User:Bukkia/sandboxIV

Novelatine is a language, spoken by a few thousand people in two remote mountain valleys in Central Italy. Its speakers call their own language Sa lêgwa syar dwar valyô, The language of the two valleys, or simply Sa lêgwa (nob), The/Our language. It is a direct descendent of Latin, and it retained a more conservative grammar, morphology and syntaxis than the other Romance languages. Its lexicon retains many more words directly from Latin than other Romance lexicons.

Apart from its conservatism, the main feature is the presence of two distinct dialects, one for each valleys, with some definite differences.

Noun morphology

Novelatine retains the complex system of Latin declensions, but the six cases of Latin language have merged in a three-case system: Nominative, Genitive and Accusative. Nouns are grouped in four declensions, but as phonological changes modified some endings, each declension group has more subgroups.

First declension

The first declension has both feminine and masculine nouns, but no neuter nouns. Most nouns (more than 90%) are feminine, and there is no difference in the endings between both genders. The endings are:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-a	-e
Genitive	-e	-arô
Accusative	-ô	-es

• Example: Rosa, rose, feminine

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	rosa	rose
Genitive	rose	rosarô
Accusative	rosô	roses

• Example: Êcola, inhabitant, masculine

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	êcola	êcole
Genitive	êcole	êcolarô
Accusative	êcolô	êcoles

Even if both genders share the same endings, nouns agree with adjectives, articles, pronouns and verbs according the real gender:

• Se bone poeta: the good poet
• Sa rosa pulcra: the beautiful rose

Second declension

The second declension has only masculine and neuter nouns. Each gender forms a different subgroup. There is also a -er subgroup:

Masculine subgroup

The endings for the masculine second declension are:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-e	-yi
Genitive	-yi	-erô
Accusative	-ô	-es

• Example: Lupe, wolf

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	lupe	lupyi
Genitive	lupyi	luperô
Accusative	lupô	lupes

Neuter subgroup

The endings for the neuter second declension are:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-ô	-a
Genitive	-yi	-erô
Accusative	-ô	-a

• Example: Pomô, apple

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pomô	poma
Genitive	pomyi	pomerô
Accusative	pomô	poma

-er subgroup

The -er subgroup contains only masculine nouns whose nominative singular form ends with -er. They add the usual second declension endings in other cases, some nouns losing the -e (the mobile -e-), while some other nouns preserve it:

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-yi
Genitive	-yi	-erô
Accusative	-ô	-es

• Example: Ager, field

With mobile -e-
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ager	agryi
Genitive	agryi	agrerô
Accusative	agrô	agres

• Example: Pwer, boy

Without mobile -e-
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pwer	pweryi
Genitive	pweryi	pwererô
Accusative	pwerô	pweres

Third declension

The third declension is the most complex and large noun declension group. There are many subgroup, as many nouns has little differences, even if the declension pattern remains the same.

The basic declension patterns for masculine/feminine and for neuter nouns are:

Masculine/Feminine
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-s
Genitive	-s	-ô
Accusative	-ê	-es

Neuter
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-	-a
Genitive	-s	-ô
Accusative	-	-a

If the last consonant of the noun root is -s-, or there are two or more consonants, the singular genitive ending becomes -is, while the plural nominative ending becomes -es.

• Example: Pader, father, substantive with mobile -e-.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pader	padres
Genitive	padris	padrô
Accusative	padrê	padres

First subgroup

The first subgroup contains nouns whose singular nominative form coincides with their root. They simply add the regular endings.

• Example: Can, dog.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	can	cans
Genitive	cans	canô
Accusative	canê	canes

Second subgroup (Vowel nominative form)

The second subgroup contains nouns whose root is the plural genitive without the -ô ending. The nominative form usually ends with a vowel, as the root's last consonant was lost in this form.

• Example: Du, leader.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	du	ducs
Genitive	ducs	ducô
Accusative	ducê	duces

Third subgroup (Nasal subgroup)

The second subgroup contains nouns whose root is the plural genitive without the -ô ending. The nominative form usually ends with a nasal vowel, as the root's last consonant -n merged with the previous vowel in this form. The masculine and feminine nouns usually has -ô at the nominative form, while the neuter nouns usually has -ê.

• Example: Opyinyô, opinion, thought.

Masculine/Feminine declension
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	opyinyô	opyinyons
Genitive	opyinyons	opyinyonô
Accusative	opyinyonê	opyinyones

• Example: Nomê, noun, name.

Neuter declension
Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nomê	nomina
Genitive	nomins	nominô
Accusative	nomê	nomina

Fourth subgroup (Palatal subgroup)

The fourth group contains nouns whose plural genitive form adds an -y- infix before the usual -ô endings. Neuter nouns in this subgroup add the -y- infix also within the plural nominative and accusative forms.

• Example: Awr, ear.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	awr	awrs
Genitive	awrs	awryô
Accusative	awrê	awres

• Example: Mar, sea.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	mar	marya
Genitive	mars	maryô
Accusative	mar	marya

Fifth subgroup (Labial subgroup)

The fifth group contains nouns whose the root's last consonant -l- becomes an -w in the singular nominative form and in the singular accusative form for neuter nouns. The plural forms add the palatal infix -y- according to the rules of the palatal subgroup.

• Example: Animaw, animal.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	animaw	animalya
Genitive	animals	animalyô
Accusative	animaw	animalya

Irregular subgroup

There are a number of nouns, which have an irregular behavior, even if they follow the usual third declension pattern:

• nom. capo; gen. capiz; acc. capo; pl. nom. capita; pl. gen. capitô pl. acc. capita (head)
• nom. têpe; gen. têpers; acc. têpe; pl. nom. têpera; pl. gen. têperô pl. acc. têpera (time)

Fourth declension

The fourth declension has masculine, feminine and neuter nouns. There are two subgroups the -e subgroup and the -o subgroup.

-e subgroup

The -e subgroup contains both masculine and feminine nouns. Most nouns are masculine (more than 95 %), but the few feminine nouns are very used. These are the endings.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-e	-os
Genitive	-os	-wô
Accusative	-ô	-es

• Example: Pase, step, masculine

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pase	pasos
Genitive	pasos	paswô
Accusative	pasô	pases

• Example: Dome, house, home, feminine

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	dome	domos
Genitive	domos	domwô
Accusative	domô	domes

-o subgroup

The -o subgroup contains only neuter nouns. These are the endings.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-o	-wa
Genitive	-os	-wô
Accusative	-o	-wa

• Example: Geno, knee

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	geno	genwa
Genitive	genos	genwô
Accusative	geno	genwa

Articles, Adjectives and Pronouns

Articles

Novelatine has a definite article, se. The western dialect has an indefinite article, the numeral une, while the eastern dialect usually uses no indefinite article. The article une declines as a normal first class adjective.

Definite article

The definite article se has an irregular declension:

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	se	sa	sô	syi	se	sa
Genitive	sies	sies	sies	syor	syar	syor
Accusative	sô	sô	sô	ses	ses	sa

The nominative singular masculine and neuter forms usually lose their vowel before another vowel and get an apostrophe, while the nominative neuter singular and all accusative singular forms become son before another vowel:

• S'agricola son agrô si col: the farmer cultivates his own field

In the eastern dialect the nominative plural masculine form, syi, gets shorter too:

• W: Syi agricole ses agres si col - E: Sy'agricole ses agres si col: the farmers cultivate their own fields

Adjectives

Demonstrative adjectives

There are two demonstrative adjectives: isvi which means that, and ste which means this; both they have an irregular conjugation:

• Isvi, that

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	isvi	avi	ivi	yivi	evi	avi
Genitive	iesvi	iesvi	iesvi	orôvi	arôvi	orôvi
Accusative	ôvi	ôvi	ivi	esvi	asvi	avi

• Ste, this

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ste	sta	sto	styi	ste	sta
Genitive	sties	sties	sties	storô	starô	storô
Accusative	stô	stô	sto	stes	stes	sta

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

The personal pronouns in Novelatine have an irregular declension. Some of them have an alternative root in some cases. In the third persons the pronouns are divided for gender, in singular (as in English) and in plural number.

The most important feature, is the retention of the dative forms, for all personal pronouns:

Person	English	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative
1st sing.	I	eo	mey	mi	me
2nd sing.	you (sing.)	tu	tuy	ti	te
3rd sing. f.	he	le	lies	luy	lô
3rd sing. m.	she	la	lies	luy	lô
3rd sing. n.	it	lo	lies	luy	lo
1st plur.	we	nos	nestri	nob	nos
2nd plur.	you (plur.)	vos	vestri	vob	vos
3rd plur. m.	they (m.)	lyi	lyor	lyis	les
3rd plur. f.	they (f.)	le	lyar	lyis	les
3rd plur. n.	they (n.)	la	lyor	lyis	la

With most prepositions, which usually require the genitive case, dative forms of personal pronouns are used. The only exception is the preposition cô, which has exceptional forms for the first and the second persons:

• eo: mecô (with me)
• tu: tecô (with you sing.)
• nos: nobiscô (with us)
• vos: vobiscô (with you plur.)

Relative pronoun

The relative pronoun cwi has an irregular declension:

	Singular			Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	cwi	cwe	cwo	cwi	cwe	cwe
Genitive	chies	chies	chies	cwor	cwar	cwor
Accusative	cwê	cwô	cwo	cwes	cwes	cwe

Verbs

Novelatine has a strictly conservative and quite difficult verbal morphology. The complex verbal system of ancient Latin is retained, also with the passive synthetic forms. Nevertheless an analitic new future tense was developed, together with two conditional tenses. An isolated resultative form was developed too.

Conjugations

Novelatine verbs are divided in four conjugations:

Conjugation	Ending
I	-ar
II	-er (palatal)
III	-er (non palatal)
IV	-yir

The second conjugation uses the same endings of the third conjugation, plus a palatal infix -y, in many forms. For clarity's sake, we don't consider this verbal class as a subgroup of the third conjugation, but as an independent conjugation class, according to the tradition of Latin four conjugations' pattern.

Indicative

Present tense (têpe praysês)

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	ame	monye	lege	finye
II sing.	ams	mons	legs	fins
III sing.	am	mon	leg	fin
I plur.	amem	monyim	legim	finyim
II plur.	amez	monyiz	legiz	finyiz
III plur.	amêt	monyêt	legôt	finyôt

Imperfect tense (têpe êperfewtô)

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amavô	monyivô	legyivô	finyivô
II sing.	amavs	monyivs	legyivs	finyivs
III sing.	amav	monyiv	legyiv	finyiv
I plur.	amavem	monyivem	legyivem	finyivem
II plur.	amavez	monyivez	legyivez	finyivez
III plur.	amavêt	monyivêt	legyivêt	finyivêt

Perfect tense (têpe perfewtô)

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amay	monyi	legsyi	finiyi
II sing.	amayst	monyust	legsyist	finiyist
III sing.	amaw	monyut	legsyit	finiyit
I plur.	amaym	monyum	legsyim	finiyim
II plur.	amayz	monyuz	legsyiz	finiyiz
III plur.	amayerôt	monyerôt	legsyerôt	finiyerôt

Plusquamperfect tense (têpe pwuscwôperfewtô)

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amayerô	monyerô	legsyerô	finiyerô
II sing.	amayers	monyers	legsyers	finiyers
III sing.	amayer	monyer	legsyer	finiyer
I plur.	amayerem	monyerem	legsyerem	finiyerem
II plur.	amayerez	monyerez	legsyerez	finiyerez
III plur.	amayerêt	monyerêt	legsyerêt	finiyerêt

Future tense (têpe futurô)

The synthetic future tense of ancient Latin has entirely disappeared, and it was replaced by a new analytic future form.

It is formed with the present forms of the verb aber and the infinite form of the main verb:

• Eo ao caner: I will sing
• Cras a sô mar ao vader: Tomorrow I will go to the beach

Subjunctive

Present tense (têpe praysês)

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amê	monyô	legô	finyô
II sing.	amis	monyes	leges	finyes
III sing.	ami	monye	lege	finye
I plur.	amim	monyem	legem	finyem
II plur.	amiz	monyez	legez	finyez
III plur.	amêt	monyôt	legêt	finyêt

Imperfect tense (têpe êperfewtô)

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amarê	monerê	legerê	finyirê
II sing.	amars	moners	legers	finyirs
III sing.	amar	moner	leger	finyir
I plur.	amarem	monerem	legerem	finyirem
II plur.	amarez	monerez	legerez	finyirez
III plur.	amarêt	monerêt	legerêt	finyirêt

Perfect tense (têpe perfewtô)

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amayerê	monyerê	legsyerê	finiyerê
II sing.	amayeris	monyeris	legsyeris	finiyeris
III sing.	amayeri	monyeri	legsyeri	finiyeri
I plur.	amayerim	monyerim	legsyerim	finiyerim
II plur.	amayeriz	monyeriz	legsyeriz	finiyeriz
III plur.	amayerêt	monyerêt	legsyerêt	finiyerêt

Plusquamperfect tense (têpe pwuscwôperfewtô)

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amaysê	monyisê	legsyisê	finiyisê
II sing.	amaysis	monyisis	legsyisis	finiyisis
III sing.	amaysi	monyisi	legsyisi	finiyisi
I plur.	amaysim	monyisim	legsyisim	finiyisim
II plur.	amaysiz	monyisiz	legsyisiz	finiyisiz
III plur.	amaysêt	monyisêt	legsyisêt	finiyisêt

Conditional

The conditional forms have two tenses, the present and the past tense. It is an analytic mood, formed with the auxiliary verb aver.

The conditional present is formed with the perfect tense forms of the verb aber, plus the infinitive form of the main verb:

• Eo avyi caner: I would sing
• Cras a sô mar avyi vader: Tomorrow I would go to the beach

The conditional past is formed with the plusquamperfect tense form of the verb aber, plus the infinitive form of the main verb:

• Eo avyerô caner: I would have sung
• A sô mar avyerô vader: I would have gone to the beach

Passive forms

Indicative present tense

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amer	monyer	leger	finyer
II sing.	ameres	monyires	legires	finyires
III sing.	ameter	monyiter	legiter	finyiter
I plur.	amemer	monyimer	legimer	finyimer
II plur.	amemnyi	monyimnyi	legimnyi	finyimny
III plur.	amêter	monyêter	legôter	finyôter

Indicative imperfect tense

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amaver	monyiver	legyiver	finyiver
II sing.	amaveres	monyiveres	legyiveres	finyiveres
III sing.	amaveter	monyiveter	legyiveter	finyiveter
I plur.	amavemer	monyivemer	legyivemer	finyivemer
II plur.	amavemnyi	monyivemnyi	legyivemnyi	finyivemnyi
III plur.	amavêter	monyivêter	legyivêter	finyivêter

Subjunctive present tense

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amêr	monyôr	legôr	finyôr
II sing.	amires	monyeres	legeres	finyeres
III sing.	amiter	monyeter	legeter	finyeter
I plur.	amimer	monyemer	legemer	finyemer
II plur.	amimnyi	monyemnyi	legemnyi	finyemnyi
III plur.	amêter	monyôter	legêter	finyêter

Subjunctive imperfect tense

Person	I conj.	II conj.	III conj.	IV conj.
I sing.	amarer	monerer	legerer	finyirer
II sing.	amareres	monereres	legereres	finyireres
III sing.	amareter	monereter	legereter	finyireter
I plur.	amaremer	moneremer	legeremer	finyiremer
II plur.	amaremnyi	moneremnyi	legerenyi	finyiremnyi
III plur.	amarêter	monerêter	legerêter	finyirêter

Verb eser (to be)

Indicative
Person	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pl.perfect
I sing.	sô	erô	fuyi	fuyerô
II sing.	es	ers	fuyist	fuyers
III sing.	e	er	fuyit	fuyer
I plur.	some	erem	fuyim	fuyerem
II plur.	ez	erez	fuyiz	fuyerez
III plur.	sôt	erôt	fuyerôt	fuyerêt

Subjunctive
Person	Present	Imperfect	Perfect	Pl.perfect
I sing.	sê	eserê	fuyerê	fuyisê
II sing.	ses	eseris	fuyers	fuyisis
III sing.	set	eseri	fuyer	fuyisi
I plur.	sem	eserim	fuyerim	fuyisim
II plur.	sez	eseriz	fuyeriz	fuyisiz
III plur.	sêt	eserêt	fuyerêt	fuyisêt

Other compound tenses and moods are formed according to the usual grammar rules.

Other irregular verbs

II conjugation

• aber: ao, as, a, avyim, avyiz, ôt, perf.: aviy, avyust...
• tener: tenye, tens, tê, tenyim, tenyiz, W: tenyêt/E: têt

III conjugation

• facer: facye, W: facs/E: fac, W: fac/ E: fa, facim, faciz, facyôt
• locwer: locwe, locs, loc, locwim, locwiz, locwôt
• noscer: nosce, nos, nos, noscim, nosciz, noscôt

Lexycon

• Amar, ame, amay, amate, verb, I, to love
• Amica, -arô, noun, f., friend (only female)
• Amice, -erô, noun, m., friend (only male)
• Awr, -ryô, noun, f., ear
• Awter, -tra, -trô, adj., I, other
• Animaw, -alyô, noun, n., animal
• Bone, -a, -ô, adj., I, good
• Can, -nô, noun, m., dog
• Caner, cane, cecinyi, cante, verb, III, to sing
• Capyir, capye, cepyi, cawte, verb, IV, to take, to catch
• Casye, -yerô, noun, m., cheese
• Cayder, cayde, cecyidyi, cayse, verb, III, to cut
• Caysyô, -yonô, noun, f., cut
• Ciwta, -tadô, noun, f., city
• Cô, prep., with + GEN.
• Cras, adv, tomorrow
• Creder, crede, cridyi, credute, verb, III, to believe
• Cwôd, adv., when
• Cyelô, -lerô, noun, n., sky
• Dês, dentô, noun, n., tooth
• Dicer, dice, dicsyi, diwte, verb, III, to say, to tell
• Docer, docye, docyi, dowte, verb, II, to teach
• Docês, -êtyô, noun, m/f., teacher
• Ducer, duce, ducsyi, duwte, verb, III, to lead, to guide
• Ecwesya, -yarô, noun, f., church
• Eseder, esede, esedyi, eseste, verb, III, to eat
• Eser, sô, fuyi, fute, verb, -, to be
• Ê, part., in + GEN. (state)/ + ACC. (motion)
• Êgredyir, êgredye, êgresyi, êgrese, verb, III, to enter
• Êgrese, -wô, noun, m., entry
• Êgwê, -inô, noun, n., groin
• Êtêder, êtêde, êtêsyi, êtêse, verb, III, to understand
• Êvenyir, êvenye, êvinyi, êvête, verb, IV, to find, to discover
• Flumê, -inô, noun, n., river
• Leger, lege, legsyi, lewte, verb, III, to read
• Lêgwa, -warô, noun, m., 1. tongue; 2. language
• Libelô, -lerô, noun, n., book
• Locwer, locwe, locuyi, locute, verb, III, to speak
• Mader, -drô, noun, f., mother
• Mane, -nwô, noun, f., hand
• Meridyô, -yonô, noun, m., south
• Mesime, -a, -ô, adj., I, same
• Moryiri, moryer, mortwe sô, verb, IV pas, to die
• Nomê, -minô, noun, n., noun, name
• Nove, -a, -ô, adj., I, new
• Nô, part., not, no
• Odôtoyatria, noun, f., dentistry
• Odôtoyatrice, -a, -ô, adj., I, relative to dentistry
• Oracyô, -yonô, noun, f., pray
• Orar, ore, oray, orate, verb, I, to pray
• Os, orô, noun, n., mouth
• Pader, -drô, noun, m., father
• Pecar, pece, pecay, pecate, verb, I, to sin
• Pecator, -rô, noun, m., sinner
• Pomô, -merô, noun, n., apple
• Pwela, -lô, noun, f., girl
• Pwene, -a, -ô, adj., I, full + GEN.
• Pwer, -erô, noun, m., boy
• Rosa, -sarô, noun, m., rose
• Rôper, rôpe, rupyi, ruwte, verb, III, to break
• Ryider, ryidye, ryisyi, ryise, verb, II, to laugh, to smile
• Salutacyô, -yonô, noun, f., greeting
• Salutar, salute, salutay, salutate, verb, I, to greet
• Serpês, -êtyô, noun, m., snake
• Sewtêtryô, -yonô, noun, m., north
• Sêpre, adv, always
• Sôwte, -a, -ô, adj., I, saint
• Tode, -a, -ô, adj., I, all
• Vader, vade, vasyi, vase, verb, III, to go
• Venyir, venye, vinyi, vête, verb, IV, to come
• Veter, -tra, -trô, adj., I, old
• Vyice, -cerô, noun, m., village
• Vocar, voce, vocay, vocate, verb, I, to call
• Yuvacyô, -yonô, noun, f., help
• Yuvar, yuve, yuvay, yuvate, verb, I, to help

Texts

Hail Mary

• Ave Maria, gracye pwena,
• se Domine tecô e
• benediwta êter mulyerô es
• ed benediwte se fruwte sies vêtris ti e, Jesus
• Sôwta Maria, mader Dyi
• or per nob, pecatorô
• nôc ed ê sies ore sies morz nob
• amê