Finnic languages/isoglosses

After Viitso 2000: Finnic affinity (among other things)

A ~ B marks conditional developments; A, B marks dialectal developments.

Old changes

	South Estonian	Livonian	Gulf Finnic
*tk	kk	kk	tk	(Liv. OR)
*ðk	kk	tk	tk	SE/Liv. only *pið-ka "long", *iðke- "cry"
*čk	tsk	tk	tk
*kc, *pc	ts	*ks, *ps	*ks, *ps
*kt, *pt	tt	*ht / V[+STR]_, *tt / V[-STR]_		Probably common *ht with SE → *tt, *š → *h only later.
3PS	-∅	*-pi	*-pi
*nc	ts	*nc	*ts	Only *onca "forehead"
*nt / _i	*nc → ːc	*nc	*nc → *ns	Unless preceded by a coronal obstruent (*tt, *st, *št)
*-ks#	-s	-ks	*-s
*š	*h	*h	*h	Postdates *t → *c / _i
"forest"	*mëtsa	*mëtsa	*metsä	← Baltic *medja
"wall"	*saina	*saina	*seinä	← Baltic *saina
"hay"	*haina	*haina	*heinä	← Baltic *šaina
"people"	*heimo	*haimo	*heimo	← Baltic *šaima
"thigh"	*raici	-	*reici	← Baltic *rait
"excess"	*liika	*leika	*liika	vs. Baltic #leika?
"shoe"	*känkä	*känkä	*kenkä	← Gmc *skenka
"back"	*sälkä	*sälkä	*selkä	origin unknown; Samic #śeelkä → *ćēlkē, Mari *śel(kä) → *šɪĺə
"nose"	*nana	*nana	*nenä	origin unknown; Samic *ńana → *ńōnē

Dialectal period

	South Estonian	Livonian	Estonic		North Finnic
*ns	ːs	ːs	*ːs		*ns					NB *nc counterfeeding in Liv.
*e_B	ɤ	*ɤ → ɨ	*ɤ		*e
	South Estonian	Livonian	Estonian	Votic	North Finnic
"to rise"	*touse-	*nuuse-	*touse-	*noise-	*nouse-					origin unknown
"to sleep"	*nukk-	*tukk-	*tukku-	*nukku-						origin unknown; Samic *nukkə- → *nokkë-
"pole"	*saibas	*taibas	*teibäs	*seibäs						← Baltic *staibas
"to remember"	*moista-	*moista-	*moista-		*muista-					← PU *moja-
	South Estonian	Livonian	Estonian	Votic	West Finnish	East Finnic
Pl. gen.	*-ten	*-ten	*-ten, *-jten	*-jten	*-ten	*-jten
"to go"	mine-		mine-	mene-	mene-	*mäne-				PU *menə-; raising in SE regular
"crow"	varõs	varīks	vares		vares, varis	*varis				possibly related to *-u- → SF -o-?
"hare"	jänes	Sal. jänds	jänes		jänes, jänis	*jänis
"home"	*koto	-	*koto		koto	*koti				cf. *kota "hut"
"otter"	*sagarva	*sagarva	*sagarmas		*sa(g)ukko	*sagarva				or WF ← *sapa "tail"
	South Estonian	Livonian	Estonian	Votic	West Finnish	Ingrian	Karelian	East Finnish	Veps
*ʦː		ts	ts	ʦː	θː, tː		ʧː	*θː → ht	ʦ
*kj	kj	jg	j	dʲː	ːj		ki, gi	ːj	gj, gdʲ
*kr		ʔgr	er	gr	wr		kr, gr	kr	gr
*br		ʔbr	pr	br			pr, br	pr	br
*tr	tr	ʔdr	tr	dr		tr	tr, dr	tr	dr	in loanwords only
*str					*sr → hr		sr, zr		*sr → zr
*st	st	st	st	sː	st	sː	sː	st	st
*rg	r	rg	r	r	r ~ rj	r	r, rr	r	rg	similarly for *lg
*-P-	-P-	-B-	-B̥-	-P-	-P-	-P-	-P-, -B-	-P-	-B-
*Iː	Iː	Iː	Iː	Iː	Iː	Iː	Iː	Iː	I, Iː	long close vowels *iː *yː *uː
*ɑː	ɑː	ɔː	ɑː, oɑ	ɑː	ɑː	ɑː	oɑ	uɑ	ɑ
*æː	æː	æː	æː, eæ	æː	æː	æː	eæ	iæ	æ
*oː	oː	uˑo ~ oː	oː	oː	uɔ, uɑ	oː ? ← *uo	uo	uo	o	Possibly secondary monofthongization in Estonian, Votic, Ingrian (as *ugo → oː etc.)
*øː	øː	iˑe ~ eː	øː	øː	yœ, yæ	øː ? ← *yø	yø	yø	ø
*eː	eː		eː	eː	iɛ, iæ	eː ? ← *ie	ie	ie	e	front environment
	ɤː	ɨː	ɤː	ɤː	iɛ, iɑ					back environment