Proto-West Altaic': Difference between revisions
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m (→Proto-Altaic' to Erly Proto-West Altaic': "-ized" for clarity) |
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**/ai au ou/ → /əi ou əu/. | **/ai au ou/ → /əi ou əu/. | ||
**(There may be some confusion between *əi, *ai and *əu, *ou however, will hafta wait for stress details) | **(There may be some confusion between *əi, *ai and *əu, *ou however, will hafta wait for stress details) | ||
*/x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh | */x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh mh ħ fˤ ŋħ mħ/ | ||
*Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently | *Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently | ||
From here on, dialect divisions appear: | |||
*POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect - West proper develops an emphasis contrast, while North shifts this further to a palatalization / velarization contrast (in some cases with a third dimension too). This all may have been brought about from contact with the [[Transcaspian']] family. | *POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect - West proper develops an emphasis contrast, while North shifts this further to a palatalization / velarization contrast (in some cases with a third dimension too). This all may have been brought about from contact with the [[Transcaspian']] family. | ||
** /kʷ | ** /kʷ qʷ/ → /p pˤ/ (South), /pˠ kʴ/ (North) | ||
** /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ s̻ s̻ˤ/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North | ** /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ s̻ s̻ˤ/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North) | ||
** Note that this dedorsalization is later than the one affecting spirants, since their reflexes behave here as labials! | ** Note that this dedorsalization is later than the one affecting spirants, since their reflexes behave here as labials! | ||
*Approximant drift | *Approximant drift | ||
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**/j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South) | **/j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South) | ||
**/w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South) | **/w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South) | ||
*/q/ → / | */q/ → /kˤ/ [qˤ] (South), /kʴ/ (North) | ||
*/s̻/ → /sʲ/ (North and Sadabax) | */s̻/ → /sʲ/ (North and Sadabax) | ||
** --hang on, where does North get this / | ** --hang on, where does North get this /s̻/? Is there a split development of *f or *h? | ||
*/ts/ → /s̻/ (only in West) | */ts/ → /s̻/ (only in West) | ||
*/ɪi ʊu/ → /i u/ | */ɪi ʊu/ → /i u/ (remember, these are unstress'd only) | ||
*/i e ə/ → /ʉ/ [ɵ] /ɔ/ when before /u/ etc. (in North, only the last of these seems to occur) | */i e ə/ → /ʉ/ [ɵ] /ɔ/ when before /u/ etc. (in North, only the last of these seems to occur) | ||
*Unrounding /ʉ/ → /ɨ/ | *Unrounding /ʉ/ → /ɨ/ | ||
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**/əi əu/ → /ɨi ɨu/ (South), furthermore /ɨi/ → /ɨː/ (West only) | **/əi əu/ → /ɨi ɨu/ (South), furthermore /ɨi/ → /ɨː/ (West only) | ||
**/əi əu/ → /iː uː/ (North, but without palatalization/velarization) | **/əi əu/ → /iː uː/ (North, but without palatalization/velarization) | ||
* Southern /kˤ/ → West /ʔ/ | |||
** in Sadabax, all non-emphatic stops lenited (may be late): /p b t̻ d̻ t ts k g/ → /f v θ ð ɾ s x ɣ/, /pˤ bˤ tˤ dˤ kˤ/ → /p b t d k/ | |||
==Mid to late PWA'== | ==Mid to late PWA'== |
Latest revision as of 19:54, 26 October 2010
Proto-Altaic' to Erly Proto-West Altaic'
- /s ʂ/ → [ts tʂ] and /ɽ/ → [ɖ] when initial or prenasalized
- Lenition of dorsal stops to fricativs in vicinity of other stops
- Retroflexes (but not the palato-alveolar sibilant allophones) acquire velarization
- /w/ is also possibly alreddy [βˠ] by this stage (areal influence? CF Proto-Betamax)
- /N/ drops before affricates and [ɖ], phonemicizing 'em
- Lengthening of stress'd nonclose vowels; /a/ attracts stress from a close vowel
- Reduction of /ɛ ɔ a/ to [ə] when unstress'd (also aj aw → əj əw)
Erly to mid PWA'
Till ca. -3ka.
Middle PWA' had two main dialects: Northern, spoken in the vicinity of the Aral Sea; and Southern, spoken as a continuum across a wide area south of this, with the most important subdialects being West proper just south of the Caspian Sea, and Proto-Sadabax, spoken around where Samarkand exists in reality.
- /ɪ ʊ/ → /e o/, phonemicizing length
- Fronting /u/ → /ʉ/
- Before uvulars, /ei ai/ smooth to /eː ɛː/
- General difthong raising
- /ə əi əu/ → /ʌ ɪi ʊu/
- /ai au ou/ → /əi ou əu/.
- (There may be some confusion between *əi, *ai and *əu, *ou however, will hafta wait for stress details)
- /x xʷ Nx Nxʷ χ χʷ Nχ Nχʷ/ → /h f ŋh mh ħ fˤ ŋħ mħ/
- Retroflex stops (but generally not affricates) → velars before front vowels, emphatics elsewhere; [ɽˠ] → /ɡ/ consistently
From here on, dialect divisions appear:
- POA chain shift involving labials. The results differ a bit by the dialect - West proper develops an emphasis contrast, while North shifts this further to a palatalization / velarization contrast (in some cases with a third dimension too). This all may have been brought about from contact with the Transcaspian' family.
- /kʷ qʷ/ → /p pˤ/ (South), /pˠ kʴ/ (North)
- /p f fˤ/ → /t̻ s̻ s̻ˤ/ (South), /pʲ fʲ fˠ/ (North)
- Note that this dedorsalization is later than the one affecting spirants, since their reflexes behave here as labials!
- Approximant drift
- /l/ → /n̻/
- /j/ → /ɟ/ → /dʲ/ (North), → /d̻/ (South)
- /w/ → /βˠ/ → /bˠ/ (North), → /bˤ/ (South)
- /q/ → /kˤ/ [qˤ] (South), /kʴ/ (North)
- /s̻/ → /sʲ/ (North and Sadabax)
- --hang on, where does North get this /s̻/? Is there a split development of *f or *h?
- /ts/ → /s̻/ (only in West)
- /ɪi ʊu/ → /i u/ (remember, these are unstress'd only)
- /i e ə/ → /ʉ/ [ɵ] /ɔ/ when before /u/ etc. (in North, only the last of these seems to occur)
- Unrounding /ʉ/ → /ɨ/
- /aː/ → /oa/ → /ua/, leaving the dialects without an open vowel at all and prompting different repair strategies:
- In West proper, /o ɔː/ → /a(ː)/, triggering a chain shift: /oː/ → /ɔː/, /ou/ → /oː/
- In North, /ɨ/ → /a/
- More difthong raising:
- /ei/ → /iː/ (general)
- /ou/ → /uː/ (North and Sadabax; West cf. prev.)
- /əi əu/ → /ɨi ɨu/ (South), furthermore /ɨi/ → /ɨː/ (West only)
- /əi əu/ → /iː uː/ (North, but without palatalization/velarization)
- Southern /kˤ/ → West /ʔ/
- in Sadabax, all non-emphatic stops lenited (may be late): /p b t̻ d̻ t ts k g/ → /f v θ ð ɾ s x ɣ/, /pˤ bˤ tˤ dˤ kˤ/ → /p b t d k/
Mid to late PWA'
ca. -1.5ka
- /t tʂ s n/ → /ṯ ṯ s̱ ṉ/ (with the [ʧ] allophone also generalized to both stops)
- Voicing processes (or maybe later? NB /h ħ/ will not voice)
- Introduce /ɬ̻ ɬˤ/, whence /l̻ ɫ/ (cf. East Persian'!)
- /θˤ/ → /ħ/, /ɫ/
- Velar rounding before /ua/, which itself returns to /aː/ (& elsewhere?)
- also hʷ → xʷ
- Short vowels lengthen before _CLASS (short sonorants?); also /i/ → /iə/
- [ɵ] returns to /e/; however [ɵː] breiks → [eɔ]
- Insertion of shwa before _CLASS (pharyngeals?), with length and /ee ɛɛ/, /oo ɔɔ/ contrasts neutralized
- /iə ɨə uə/ remain difthongs; the last of these attracts remaining /ua/
- [ə] renormalizes to [ɔ] outside of difthongs
- [eɔ aɔ] → [ɛː ɔː]
- Pharyngeal harmony (spills over into vowels too)
- Emphasis spreds thru a word unless blocked by a velar obstruent or nasal.
- The laminal/apical distinction in coronals is neutralized when emphatic.
Labial | Lamino- dental |
Apico- postalveolar |
Velar | Laryngeal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plain | Emphatic | Plain | Emphatic | Plain | Labial | Plain | Emphatic | |||
Stops | Voiceless | p | pˤ | t̻ | ṯ | ṯˤ | k | kʷ | (ʔ ~ ∅) | |
Voiced | b | bˤ | d̻ | ḏ | ḏˤ | ɡ | ɡʷ | |||
Fricatives | Voiceless | s̻ | s̱ | ʂˣ | xʷ | h | ħ | |||
(Voiced | z̻ | ẕ | ʐˠ | (ɣʷ)) | ||||||
Nasals | m | mˤ | n̻ | ṉ | ṉˤ | ŋ | ||||
Laterals | l̻ | (ḻ) | ɫ | |||||||
Semivowels | ɻˠ | j | w |
(Depending on the font, the laminality signs (subsc. square) may look like dentality sings (subsc. bridge), but since they're dental anyway, that's no problem.)