Nordaþ verbs

Nordaþ verbs are the fusional part of the synthetic language Nordaþ. They conjugate according to the indicative, conditional, subjunctive, potential, and imperative moods. Verbs have infinitive forms, but unlike many other languages, they do not have participle or gerund forms.

Mood, tense, and aspect - forms of the verb

Nordaþ language
Pronunciation Writing system Grammar Determiners Nouns Cases Affixes Pronouns Adjectives Verbs

To illustrate the behaviour of verb conjugations in Nordaþ, let us use dekäsän "to help". First, here is the non-finite conjugation of the verb:

Infinitive

To help: dekäsän

In Nordaþ, verbs do not conjugate to person or number; instead, verbs are used (when context does not provide) with pronouns. For the active, conjugated verb, the -än ending is dropped and -e is added to it. Hence, mäg dekäse, iei dekäse, and so forth.

Indicative

Next, there is the indicative mood with its eleven tenses. The indicative mood is used to describe factual events.

Indicative	Present	Praeterite	Future
Neutral	-e	-au	-oi
	cinne	cinnau	cinnoi
	I swim	I swam	I will swim
Perfect	-e + -jë	-au + -jë	-oi + -jë
	cinnejë	cinnaujë	cinnoijë
	I have swam	I had swam	I will have swum
Progressive	-e + -þe	-au + -þe	-oi + -þe
	cinneþe	cinnauþe	cinnoiþe
	I am swimming	I was swimming	I will be swimming
Perf. Prog.	-e + -þejë	-au + -þejë	-oi + -þejë
	cinneþejë	cinnauþejë	cinnoiþejë
	I have been swimming	I had been swimming	I will have been swimming
Continuous	-e + -ci	-au + -ci	-oi + -ci
	cinneci	cinnauci	cinnoici
	I was swimming	I used to swim	I will be swimming
Perf. Cont.	-e + -cijë	-au + -cijë	-oi + -cijë
	cinnecijë	cinnaucijë	cinnoicijë
	I have been swimming	I had been swimming	I will have been swimming
Imperfect	-e + -ka	-au + -ka	-oi + -ka
	cinneka	cinnauka	cinnoika
		I would swim

Subjunctive

The subjunctive mood is a complex one and is classified into six patterns. All use the particle "se" to indicate the subjunctive.

Hypothetical

Also referred to by the term "second conditional", the hypothetical has two forms. They are structured in much the same way as English, with the main difference being that whilst one can invert word order and omit "if" in English, in Nordaþ this is required to prevent ambiguosity.

Present

If + subjunctive, would + verb (English)
Si + se + praeterite, se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Si se de-lene su, se puhuai lä-äti.

If I were you, I would talk to her.

Present II

If + were + present participle, would + verb (English)
Si + se + present progressive, se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Si se ätei, se istyäe.

Were I eating, I should sit.

Jussive

The jussive carries three forms. These forms all use "se", but "si" cannot be used in conjunction with these forms of the subjunctive.

I. Subordinate

that + subjunctive (English)
that + se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Vaatjae, þäs Napoleon se selenþe.

I demand that Napoleon surrender.

II. Present

se + present tense (Nordaþ)

Se lene e e-geki se lene.

Be that as it may (be).

Keve yt se su keve.

I give so that you may give.

III. Praeterite

se + praeterite tense (Nordaþ)

Se de-lene e-geki

As it were

Third Conditional

If + past perfect, would have + past participle (English)
Si + se + pluperfect, se + praeterite (Nordaþ)

Si se der-lieme erei-mïþi Elisebeþ-isi, se de-hoite alas plei-isi Šëkspir-isi.

If I had lived during the Elizabethan era, I would have attended all of Shakespeare's plays.

Imperative

The imperative mood states a command. It only exists in present form.

The imperative is formed by a prefix attaching to other prefixes in the indicative. The imperative can attach to the present, the future, and the future progressive. The prefix is re-

Imperative	Affixes	Example	English usage
Present	re-	re-dekäse su	You help
Future	re-	rebe-dekäse su	You will help
Future Progressive	re-	rebe-dekäsei su	You will be helping

Rebe-dekäsei su. Nuv-ääti.

You will be helping. Now.

Passive

The passive is formed by a prefix attaching to the other prefixes in the indicative. The passive attaches to all but the imperfect progressives. The prefix is "fe/fï".

Lä-eiti fede-dekäse Tod.

He was helped by Tod.

Negation

To express negativity, nan is used regardless of mood or aspect/tense.

Nan re-dekäse!

Don't help!