Mordvinic

Some reconstruction notes.

Development from Proto-Uralic

Fairly straightforward stuff here:

• *Vx → *Vː
• *ë(ː) → *a(ː)
• *ü → *i; initially *wi-
• Non-open vowel switch via length/reduction:
  • *i *u → *ɪ *ʊ → *e *o (ditto in Samic!)
  • Possibly: *ɪː *ʊː also → *iː *uː etc. (*wêxi- → *vij-)
  • *e *o → *eː *oː → *iː *uː → *i *u
  • *äː *aː → *ä *a (also *ä may have been raised from [æ] to [ɛ])
• Unstress'd *i → *ə
• Medial lenition, round 1 (all this when preceded by a voiced sound and not final)
  • *pp *tt *čč *kk → *p *t *č *k
  • *p *t *k → *b *d *g
  • *s *š *ś *x → *z *ž *ź *j
  • *č *ć, however, remain strictly unvoiced, as does *s in *-sw-
• *ə → ∅ after a single consonant, or velar + sibilant; only after this, unstress'd *ä *a → *ə
• Palatalization redistribution
  • Initally, *ń *n merge as *n before back vowels, *ń before front vowels
  • Medially, *n *l *r (but not *s!) → *ń *ŕ *ĺ before/after front vowels
  • Palatalization occurs also in some back-vocali *i-stem verbs, such as *kuuli- → *kuĺə- "to hear"
  • All non-alveolar consonants also palatalized before
• Medial lenition, round 2 (intervocalic)
  • *b → *v
  • *g → *v/*j (per vowel backness)
• But: *ð → *d
• *w → ∅ /C_, → *v elsewhere

[…TBC…]

Development to the individual languages

Vowels:

• Erzya *ä → e; *a → o / _j. (ojme voj kojme, perhaps ĺom ~ Mk lajmä; but kajge-); in later syllables e ə → e/o per harmony
• Mokša *ə → ä/a / _# per harmony; ä also after palatals

Consonants:

• Erzya *š → č / #_
• Mokša *k → ∅ / F_š, m n r l j v → p t r̥ l̥ ç f / _{p t c č k}
• ŋ → j/w per harmony, except dialectally in Erzya

On the correspondence PU *m → /v/

After PU *u

• *lumi "sno" → *loŋ (!)
• *kumV "cloud" → *kovol

Suffix exchange?

• *śüðämi "hart" → *śeďeŋ

Versus BF *-u

• *śëxmi(-w?) → *śëëmu → *śav (cf. BF *soomu)
• *suv "fog" ~ BF *sumu ~ S. *somō
• *ĺevəš "lime bast" ~ BF *lehmus ~ Ma. *nəməštə

Limited comparanda

• Er. jav "joint" ~ BF *jama ~ S *jōmē
• *šov "butt of knife" ~ BF *hamara ~ S *ši/ëmērē ← Gmc *hamaraz
• *šovar "mortar" ~ BF *huumar ~ Ma. *šuer
• *luv "gap" ~ FS *loma ~ Ma. *lu ~ B *loma
• *toŋ (!) "kernel" ~ F. tuma ~ tuuma ~ E. tuum ~ Me. tum ~ Hi. toŋ
• *kav "granary, barn" ~ K. kum "loft"

But not in:

• Er. kumoka "fever" ~ BF *kuuma "hot"
• *lamə "many" ~ BF *laama
• *šamə "shape" ~ BF *haamo
• *kuma → *koma, *juma- → *jumi-, *tOmmV → *tumə
• *numələ *śumərdə- umaŕ *komər Er. umok
• *ĺem *kämə
• *ĺajmə *ĺäm *śimə-

Also *p ~ Mari *m

• *karvə "fly" ~ BF *kärpä-, Ma. #ka/arme

cf. Hungarian:

• kumi → hava-, hó