Nordaþ noun cases: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 15:24, 16 May 2010

This article is a work in progress.
The contents may be tentative, incomplete, inaccurate, in need of elaboration, subject to later revision, or just plain sketchy.

As a courtesy, if you are not the author of the article, please do not make edits to this article while this message is displayed.

Nordaþ uses 50 different noun inflections. There are 22 cases named in English - the rest are formed with affixed postpositions. As how in English prepositions can become adverbs, so too can affixed postpositions in Nordaþ. The singular neuter form is always taken and the suffix "lis" is attached to it. As an adverb, it stands alone.

Nordaþ language

Pronunciation
Writing system
Grammar

Named cases

There are 31 named cases in Nordaþ. This section describes them in detail as well as gives samples.

Abessive

The abessive case marks "without". It is the opposite of the comitative/sociative case. It is applied as follows:

Postposition	Example
änmi	Mäg nän kyne su-änmi leibän.
	I can't live without you.

Ablative

The ablative case marks "from off of" or "away from". It is applied as follows:

Postposition	Example
älti	Hus-älti de-drive þe ilkarapaan.
	The car drove away from the house.

Accusative

The accusative case marks the direct object of a verb. If there is a preceeding ï in front of this suffix, it is eliminated (but only for the back-vowel form). It is applied as follows:

Postposition	Example
tei	Mäg äte Krysli-tei.
	I eat Krysli.

Addesive

The addessive case replaces the preposition "on". It is applied as follows:

Postposition	Example
äni	E lene þe käütš-äni.
	It's on the couch.

Allative

The allative case replaces in many languages what is the preposition for "onto". It is attached to the noun as follows:

Postposition	Example
änti	Þe käütš-änti þe kägi-tei re-pyte, betlis.
	Please put the keys on the couch.

Causal

The causal case marks "because of". If there is a preceeding 'f' in front of this suffix, that letter will be dropped.

Postposition	Example
frymi	Þes lene allis su-frymi.
	This is all because of you.

Causal-Final

The causal-final case marks "for" or "in order to have a".

Postposition	Example
änsi	De-lainate raha-tei ne hus-änsi.
	I borrowed money for a house.

Comitative/Sociative

The comitative/sociative case replaces "with". It is the opposite of the abessive case.

Postposition	Example
midi	Þe ilkarapaan lene klangsystem-midi fe-salje.
	The car is sold with a sound system.

Dative

This case replaces the "to the" (direction) prepositional phrase.

Postposition	Example
äti	Re-gehe iei þe hus-äti järvu-äeti.
	Let's go to the lake house.

Distributive

The distributive case is the equivalent of English's "per".

Postposition	Example
peri	E lene penkesi euro-peri.
	It's five for a Euro.

Elative

Elative replaces the "out of" prepositional phrase in English. It is used as follows:

Postposition	Example
esvi	Hus-esvi de-rääne lä.
	He walked out of the house.

Essive

The essive case marks "as the", a temporary state of being.

Postposition	Example
ivi	Kilt-ivi me-ride þe bus-tai.
	As a child, I rode the bus.

Genitive

The genitive case marks possession. In English, it is usually "'s" or "of the".

Postposition	Example
isi	Mäg-isi lene!
	It's mine!

Illative

The illative case replaces "into".

Postposition	Example
ämi	Lä gehei þe tunele-ämi Kyväni-Mjot, lopu.
	He's going into the Kyväni-Mjot tunnel, over.

Inessive

The inessive case marks "inside of".

Postposition	Example
inäni	Þe gerektrym-inäni lene þe kilt.
	The child is in the courtroom.

Instrumental

The instrumental case marks "by means of". This is not to be confused with "via", which means "by way of".

Postposition	Example
þairi	Gehe luda-ändi bylgang-þairi.
	I go to school by subway.

Lative

The lative case is used where English would use "towards".

Postposition	Example
ändi	Re-gehe nän lukta-ändi!
	Don't walk towards the light!

Locative

The locative case is used where English would use "at".

Postposition	Example
äeti	Mäges libliest kafeïkyf lene 99-äeti ja H-äeti.
	My favourite coffee shop is at 99th and H.

Nominative

The nominative case marks the subject of a verb.

The nominative case is unmarked; however, nouns in the nominative often end in -e.

Prolative

The prolative case is used for "via" - by way of.

Postposition	Example
vii	Mäg sekle veklis Stukse Flus-vii.
	I'm sailing away on the River Styx.

Prosecutive

The prosecutive case marks "along".

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	otï	yte
Singular Masculine	ota	ytä
Singular Neuter	otïï	yti
Plural (Neuter)	otïn	yten

Vocative

Vocative is used to address somebody without otherwise fitting their name into the sentence properly. It is perhaps best known in the Latin phrase, "Et tu, Brute?", wherein Brute is the vocative form, but Brutus the standard nominative.

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	oï	ye
Singular Masculine	ota	yä
Singular Neuter	oïï	yi
Plural (Neuter)	oïn	yen

Postpositions

The untitled inflections are self-explanatory. They replace postpositions.

About

About is not used for "near", but as a descriptor.

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	bï	be
Singular Masculine	bïa	biä
Singular Neuter	bïï	bi
Plural (Neuter)	bïn	ben

Above

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	ubï	ybe
Singular Masculine	uba	ybä
Singular Neuter	ubïï	ybi
Plural (Neuter)	ubïn	yben

Across

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	apï	äpe
Singular Masculine	apa	äpä
Singular Neuter	apïï	äpi
Plural (Neuter)	apïn	äpen

After

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	avï	äve
Singular Masculine	ava	ävä
Singular Neuter	avïï	ävi
Plural (Neuter)	avïn	även

Against

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	agï	äge
Singular Masculine	aga	ägä
Singular Neuter	agïï	ägi
Plural (Neuter)	agïn	ägen

Among

Preceeding m's are dropped.

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	mangï	mänge
Singular Masculine	manga	mängä
Singular Neuter	mangïï	mängi
Plural (Neuter)	mangïn	mängen

Around

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	unbï	ynbe
Singular Masculine	unba	ynbä
Singular Neuter	unbïï	ynbi
Plural (Neuter)	unbïn	ynben

As

In the condition or role of. Preceeding g's are dropped.

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	gïkï	geke
Singular Masculine	gïka	gekä
Singular Neuter	gïkïï	geki
Plural (Neuter)	gïkïn	geken

Before

Preceeding in time.

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	airï	aire
Singular Masculine	aira	airä
Singular Neuter	airïï	airi
Plural (Neuter)	airïn	airen

Below

Preceeding d's are dropped.

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	dïþï	deþe
Singular Masculine	dïþa	deþä
Singular Neuter	dïþïï	deþi
Plural (Neuter)	dïþïn	deþen

Beneath

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	afï	äfe
Singular Masculine	afa	äfä
Singular Neuter	afïï	äfi
Plural (Neuter)	afïn	äfen

Beside

Preceeding n's are dropped.

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	nïkï	nike
Singular Masculine	nïka	nikä
Singular Neuter	nïkïï	niki
Plural (Neuter)	nïkïn	niken

Between

Preceeding t's are dropped.

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	tïkï	tike
Singular Masculine	tïka	tikä
Singular Neuter	tïkïï	tiki
Plural (Neuter)	tïkïn	tiken

Beyond

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	ïþï	iþe
Singular Masculine	ïþa	iþä
Singular Neuter	ïþïï	iþi
Plural (Neuter)	ïþïn	iþen

Despite

Preceeding b's are dropped.

Gender/Number	Back-Vowel	Front-Vowel
Singular Feminine	baidï	baide
Singular Masculine	baida	baidä
Singular Neuter	baidïï	baidi
Plural (Neuter)	baidïn	baiden

During