User:Bukkia/sandboxIV

Novelatine is a language, spoken by a few thousand people in two remote mountain valleys in Central Italy. Its speakers call their own language Sa lêgwa syar dwar valyô, The language of the two valleys, or simply Sa lêgwa (nob), The/Our language. It is a direct descendent of Latin, and it retained a more conservative grammar, morphology and syntaxis than the other Romance languages. Its lexicon retains many more words directly from Latin than other Romance lexicons.

Apart from its conservatism, the main feature is the presence of two distinct dialects, one for each valleys, with some definite differences.

Noun morphology

Novelatine retains the complex system of Latin declensions, but the six cases of Latin language have merged in a three-case system: Nominative, Genitive and Accusative. Nouns are grouped in four declensions, but as phonological changes modified some endings, each declension group has more subgroups.

First declension

The first declension has both feminine and masculine nouns, but no neuter nouns. Most nouns (more than 90%) are feminine, and there is no difference in the endings between both genders. The endings are:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-a	-e
Genitive	-e	-arô
Accusative	-ô	-es

• Example: Rosa, rose, feminine

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	rosa	rose
Genitive	rose	rosarô
Accusative	rosô	roses

• Example: Êcola, inhabitant, masculine

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	êcola	êcole
Genitive	êcole	êcolarô
Accusative	êcolô	êcoles

Even if both genders share the same endings, nouns agree with adjectives, articles, pronouns and verbs according the real gender:

• Se bone poeta: the good poet
• Sa rosa pulcra: the beautiful rose

Second declension

The second declension has only masculine and neuter nouns. Each gender forms a different subgroup. There is also a -er subgroup:

Masculine subgroup

The endings for the masculine second declension are:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-e	-yi
Genitive	-yi	-erô
Accusative	-ô	-es

• Example: Lupe, wolf

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lupe	lupyi
Genitive	lupyi	luperô
Accusative	lupô	lupes

Neuter subgroup

The endings for the neuter second declension are:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-ô	-a
Genitive	-yi	-erô
Accusative	-ô	-a

• Example: Pomô, apple

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pomô	poma
Genitive	pomyi	pomerô
Accusative	pomô	poma

-er subgroup

The -er subgroup contains only masculine nouns whose nominative singular form ends with -er. They add the usual second declension endings in other cases, some nouns losing the -e (the mobile -e-), while some other nouns preserve it:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-yi
Genitive	-yi	-erô
Accusative	-ô	-es

• Example: Ager, field

With mobile -e-
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ager	agryi
Genitive	agryi	agrerô
Accusative	agrô	agres

• Example: Pwer, boy

Without mobile -e-
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pwer	pweryi
Genitive	pweryi	pwererô
Accusative	pwerô	pweres

Third declension

The third declension is the most complex and large noun declension group. There are many subgroup, as many nouns has little differences, even if the declension pattern remains the same.

The basic declension patterns for masculine/feminine and for neuter nouns are:

Masculine/Feminine
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-s
Genitive	-s	-ô
Accusative	-ê	-es

Neuter
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-a
Genitive	-s	-ô
Accusative	-	-a

If the last consonant of the noun root is -s-, or there are two or more consonants, the singular genitive ending becomes -is, while the plural nominative ending becomes -es.

• Example: Pader, father, substantive with mobile -e-.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pader	padres
Genitive	padris	padrô
Accusative	padrê	padres

First subgroup

The first subgroup contains nouns whose singular nominative form coincides with their root. They simply add the regular endings.

• Example: Can, dog.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	can	cans
Genitive	cans	canô
Accusative	canê	canes

Second subgroup (Vowel nominative form)

The second subgroup contains nouns whose root is the plural genitive without the -ô ending. The nominative form usually ends with a vowel, as the root's last consonant was lost in this form.

• Example: Du, leader.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	du	ducs
Genitive	ducs	ducô
Accusative	ducê	duces

Third subgroup (Nasal subgroup)

The second subgroup contains nouns whose root is the plural genitive without the -ô ending. The nominative form usually ends with a nasal vowel, as the root's last consonant -n merged with the previous vowel in this form. The masculine and feminine nouns usually has -ô at the nominative form, while the neuter nouns usually has -ê.

• Example: Opyinyô, opinion, thought.

Masculine/Feminine declension
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	opyinyô	opyinyons
Genitive	opyinyons	opyinyonô
Accusative	opyinyonê	opyinyones

• Example: Nomê, noun, name.

Neuter declension
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nomê	nomina
Genitive	nomins	nominô
Accusative	nomê	nomina

Fourth subgroup (Palatal subgroup)

The fourth group contains nouns whose plural genitive form adds an -y- infix before the usual -ô endings. Neuter nouns in this subgroup add the -y- infix also within the plural nominative and accusative forms.

• Example: Awr, ear.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	awr	awrs
Genitive	awrs	awryô
Accusative	awrê	awres

• Example: Mar, sea.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	mar	marya
Genitive	mars	maryô
Accusative	mar	marya

Fifth subgroup (Labial subgroup)

The fifth group contains nouns whose the root's last consonant -l- becomes an -w in the singular nominative form and in the singular accusative form for neuter nouns. The plural forms add the palatal infix -y- according to the rules of the palatal subgroup.

• Example: Pew, skin.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pew	pels
Genitive	pels	pelyô
Accusative	pelê	peles	Example: Animaw, animal. Case Singular Plural Nominative animaw animalya Genitive animals animalyô Accusative animaw animalya Sixth subgroup (participial subgroup) The sixth subgroup contains nouns whose conjugation is the same as the past participles. The nominative singular final consonant -s is replaced in all other forms with a -t. The plural forms follow the palatal subgroup declension pattern. Example: Dês, tooth. Case Singular Plural Nominative dês dêz Genitive dêz dêtyô Accusative dêtê dêtes Irregular subgroup There are a number of nouns, which have an irregular behavior, even if they follow the usual third declension pattern: nom. capo; gen. capiz; acc. capo; pl. nom. capita; pl. gen. capitô pl. acc. capita (head) nom. têpe; gen. têpers; acc. têpe; pl. nom. têpera; pl. gen. têperô pl. acc. têpera (time) Fourth declension The fourth declension has masculine, feminine and neuter nouns. There are two subgroups the -e subgroup and the -o subgroup. -e subgroup The -e subgroup contains both masculine and feminine nouns. Most nouns are masculine (more than 95 %), but the few feminine nouns are very used. These are the endings. Case Singular Plural Nominative -e -os Genitive -os -wô Accusative -ô -es Example: Pase, step, masculine Case Singular Plural Nominative pase pasos Genitive pasos paswô Accusative pasô pases Example: Dome, house, home, feminine Case Singular Plural Nominative dome domos Genitive domos domwô Accusative domô domes -o subgroup The -o subgroup contains only neuter nouns. These are the endings. Case Singular Plural Nominative -o -wa Genitive -os -wô Accusative -o -wa Example: Geno, knee Case Singular Plural Nominative geno genwa Genitive genos genwô Accusative geno genwa Articles, Adjectives and Pronouns Articles Novelatine has a definite article, se. The western dialect has an indefinite article, the numeral une, while the eastern dialect usually uses no indefinite article. The article une declines as a normal first class adjective. Definite article The definite article se has an irregular declension: Singular Plural Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative se sa sô syi se sa Genitive sies sies sies syor syar syor Accusative sô sô sô ses ses sa The nominative singular masculine and neuter forms usually lose their vowel before another vowel and get an apostrophe, while the nominative neuter singular and all accusative singular forms become son before another vowel: S'agricola son agrô si col: the farmer cultivates his own field In the eastern dialect the nominative plural masculine form, syi, gets shorter too: W: Syi agricole ses agres si col - E: Sy'agricole ses agres si col: the farmers cultivate their own fields In the eastern dialect, especially in most marginal area, all plural forms uses the 'sy- alternative root (pronounced [ʃ]-): W: Syi agricole ses agres si col - E: Sy'agricole syes agres si col: the farmers cultivate their own fields In the northern villages of the western valley, before another vowel the accusative forms and the neuter forms in the singular become som instead of son W: S'agricola som agrô si col: the farmer cultivates his own field Adjectives Demonstrative adjectives There are two demonstrative adjectives: isvi which means that, and ste which means this; both they have an irregular conjugation: Isvi, that Singular Plural Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative isvi avi ivi yivi evi avi Genitive iesvi iesvi iesvi orôvi arôvi orôvi Accusative ôvi ôvi ivi esvi asvi avi Ste, this Singular Plural Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative ste sta sto styi ste sta Genitive sties sties sties storô starô storô Accusative stô stô sto stes stes sta Pronouns Personal pronouns The personal pronouns in Novelatine have an irregular declension. Some of them have an alternative root in some cases. In the third persons the pronouns are divided for gender, in singular (as in English) and in plural number. The most important feature, is the retention of the dative forms, for all personal pronouns: Person English Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative 1st sing. I eo mey mi me 2nd sing. you (sing.) tu tuy ti te 3rd sing. f. he le lies luy lô 3rd sing. m. she la lies luy lô 3rd sing. n. it lo lies luy lo 1st plur. we nos nestri nob nos 2nd plur. you (plur.) vos vestri vob vos 3rd plur. m. they (m.) lyi lyor lyis les 3rd plur. f. they (f.) le lyar lyis les 3rd plur. n. they (n.) la lyor lyis la With most prepositions, which usually require the genitive case, dative forms of personal pronouns are used. The only exception is the preposition cô, which has exceptional forms for the first and the second persons: eo: mecô (with me) tu: tecô (with you sing.) nos: nobiscô (with us) vos: vobiscô (with you plur.) The personal pronouns have also replaced the possessive adjectives and pronouns: The possession is expressed by the dative personal pronouns, placed after the possessed noun: Eo son amicô ti vidyo: I see your friend The dative forms do not agree with the possessed noun, only with the gender and the number of the possessor(s). Eo son amicô lyis vidyo: I see their friend Eo ses amices ti vidyo: I see your friends The genitive forms are used instead of the possessive pronouns, or when the adjectives would be used as object in the sentence. Ste can mey e: This dog is mine Styi cans mey sôt: These dogs are mine Relative pronoun The relative pronoun cwi has an irregular declension: Singular Plural Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative cwi cwe cwo cwi cwe cwe Genitive chies chies chies cwor cwar cwor Accusative cwê cwô cwo cwes cwes cwe Numbers These are the Novelatine numbers, with their cardinal and ordinal forms: Number Cardinal Ordinal 1 une pryime 2 due secunde 3 W: tre / E: ter terce 4 W: cwatre / E: cwater cwarte 5 cwêc cwête 6 W: sey / E: ses seste 7 sewtê sewtime 8 owto owtave 9 novê none 10 decê decime 11 ôdecê ôdecime 12 dwodecê dwodecime 13 tredecê tredecime 14 cwaterdecê cwaterdecime 15 cwêdecê cwêdecime 16 W: seydecê / E: sesdecê W: seydecime / E: sesdecime 17 sewtêdecê sewtêdecime 18 dwedevyinti dwedevyigesime 19 ôdevyinti ôdevyigesime 20 vyinti vyigesime 21 vyinti une vyigesime prime 22 vyinti due vyigesime secunde 30 tryinta tryintesime 40 cwadryinta cwadryintesime 50 cwêcyinta cwêcyintesime 60 sesyinta sesyintesime 70 sewtyinta sewtyintesime 80 owtyinta owtyintesime 90 novyinta novyintesime 100 cêtô cêtesime 200 dwecêtyi dwecêtesime 300 trecêtyi trecêtesime 400 cwadregêtyi cwadregêtesime 500 cwêgêtyi cwêgêtesime 600 sescêtyi sescêtesime 700 sewtêgêtyi sewtêgêtesime 800 owtêgêtyi owtêgêtesime 900 nôgêtyi nôgêtesime 1000 mil milesime 2000 due milya due milesime 1.000.000 milyô milyonesime 1.000.000.000 milyarde milyardesime Verbs Novelatine has a strictly conservative and quite difficult verbal morphology. The complex verbal system of ancient Latin is retained, also with the passive synthetic forms. Nevertheless an analitic new future tense was developed, together with two conditional tenses. An isolated resultative form was developed too. Conjugations Novelatine verbs are divided in four conjugations: Conjugation Ending I -ar II -er (palatal) III -er (non palatal) IV -yir The second conjugation uses the same endings of the third conjugation, plus a palatal infix -y, in many forms. For clarity's sake, we don't consider this verbal class as a subgroup of the third conjugation, but as an independent conjugation class, according to the tradition of Latin four conjugations' pattern. Indicative Present tense (têpe praysês) Person I conj. II conj. III conj. IV conj. I sing. ame monye lege finye II sing. ams mons legs fins III sing. am mon leg fin I plur. amem monyim legim finyim II plur. amez monyiz legiz finyiz III plur. amêt monyêt legôt finyôt Imperfect tense (têpe êperfewtô) Person I conj. II conj. III conj. IV conj. I sing. amavô monyivô legyivô finyivô II sing. amavs monyivs legyivs finyivs III sing. amav monyiv legyiv finyiv I plur. amavem monyivem legyivem finyivem II plur. amavez monyivez legyivez finyivez III plur. amavêt monyivêt legyivêt finyivêt Perfect tense (têpe perfewtô) Person I conj. II conj. III conj. IV conj. I sing. amay monyi legsyi finiyi II sing. amayst monyust legsyist finiyist III sing. amaw monyut legsyit finiyit I plur. amaym monyum legsyim finiyim II plur. amayz monyuz legsyiz finiyiz III plur. amayerôt monyerôt legsyerôt finiyerôt Plusquamperfect tense (têpe pwuscwôperfewtô) Person I conj. II conj. III conj. IV conj. I sing. amayerô monyerô legsyerô finiyerô II sing. amayers monyers legsyers finiyers III sing. amayer monyer legsyer finiyer I plur. amayerem monyerem legsyerem finiyerem II plur. amayerez monyerez legsyerez finiyerez III plur. amayerêt monyerêt legsyerêt finiyerêt Future tense (têpe futurô) The synthetic future tense of ancient Latin has entirely disappeared, and it was replaced by a new analytic future form. It is formed with the present forms of the verb aber and the infinite form of the main verb: Eo ao caner: I will sing Cras a sô mar ao vader: Tomorrow I will go to the beach Subjunctive Present tense (têpe praysês) Person I conj. II conj. III conj. IV conj. I sing. amê monyô legô finyô II sing. amis monyes leges finyes III sing. ami monye lege finye I plur. amim monyem legem finyem II plur. amiz monyez legez finyez III plur. amêt monyôt legêt finyêt Imperfect tense (têpe êperfewtô) Person I conj. II conj. III conj. IV conj. I sing. amarê monerê legerê finyirê II sing. amars moners legers finyirs III sing. amar moner leger finyir I plur. amarem monerem legerem finyirem II plur. amarez monerez legerez finyirez III plur. amarêt monerêt legerêt finyirêt Perfect tense (têpe perfewtô) Person I conj. II conj. III conj. IV conj. I sing. amayerê monyerê legsyerê finiyerê II sing. amayeris monyeris legsyeris finiyeris III sing. amayeri monyeri legsyeri finiyeri I plur. amayerim monyerim legsyerim finiyerim II plur. amayeriz monyeriz legsyeriz finiyeriz III plur. amayerêt monyerêt legsyerêt finiyerêt Plusquamperfect tense (têpe pwuscwôperfewtô) Person I conj. II conj. III conj. IV conj. I sing. amaysê monyisê legsyisê finiyisê II sing. amaysis monyisis legsyisis finiyisis III sing. amaysi monyisi legsyisi finiyisi I plur. amaysim monyisim legsyisim finiyisim II plur. amaysiz monyisiz legsyisiz finiyisiz III plur. amaysêt monyisêt legsyisêt finiyisêt Conditional The conditional forms have two tenses, the present and the past tense. It is an analytic mood, formed with the auxiliary verb aver. The conditional present is formed with the perfect tense forms of the verb aber, plus the infinitive form of the main verb: Eo avyi caner: I would sing Cras a sô mar avyi vader: Tomorrow I would go to the beach The conditional past is formed with the plusquamperfect tense form of the verb aber, plus the infinitive form of the main verb: Eo avyerô caner: I would have sung A sô mar avyerô vader: I would have gone to the beach Passive forms Indicative present tense Person I conj. II conj. III conj. IV conj. I sing. amer monyer leger finyer II sing. ameres monyires legires finyires III sing. ameter monyiter legiter finyiter I plur. amemer monyimer legimer finyimer II plur. amemnyi monyimnyi legimnyi finyimny III plur. amêter monyêter legôter finyôter Indicative imperfect tense Person I conj. II conj. III conj. IV conj. I sing. amaver monyiver legyiver finyiver II sing. amaveres monyiveres legyiveres finyiveres III sing. amaveter monyiveter legyiveter finyiveter I plur. amavemer monyivemer legyivemer finyivemer II plur. amavemnyi monyivemnyi legyivemnyi finyivemnyi III plur. amavêter monyivêter legyivêter finyivêter Subjunctive present tense Person I conj. II conj. III conj. IV conj. I sing. amêr monyôr legôr finyôr II sing. amires monyeres legeres finyeres III sing. amiter monyeter legeter finyeter I plur. amimer monyemer legemer finyemer II plur. amimnyi monyemnyi legemnyi finyemnyi III plur. amêter monyôter legêter finyêter Subjunctive imperfect tense Person I conj. II conj. III conj. IV conj. I sing. amarer monerer legerer finyirer II sing. amareres monereres legereres finyireres III sing. amareter monereter legereter finyireter I plur. amaremer moneremer legeremer finyiremer II plur. amaremnyi moneremnyi legerenyi finyiremnyi III plur. amarêter monerêter legerêter finyirêter Verb eser (to be) Indicative Person Present Imperfect Perfect Pl.perfect I sing. sô erô fuyi fuyerô II sing. es ers fuyist fuyers III sing. e er fuyit fuyer I plur. some erem fuyim fuyerem II plur. ez erez fuyiz fuyerez III plur. sôt erôt fuyerôt fuyerêt Subjunctive Person Present Imperfect Perfect Pl.perfect I sing. sê eserê fuyerê fuyisê II sing. ses eseris fuyers fuyisis III sing. set eseri fuyer fuyisi I plur. sem eserim fuyerim fuyisim II plur. sez eseriz fuyeriz fuyisiz III plur. sêt eserêt fuyerêt fuyisêt Other compound tenses and moods are formed according to the usual grammar rules. Other irregular verbs II conjugation aber: ao, as, a, avyim, avyiz, ôt, perf.: aviy, avyust... tener: tenye, tens, tê, tenyim, tenyiz, W: tenyêt/E: têt III conjugation facer: facye, W: facs/E: fac, W: fac/ E: fa, facim, faciz, facyôt locwer: locwe, locs, loc, locwim, locwiz, locwôt noscer: nosce, nos, nos, noscim, nosciz, noscôt Lexycon Aber, ao, avyi, avute, verb, II, to have (auxiliary) Amar, ame, amay, amate, verb, I, to love Amica, -arô, noun, f., friend (only female) Amice, -erô, noun, m., friend (only male) Awr, -ryô, noun, f., ear Awter, -tra, -trô, adj., I, other Animaw, -alyô, noun, n., animal Bone, -a, -ô, adj., I, good Can, -nô, noun, m., dog Caner, cane, cecinyi, cante, verb, III, to sing Capyir, capye, cepyi, cawte, verb, IV, to take, to catch Casye, -yerô, noun, m., cheese Cayder, cayde, cecyidyi, cayse, verb, III, to cut Caysyô, -yonô, noun, f., cut Ciwta, -tadô, noun, f., city Cô, prep., with + GEN. Cras, adv, tomorrow Creder, crede, cridyi, credute, verb, III, to believe Cwôd, adv., when Cyelô, -lerô, noun, n., sky Dês, dentô, noun, n., tooth Dicer, dice, dicsyi, diwte, verb, III, to say, to tell Docer, docye, docyi, dowte, verb, II, to teach Docês, -êtyô, noun, m/f., teacher Ducer, duce, ducsyi, duwte, verb, III, to lead, to guide Ecwesya, -yarô, noun, f., church Eseder, esede, esedyi, eseste, verb, III, to eat Eser, sô, fuyi, fute, verb, -, to be Ê, part., in + GEN. (state)/ + ACC. (motion) Êgredyir, êgredye, êgresyi, êgrese, verb, III, to enter Êgrese, -wô, noun, m., entry Êgwê, -inô, noun, n., groin Êtêder, êtêde, êtêsyi, êtêse, verb, III, to understand Êvenyir, êvenye, êvinyi, êvête, verb, IV, to find, to discover Flumê, -inô, noun, n., river Leger, lege, legsyi, lewte, verb, III, to read Lêgwa, -warô, noun, m., 1. tongue; 2. language Libelô, -lerô, noun, n., book Locwer, locwe, locuyi, locute, verb, III, to speak Mader, -drô, noun, f., mother Mane, -nwô, noun, f., hand Meridyô, -yonô, noun, m., south Mesime, -a, -ô, adj., I, same Moryiri, moryer, mortwe sô, verb, IV pas, to die Nomê, -minô, noun, n., noun, name Nove, -a, -ô, adj., I, new Nô, part., not, no Odôtoyatria, noun, f., dentistry Odôtoyatrice, -a, -ô, adj., I, relative to dentistry Oracyô, -yonô, noun, f., pray Orar, ore, oray, orate, verb, I, to pray Os, orô, noun, n., mouth Pader, -drô, noun, m., father Pecar, pece, pecay, pecate, verb, I, to sin Pecator, -rô, noun, m., sinner Pomô, -merô, noun, n., apple Pwela, -lô, noun, f., girl Pwene, -a, -ô, adj., I, full + GEN. Pwer, -erô, noun, m., boy Rosa, -sarô, noun, m., rose Rôper, rôpe, rupyi, ruwte, verb, III, to break Ryider, ryidye, ryisyi, ryise, verb, II, to laugh, to smile Salutacyô, -yonô, noun, f., greeting Salutar, salute, salutay, salutate, verb, I, to greet Serpês, -êtyô, noun, m., snake Sewtêtryô, -yonô, noun, m., north Sêpre, adv, always Sôwte, -a, -ô, adj., I, saint Spewtar, spewte, spewtay, spewate, verb, I, to look at, to watch Tode, -a, -ô, adj., I, all Vader, vade, vasyi, vase, verb, III, to go Venyir, venye, vinyi, vête, verb, IV, to come Veter, -tra, -trô, adj., I, old Vidyo, vidye, vyidyi, vyise, verb, II, to see Vyice, -cerô, noun, m., village Vocar, voce, vocay, vocate, verb, I, to call Yuvacyô, -yonô, noun, f., help Yuvar, yuve, yuvay, yuvate, verb, I, to help Texts Hail Mary Ave Maria, gracye pwena, se Domine tecô e benediwta êter mulyerô es ed benediwte se fruwte sies vêtris ti e, Jesus Sôwta Maria, mader Dyi or per nob, pecatorô nôc ed ê sies ore sies morz nob amê