Finnic languages/isoglosses: Difference between revisions

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After Viitso 2000: Finnic affinity (among other things)
After Viitso 2000: Finnic affinity (among other things)


A ~ B marks conditional developments; A / B marks dialectal developments.
A ~ B marks conditional developments; A, B marks dialectal developments.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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| *kc, *pc || ts || colspan="8"| *ks, *ps
| *kc, *pc || ts || colspan="8"| *ks, *ps
|-
|-
| *kt, *pt || tt || colspan="8"| *ht
| *kt, *pt || tt || colspan="8"| *ht || Probably common *ht with SE → *tt, *š → *h only later.
|-
|-
| 3PS || -∅ || colspan="8"| *-pi
| 3PS || -∅ || colspan="8"| *-pi
Line 18: Line 18:
|-
|-
| *nc || *ns || *nc || colspan="7"| *ns
| *nc || *ns || *nc || colspan="7"| *ns
|-
| *-ks# || || -ks || colspan="7"| *-s
|-
|-
| "forest" || *metsa || *metsa || colspan="7"| *metsä || ← Baltic *medja
| "forest" || *metsa || *metsa || colspan="7"| *metsä || ← Baltic *medja
Line 27: Line 29:
| "people" || '''*heimo''' || *haimo || colspan="7"| *heimo || ← Baltic *šaima
| "people" || '''*heimo''' || *haimo || colspan="7"| *heimo || ← Baltic *šaima
|-
|-
| "thigh" || || *raisi || colspan="7"| *reisi || ← Baltic *rais
| "thigh" || *raici || - || colspan="7"| *reici || ← Baltic *rait
|-
| "nose" || *nana || *nana || colspan="7"| *nenä || origin unknown; Samic *ńana → *ńōnē
|-
|-
| "excess" || '''*liika''' || *leika || colspan="7"| *liika || vs. Baltic #leika?
| "excess" || '''*liika''' || *leika || colspan="7"| *liika || vs. Baltic #leika?
|-
|-
| "back" || *sälkä || *sälkä || colspan="7"| *selkä || Samic, Mari *selkä
| "back" || *sälkä || *sälkä || colspan="7"| *selkä || Samic #śeelkä → *ćēlkē, Mari *śel(kä) → *šɪĺə
|-
|-
| "shoe" || *känkä || *känkä || colspan="7"| *kenkä || ← Gmc *skenka
| "shoe" || *känkä || *känkä || colspan="7"| *kenkä || ← Gmc *skenka
Line 41: Line 45:
| "to rise" || *touse- || *nuuse- || *touse- || *noise- || colspan="5"| *nouse- || origin unknown
| "to rise" || *touse- || *nuuse- || *touse- || *noise- || colspan="5"| *nouse- || origin unknown
|-
|-
| *ns || ːs || ːs || colspan="2"| *ːs || colspan="5"| *ns || NB counterfeeding in Liv.
| "to remember" ||  || *moista- || *moista- || || colspan="5"| *muista- || ← PU *moja-
|-
| *ns || ːs || ːs || colspan="2"| *ːs || colspan="5"| *ns || NB *nc [[counterfeeding]] in Liv.
|-
|-
| *e_B || ɤ || ɨ || colspan="2"| *ɤ || colspan="5"| *e
| *e_B || ɤ || ɨ || colspan="2"| *ɤ || colspan="5"| *e
Line 47: Line 53:
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! West Finnish !! colspan="4"| East Finnic
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! West Finnish !! colspan="4"| East Finnic
|-
|-
| Pl. gen. || *-ten || *-ten || *-ten / *-jten || *-jten || *-ten || colspan="4"| *-jten
| Pl. gen. || *-ten || *-ten || *-ten, *-jten || *-jten || *-ten || colspan="4"| *-jten
|-
| "crow" || || || vares || vares || vares, varis ||colspan="4"| *varis || rowspan="2"| possibly related to *-u- → SF -o-
|-
| "hare" || || || jänes || || jänes, jänis ||colspan="4"| *jänis
|-
|-
| "home" || || || koto || || koto || colspan="4"| *koti || cf. *kota "hut"
| "home" || || || koto || || koto || colspan="4"| *koti || cf. *kota "hut"
|-
|-
| "otter" || *sagarva || *sagarva || *sagarmas || || *sa(g)ukko || colspan="4"| *sagarva
| "otter" || *sagarva || *sagarva || *sagarmas || || *sa(g)ukko || colspan="4"| *sagarva || or WF ← *sapa "tail"
|-
|-
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! West Finnish !! Ingrian !! Karelian !! East Finnish !! Veps
! !! South Estonian !! Livonian !! Estonian !! Votic !! West Finnish !! Ingrian !! Karelian !! East Finnish !! Veps
Line 59: Line 69:
| *st || st || st || st || '''ss''' || st || '''ss''' || '''ss''' || st || st
| *st || st || st || st || '''ss''' || st || '''ss''' || '''ss''' || st || st
|-
|-
| *rg || r || rg || r || r || r ~ rj || r || r / rr || r || rg
| *rg || r || rg || r || r || r ~ rj || r || r, rr || r || rg
| similarly for *lg
| similarly for *lg
|-
|-
| *-P- || -P- || -B- || -B̥- || -P- || -P- || -P- || -P-/-B- || -P- || -B-  
| *-P- || -P- || -B- || -B̥- || -P- || -P- || -P- || -P-, -B- || -P- || -B-  
|-
|-
| *ɑː || ɑː || ɔː || ɑː / oɑ || ɑː || ɑː || ɑː || oɑ || uɑ || ɑ
| *ɑː || ɑː || ɔː || ɑː, oɑ || ɑː || ɑː || ɑː || oɑ || uɑ || ɑ
|-
|-
| *æː || æː || æː || æː / eæ || æː || æː || æː || eæ || iæ || æ
| *æː || æː || æː || æː, eæ || æː || æː || æː || eæ || iæ || æ
|-
|-
| *oː || oː || uˑo ~ oː || oː || oː || uɔ || oː ? ← *uo || uo || uo || o
| *oː || oː || uˑo ~ oː || oː || oː || uɔ, uɑ  || oː ? ← *uo || uo || uo || o || rowspan="2"| Possibly secondary monofthongization in Estonian, Votic, Ingrian (as *ugo → oː etc.)
|-
|-
| *øː || øː || rowspan="2"| iˑe ~ eː || øː || øː || yœ / yæ || yø || yø || yø || ø
| *øː || øː || rowspan="2"| iˑe ~ eː || øː || øː || yœ, yæ || øː ? ← *yø || yø || yø || ø
|-
|-
| rowspan="2"| *eː || eː || eː || eː || iɛ / iæ || rowspan="2"| ie ? ← *ie || rowspan="2"| ie || rowspan="2"| ie || rowspan="2"| e || front environment
| rowspan="2"| *eː || eː || eː || eː || iɛ, iæ || rowspan="2"| eː ? ← *ie || rowspan="2"| ie || rowspan="2"| ie || rowspan="2"| e || front environment
|-
|-
| ɤː || ɨː || ɤː || ɤː || iɛ / iɑ || back environment
| ɤː || ɨː || ɤː || ɤː || iɛ, iɑ || back environment
|}
|}

Revision as of 06:35, 26 January 2011

After Viitso 2000: Finnic affinity (among other things)

A ~ B marks conditional developments; A, B marks dialectal developments.

Isogloss South Estonian Coastal Finnic Notes
*čk tsk *tk
*kc, *pc ts *ks, *ps
*kt, *pt tt *ht Probably common *ht with SE → *tt, *š → *h only later.
3PS -∅ *-pi
South Estonian Livonian Gulf Finnic
*nc *ns *nc *ns
*-ks# -ks *-s
"forest" *metsa *metsa *metsä ← Baltic *medja
"wall" *saina *saina *seinä ← Baltic *saina
"hay" *haina *haina *heinä ← Baltic *šaina
"people" *heimo *haimo *heimo ← Baltic *šaima
"thigh" *raici - *reici ← Baltic *rait
"nose" *nana *nana *nenä origin unknown; Samic *ńana → *ńōnē
"excess" *liika *leika *liika vs. Baltic #leika?
"back" *sälkä *sälkä *selkä Samic #śeelkä → *ćēlkē, Mari *śel(kä) → *šɪĺə
"shoe" *känkä *känkä *kenkä ← Gmc *skenka
South Estonian Livonian Estonian Votic North Finnic
"pole" *saibas *taibas *teibäs *seibäs *seibäs ← Baltic *staibas
"to rise" *touse- *nuuse- *touse- *noise- *nouse- origin unknown
"to remember" *moista- *moista- *muista- ← PU *moja-
*ns ːs ːs *ːs *ns NB *nc counterfeeding in Liv.
*e_B ɤ ɨ *ɤ *e
South Estonian Livonian Estonian Votic West Finnish East Finnic
Pl. gen. *-ten *-ten *-ten, *-jten *-jten *-ten *-jten
"crow" vares vares vares, varis *varis possibly related to *-u- → SF -o-
"hare" jänes jänes, jänis *jänis
"home" koto koto *koti cf. *kota "hut"
"otter" *sagarva *sagarva *sagarmas *sa(g)ukko *sagarva or WF ← *sapa "tail"
South Estonian Livonian Estonian Votic West Finnish Ingrian Karelian East Finnish Veps
*str tr tr tr tr *sr → hr tr *sr → zr tr *sr → zr in loanwords only
*st st st st ss st ss ss st st
*rg r rg r r r ~ rj r r, rr r rg similarly for *lg
*-P- -P- -B- -B̥- -P- -P- -P- -P-, -B- -P- -B-
*ɑː ɑː ɔː ɑː, oɑ ɑː ɑː ɑː oɑ uɑ ɑ
*æː æː æː æː, eæ æː æː æː eæ iæ æ
*oː oː uˑo ~ oː oː oː uɔ, uɑ oː ? ← *uo uo uo o Possibly secondary monofthongization in Estonian, Votic, Ingrian (as *ugo → oː etc.)
*øː øː iˑe ~ eː øː øː yœ, yæ øː ? ← *yø yø yø ø
*eː eː eː eː iɛ, iæ eː ? ← *ie ie ie e front environment
ɤː ɨː ɤː ɤː iɛ, iɑ back environment
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