting Klingon and gravitating towards English, as he could use English with many more speakers. The fact that Klingon lacked many words for things that were important in a baby's life, such as "diaper", and "pacifier", was a lesser issue. At the time of Speers' attempt, Klingon even lacked words for many objects common around the house, such as "table".
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| In May 2003, the [[Multnomah County, Oregon]] [[Department of Human Services]] named Klingon on a list of 55 languages for which it might conceivably need interpreters; this story was circulated out-of-context as an [[urban legend]] claiming that the department was looking to hire a Klingon interpreter. [[County]] [[Chair]] [[Diane Linn]] called the listing the "result of an overzealous attempt to ensure that our safety net systems can respond to all customers and clients." [http://www.snopes.com/humor/iftrue/klingon.asp]
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| Paramount owns a [[copyright]] to the official dictionary and other [[Canon (fiction)|canonical]] descriptions of the language. Some people dispute the validity of Paramount's claim of copyright on the language itself in light of the [[Supreme Court of the United States | U.S. Supreme Court's]] ''[[Feist v. Rural | Feist]]'' decision, but no challenge has actually been brought to court.
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| A [[programming language]] called [[var'aq]] was inspired by Klingon.
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| [[Google]] is available in Klingon. [http://www.google.com/intl/xx-klingon/]
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| Features of the Klingon language were taken from various real Earth languages:-
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| * Using a sentence as a noun clause by appending ''<nowiki>'e'</nowiki>'' to it was inspired by [[Sanskrit]] (which uses ''iti'' in the same role).
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| * The relative pronoun prefix for verbs is similar to a [[Swahili]] construction.
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| * Pronoun verb prefixes occur in [[Swahili]] and [[Nahuatl]].
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| * Amalgamating the subject and object pronoun prefixes is paralleled in [[Nahuatl]].
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| * The rules for use of the suffix ''je'' = "and" are about the same as in [[Sanskrit]] (which uses ''ca'').
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| * The word ''HoD'' = "captain" occurs also as an English [[acronym]] ''HoD'' = "head of department".
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| == Phonology ==
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| Klingon has been developed with a phonology that, while based on human [[natural languages]], is intended to sound alien. The effect is mainly achieved by the use of a number of [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]] and [[uvular consonant|uvular]] consonants in the language's inventory. Although natural languages use a number of different [[airstream mechanism]]s besides the common [[pulmonic egressive]], these other mechanisms are not used in Klingon. This is perhaps because these sounds are a lot more difficult to learn to produce if one's language does not use them. Klingon has twenty-one or twenty-two consonants, but only five cardinal vowels. Klingon is normally written in a variant of the [[Latin alphabet]] (see [[#Writing system|below]]). In this orthography, [[upper case|upper]] and [[lower case]] letters are not interchangeable (uppercase letters mostly represent sounds different to those expected by English speakers). In the discussion below, standard Klingon orthography appears in ''<angle brackets>'', and the [[phoneme|phonemic transcription]] in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] is written between ''/slashes/''.
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| ===Consonants===
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| The inventory of consonants in Klingon is spread over a number of [[place of articulation|places of articulation]]. In spite of this, the inventory has many gaps: Klingon has no [[velar consonant|velar plosives]], and only one [[sibilant consonant|sibilant]].
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| ;[[Labial consonant|Labials]]
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| :<p> — {{IPA|/pʰ/}} — [[aspiration|aspirated]] [[voiceless bilabial stop]] (as [[English language|English]] ''pan'', but accompanied by puff of air not only in word initial positions, but in all positions)
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| :<b> — {{IPA|/b/}} — [[voiced bilabial stop]] (as English ''ban'')
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| :<m> — {{IPA|/m/}} — [[bilabial nasal]] (as English ''man'')
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| :<v> — {{IPA|/v/}} — [[voiced labiodental fricative]] (as English ''van'')
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| ;[[Coronal consonant|Coronals]]
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| :<t> — {{IPA|/tʰ/}} — [[aspiration|aspirated]] [[voiceless alveolar stop]] (as English ''tan'', but accompanied by puff of air not only in word initial positions, but in all positions)
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| :<tlh> — {{IPA|/t͡ɬ/}} — [[voiceless alveolar lateral affricate]] (as in [[Nahuatl]] ''Nahuatl'')
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| :<ch> — {{IPA|/ʧ/}} — [[voiceless postalveolar affricate]] (as English ''church'')
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| :<j> — {{IPA|/ʤ/}} — [[voiced postalveolar affricate]] (as English ''judge'')
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| :<D> — {{IPA|/ɖ/}} — [[voiced retroflex stop]] (as [[Swedish]] ''nord'')
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| :<D> — {{IPA|/ɳ/}} — [[retroflex nasal]], an [[allophone]] of the above consonant (as Swedish ''Vänern'')
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| :<n> — {{IPA|/n/}} — [[alveolar nasal]] (as English ''nun'')
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| :<r> — {{IPA|/r/}} — [[alveolar trill]] (trilled as in [[Spanish Spanish]] ''rojo'')
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| :<S> — {{IPA|/ʂ/}} — [[voiceless retroflex fricative]] (as [[Mandarin]] ''Shànghǎi'')
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| :<l> — {{IPA|/l/}} — [[alveolar lateral approximant]] (as English ''lean'', never [[velarization|velarized]] as English ''gull'')
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| ;[[Dorsal consonant|Dorsals]]
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| :<ng> — {{IPA|/ŋ/}} — [[velar nasal]] (as English ''ring'')
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| :<H> — {{IPA|/x/}} — [[voiceless velar fricative]] (as [[Scots language|Scots]] ''loch'')
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| :<gh> — {{IPA|/ɣ/}} — [[voiced velar fricative]] (as Arabic ''[[Baghdad]]'')
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| :<y> — {{IPA|/j/}} — [[palatal approximant]] (as English ''yes'')
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| :<w> — {{IPA|/w/}} — [[labial-velar approximant]] (as English ''wash'')
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| :<q> — {{IPA|/qʰ/}} — [[aspiration|aspirated]] [[voiceless uvular stop]] (as [[Arabic]] ''[[Qur'an]]'', but aspirated)
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| :<Q> — {{IPA|/q͡χ/}} — [[voiceless uvular affricate]] (occurs in [[Nez Percé]], [[Wolof]] and [[Kabardian]])
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| ;[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
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| :<'> — {{IPA|/ʔ/}} — [[glottal stop]] (as between the English words ''blue arm'', with distinct enunciation)
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| ===Vowels===
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| In contrast to consonants, Klingon's inventory of vowels is very simple. The two front vowels, <e> and <I>, represent sounds that are generally shorter and more clipped in English than the more sonorant equivalents (as English ''bade'' and ''bead''). This, and the lack of [[diphthong]]s, enhances the sense that Klingon is a clipped and harsh-sounding language.
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| ;[[Vowel]]s
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| :<a> — {{IPA|/ɑ/}} — [[open back unrounded vowel]] (in English ''spa'')
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| :<e> — {{IPA|/ɛ/}} — [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] (in English ''bed'')
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| :<I> — {{IPA|/ɪ/}} — [[near-close near-front unrounded vowel]] (in English ''bit'')
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| :<o> — {{IPA|/o/}} — [[close-mid back rounded vowel]] (in [[French]] ''oiseaux'')
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| :<u> — {{IPA|/u/}} — [[close back rounded vowel]] (in Spanish ''cura'')
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| ===Syllabification===
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| Klingon [[syllable]] structure is extremely strict: a syllable must start with a consonant (including the glottal stop) followed by one vowel. In prefixes and other more rare syllables, this is enough. More commonly, this consonant-vowel pair is followed by one consonant or one of three biconsonantal codas: /-'''''w' '''-'''y' '''-'''rgh'''''/. Thus, ''ta'' "record", ''tar'' "poison" and ''targh'' "targ" (a type of animal) are all legal syllable forms, but *''tarD'' and *''ar'' are not. Despite this, there is one suffix that takes the shape vowel+consonant: the endearment suffix -''oy''.
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| == Grammar ==
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| Klingon is an [[agglutinative]] language, using mainly affixes in order to alter the function or meaning of words. Some nouns have inherently plural forms: ''jengva''' "plate" vs. ''ngop'' "plates", for instance.
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| Klingon [[noun]]s take suffixes to indicate [[number]], [[gender]], two levels of [[deixis]], possession and syntactic function. In all, 29 noun suffixes from five classes may be employed: ''jupoypu'na'wI'vaD'' "for my beloved true friends". Speakers are limited to no more than one suffix from each class to be added to a word, and the classes have a specific order of appearance.
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| Gender in Klingon does not indicate sex, as in English, or have an arbitrary assignment as in Danish or many other languages. It indicates whether a noun is a body part, a being capable of using language, or neither of these.
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| [[Verb]]s in Klingon are even more complex, taking a prefix indicating the number and person of the subject and object, plus suffixes from nine ordered classes, plus a special suffix class called ''rovers''. Each of the four known rovers has its own unique rule controlling its position among the suffixes in the verb. Verbs are marked for [[aspect]], certainty, predisposition and volition, dynamic, [[causative]], [[mood]], [[negation]], and [[honorific]]. The Klingon verb has two moods: [[indicative]] and [[imperative]].
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| The most common [[word order]] in Klingon is [[Object Verb Subject]], and in some cases the word order is the exact reverse of word order in English:
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| [[Image:Klingon sentence a.GIF|450px]]
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| [[Image:klingonsentence.JPG]]
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| ''DaH mojaq.mey.vam DI.vuS.nIS.be' 'e' vI.Har''
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| now-ADV suffix. PL.DEM 1pl-3pl.limit.need.not that 1sg-3sg.believe
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| "I believe that we do not need to limit these suffixes now"
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| Klingons apparently dislike redundancy such that, for example, since the ''DI'' prefix in the previous example indicates that the direct object ''mojaq'' is plural, a Klingon speaker will quite typically omit the plural suffix '''mey''' and say:
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| ''DaH mojaqvam DI.vuS.nIS.be' 'e' vI.Har''
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| Unlike most artificial [[Auxlang|auxiliary languages]], which seek to either emulate elements of several evolved human languages in order to be easier to learn, or to be more regular with fewer exceptions than is the case in evolved existing languages, the Klingon language tries to break away from the most common features of other languages and embraces the exceptions to its own rules.
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| == Writing systems==
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| The official Klingon writing system is the [[Latin alphabet]] as used above, but on the television series, the Klingons use their own alien writing system. In ''The Klingon Dictionary'' this alphabet is named as ''pIqaD'', but no information is given about it. When Klingon symbols are used in Star Trek productions they are merely decorative graphic elements, designed to emulate real [[writing]] and create an appropriate atmosphere.
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| The Astra Image Corporation designed the symbols (currently used to "write" Klingon) for ''[[Star Trek: The Motion Picture]]'', although these symbols are often incorrectly attributed to [[Michael Okuda]]. They based the letters on the [[Klingon starships|Klingon battlecruiser]] hull markings (three letters) first created by [[Matt Jeffries]], and on [[Tibetan alphabet|Tibetan]] writing because the script had sharp letter forms — used as a testament to the Klingons' love for knives and blades.
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| === KLI pIqaD ===
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| [[Image:Kli piqad.GIF|thumb|The KLI piqaD]]
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| [[Image:KLI_piqad_text_sample.GIF|thumb|KLI piqaD text sample]]
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| Although the Latin alphabet is used officially to write Klingon, the speaking community also makes use of an artificial script designed to emulate Klingon writing on the show. This alphabet was created by an anonymous source at [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]], who based their alphabet on letters seen in the show. This "source" sent in their alphabet to [http://www.kli.org/ KLI (Klingon Language Institute)] and the KLI uploaded it onto their website as the Klingons' way of writing their language. This alphabet has gained some acceptance within the speaker and fan community although many ''Klingonists'' still prefer the Latin alphabet.
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| The alphabet is quite simple: It contains twenty-six letters with a one-to-one ''grapheme-phoneme correspondance'': that is, one letter represents one sound and one sound is written with one letter. There are also ten numerals in the set. It is written from left to right, top to bottom like English. There is no actual punctuation, however those that use punctuation with the alphabet, use Skybox punctuation symbols (''see below'').
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| In September 1997, [[Michael Everson]] made a proposal for encoding this in [[Unicode]]. The Unicode Technical Committee rejected the Klingon proposal in May 2001 on the grounds that research showed almost no use of the script for communication, and the vast majority of the people who did use Klingon employed the Latin alphabet by preference. Everson created a mapping of pIqaD into the [[Private Use Area]] of [[Unicode]], which he listed in the [[ConScript Unicode Registry]] (U+F8D0 to U+F8FF see [http://www.evertype.com/standards/csur/klingon.html here] and [http://www.travelphrases.info/gallery/Test_Klingon.html here]). Since then several fonts using that encoding have appeared, and software for typing in pIqaD has become available. As a result, blogs in pIqaD have begun to appear, raising the possibility of reapplying for inclusion in Unicode when there is a sufficient corpus. Existing text in [[Romanization]] can easily be converted to pIqaD also.
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| Michael Okuda, the long standing [[Star Trek]] scenic arts designer, and other Paramount staff have repudiated the mapping.
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| === Skybox pIqaD ===
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| [[Image:Klingonalphabet.GIF|thumb|The Klingon pIqaD according to Skybox]]
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| [[Image:Klingon-text-sample 2.JPG|thumb|A sample of written Klingon]]
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| The KLI pIqaD isn't the only mapping of Klingon letters. The ''Astra Image'' letters were taken and used in the Paramount-endorsed [[Bitstream Inc|Bitstream]] font pack. They were used to make a font with ten letters of the English alphabet: "e" to "n" being represented by the ten different klingon letters. This font itself has been used by the Star trek production team when creating Klingon graphics, however it is still used only as random gibberish on the shows.
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| The trading card company [[SkyBox International|Skybox]] used this font, when they created the Klingon language cards in their ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'' trading card collection. The Klingon cards themselves detail aspects of Klingon culture, and feature pIqaD text, and a transliteration and translation provided by Marc Okrand. Some of these cards, notably [http://qurgh.wizage.net/cards/S7.jpg S7], [http://qurgh.wizage.net/cards/S8.jpg S8] and [http://qurgh.wizage.net/cards/S9.jpg card S9] feature pIqaD, which corresponds to the Latin transcription.
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| Other known cards include ''s19'' and ''s20'' (which contain belittling references to ''Blockbuster'', probably an allusion to [[Blockbuster Video]]) the season seven card selection ''s37, s38 and s39'' (which featured no actual tlhingan Hol, but only English and on card S39 Latin, written in the Skybox alphabet), and finally, the Checklist cards for each seasons' set of cards had the word ''cards'' written in Klingon on them when listing the above mentioned cards.
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| The script is written in horizontal lines running from left to right, top to bottom, just like English. Klingon can be written with spaces between words (a word being defined as any noun, verb or leftover, plus any prefixes and suffixes attached to it) and [[punctuation]]. When this is the case, four punctuation marks are used:
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| * An "up-turned triangle" with a function similar to a [[comma]], [[semi-colon]] or [[colon (punctuation)|colon]].
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| * A "down-turned" triangle with a function similar to a [[full stop]], [[question mark]] or [[exclamation mark]].
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| * A mark similar in appearance to an [[hyphen]] (unknown function).
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| * A mark similar to an apostrophe (function unknown).
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| Klingon can also be written with no spaces or punctuation at all; this form is more common on the TV shows. As in English, Klingon text can be left-justified, center-justified, or right-justified, and written in vertical columns on banners.
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| Due to its nature, the "Skybox" Alphabet is ill-suited to writing Klingon, in that ambiguity in the alphabet is apparent, so different words are spelled the same way: these are [[homograph]]s. The heartiest commendations and the gravest insults could be written identically, though it should be noted that context would go a long way to disambiguating homographs.
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| === Mandel script ===
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| [[Image:Klinzhai alphabet.GIF|thumb|The Klinzhai alphabet]]
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| A third script, known as the Klinzhai or Mandel script, was included in ''The U.S.S. Enterprise Officer's Manual'' (1980). It holds more closely to the D7 battlecruiser hull markings and is also loosely based upon the conceptual art of Matt Jeffries, [[Star Trek: The Original Series|TOS]] set designer.
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| Its letters map to various letters and digraphs of English, but they have no relation to Marc Okrand's Klingon language. Like the other two alphabets, it is probably written in the same direction as English.
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| ::''Some fans have suggested this alphabet could be used to write [[Klingonaase]] in its native form.''
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| == Cursing ==
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| [[Swearing|Cursing]] is considered to be a fine art among Klingons. That a person swears well is considered something of a compliment in Klingon culture. Some of the more common curse words include:
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| :* ''petaQ''—analogous to excrement.
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| :* ''toDSaH''—literally "idiot", i.e. analogous to "brainless"
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| :* ''yIntagh''—reportedly a native Klingon animal on Qo'noS; analogous to "vermin"
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| :* ''taHqeq''—a "situation confused by a toDSaH"; analogous roughly to "[[SNAFU]]".
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| :* ''Qu'vatlh''—particularly vulgar term describing an offer by one to be "self-romantic".
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| :* ''ghay'cha'''—related to subservience; see [[Romulan]] term "Veruul."
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| Others not strictly part of the ''tlhIngan Hol'' corpus, but attested from other Star Trek sources, are:
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| :* ''lo'be'voS''—incorporating "be'-" female determinative, roughly analogous to term for female Terran canine (i.e. Bitch).
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| :* ''tha'rav'''—from Klingonaase, term for lowest of slave population.
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| :* ''thar'av'vul''—from Klingonaase, term describing [[Vulcan (Star Trek)|Vulcan]] slaves, slur describing one as an "educated" subservient; literally, "educated idiot"; see also "toDSaH".
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| :* ''topaH'''—usually used in combination with "toDSaH"; analogous to Terran [[Yiddish]] term "schlemiel"; person who does a "toDSaH" thing.
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| :* ''SlIpaH''—promiscuous; analogous to Terran [[English_language|English]] term "slut" (said by Worf to Ezri Dax)
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| :* ''bIr'MIn'' — from Star Trek fandom, a Klingon-inspired slang term, from the thlIngan Hol ''bIr'' , "Cold," and '''Min'', "Eye", or "Cold-eye;" analogous for "someone who is dishonorable, or untrustworthy." Fans have allegedly coined this term, for its similarity with Star Trek Executive Producer Rick Berman's last name, as a satirical opinion of his perceived tenure as creative head of the franchise. Many other fans disagree with this opinion, referring to such fans as examples of topaHs.
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| Some of the words are general [[invective]]s, others are personal [[epithet]]s. Adding the term ''jay''' intensifies the words.
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| <!--Anyone care to supply the meanings?-->
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| ==Trivia==
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| * In 1999, The Onion published a satirical article claiming that the number of Klingon speakers exceeded the number of [[Navajo language|Navajo]] speakers. [http://www.theonion.com/content/node/29426]
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|
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| * The sixth episode of the tenth season of Frasier, "Star-Mitzvah", which first aired November 5, 2002, had Frasier reading a short blessing in Klingon at his son's [[B'nai Mitzvah|Bar Mitzvah]] having been tricked into believing it was [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. (There are more details at [[wikipedia:References to Star Trek#Star_Mitzvah|References to ''Star Trek'']])
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Exolang|Alien language]]
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| * [[Klingonaase]], an earlier, non-canonical Klingon language put forth by author John M. Ford.
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| *[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Klingon_proverbs Klingon Proverbs] (Wikiquote).
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| == External links ==
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| {{InterWiki|code=tlh}}
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| {{wikibooks|Klingon}}
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| * [http://www.kli.org/ Klingon Language Institute]
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| * [http://www.angelfire.com/trek/yensw/ Klingon as linguistic capital] — a Bachelor's Thesis in [[Sociology]]
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| * [http://www.klingonska.org/ Klingonska Akademien]
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| *[http://www.cs.vu.nl/~dick/Summaries/Languages/MutsunKlingonComparison.pdf Is Klingon an Ohlonean language? A comparison of Mutsun and Klingon] ''Spoiler: It's not.''
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| * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/klingon.htm Omniglot: Klingon Alphabet]
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| * [http://klingon.dw-world.de/klingon/index.php Deutsche-Welle's Klingon Language Service]
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| * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3658310.stm BBC article on Deutsche-Welle's Klingon Language Service]
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| * [http://qurgh.wizage.net/cards/cards.html information on the Skybox Trading cards, with Klingon writing]
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| * [http://tlh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ghItlh%27a%27 Klingon Wikipedia]
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| * [http://www.google.com/intl/xx-klingon/ Google in Klingon]
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| * [http://www.kosmic-horror.com/ Klingon Rock]
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| {{wikipedia}} [[Wikipedia:Klingon language]]
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| [[Category: Star Trek conlangs]]
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| [[Category: Conlangs]]
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